I created https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:This,_that_and_the_other/test (page id 23795) with the text [[Category:Blender 3D︰從入門到精通|插图集 ]] and a brand new invalid categorylinks row got added:
*** Looking for invalid cl_to entries in categorylinks... *** Number of invalid rows: 4 cl_from | ns | dbkey 15789 | 14 | Blender 3D︰从入门到精通 15790 | 14 | Blender 3D︰从入门到精通 15792 | 14 | Blender 3D︰从入门到精通 23795 | 14 | Blender 3D︰从入门到精通 <<<<<< this one is new *** Run with --fix to clean up these rows
This works fine on my local test wiki (in English). LinksUpdate.php has a call to $wgContLang->findVariantLink( $name, $nt, true ); which looks suspicious to me, and would explain why it works locally but fails on zhwikibooks.