This file does not render in Wikimedia Commons:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Karwowski_-_Historya_Wielkiego_Ksi%C4%99stwa_Pozna%C5%84skiego_T1.pdf
But in Polish Wikisource rendering of this file works fine:
https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Plik:Stanis%C5%82aw_Karwowski_-_Historya_Wielkiego_Ksi%C4%99stwa_Pozna%C5%84skiego_T1.pdf
It should be possible to render the file on both sites.
Weird. The file doesn't display locally or via InstantCommons (compare https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Karwowski_-_Historya_Wielkiego_Ksi%C4%99stwa_Pozna%C5%84skiego_T1.pdf), but works fine over the ForeignDBViaLBRepo on every obscure wiki I tried (just to make sure it wasn't caching). The metadata in the database looks fine (https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/58830), so I don't think this is similar to T290462.
The PdfHandler code hasn't changes since September 3, a few weeks before this file was uploaded. My development environment isn't set up to be able to test this locally, but someone with logging access might be able to find a useful error message.
Just FYI: this is not a newly uploaded file, but a new version overwriting the old one (and the old version has been deleted due to copyvio)