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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p><b>Hey King OF ISLAMIC World, Hey King OF SAUDI ARABIA. Please Dont Support to Terrorist Militaray of Egypt. They are killing Muslims out of law and out of Democracy. I know you know everything But You are not Muslim.Thats why You are support to kill Muslims. I humbly request to people of saudi arabia please show the straight way to the YOUR'S king.</b></p>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></i></td>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" width="200" height="250" /></a></span></td>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Abdullah delivers remarks to the press inside the Marine One hangar at the <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Ranch" title="Crawford Ranch" class="mw-redirect">Crawford Ranch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a>, following his meeting with the President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on 25 April 2002.</td>
<center><b>Sixth Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Guard" title="Saudi National Guard" class="mw-redirect">Saudi National Guard</a></b></center>
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<th>In office</th>
<td>26 January 1963 – 16 November 2010</td>
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<th>Predecessor</th>
<td>Saad bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud<sup id="cite_ref-herb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herb-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
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<th>Successor</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mutaib_bin_Abdullah" title="Mutaib bin Abdullah">Mutaib bin Abdullah</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></td>
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<th>Father</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Abdulaziz</a></td>
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<th>Mother</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Fahda_bint_Asi_Al_Shuraim" title="Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim">Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
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<th>Born</th>
<td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-08-01</span>)</span> 1 August 1924 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 89)</span><br />
<a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultanate of Nejd</a></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Replacement_character" title="Replacement character" class="mw-redirect">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</td>
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<p><b>Abdullah bin Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Saud</b>, <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" xml:lang="ar">عبد الله بن عبد العزيز آل سعود</span> <i><span title="ar ALA transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Āl Sa‘ūd</span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi Arabic</a> pronunciation:</small> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Arabic" title="Help:IPA for Arabic">[ʢæbˈdɑɫɫɐ ɪbn ˈʢæbdæl ʢæˈziːz ʔæːl sæˈʢuːd]</a></span>, 1 August 1924)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. He ascended to the throne on 1 August 2005 upon the death of his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a>.</p>
<p>Abdullah, like Fahd, was one of the many sons of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. (Abdullah's mother was <a href="/wiki/Fahda_bint_Asi_Al_Shuraim" title="Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim">Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim</a>, the eighth of Ibn Saud's 16 wives.) Abdullah has held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, his first public office.<sup id="cite_ref-whobbc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whobbc-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> And, in 1962, he was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">Saudi Arabian National Guard</a>, a post he was still holding when he became king. He also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the <i>de facto</i> ruler of Saudi Arabia until claiming the throne a decade later.</p>
<p>Abdullah is the sixth king of Saudi Arabia, following King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) (1932–53), <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">King Saud</a> (1953–64), <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1964–75), <a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> (1975–82), and King Fahd (1982–2005). Upon ascending the throne in 2005, Abdullah named another half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Sultan bin Abdulaziz">Sultan bin Abdulaziz</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. According to a 2001 report, Abdullah "has four wives, seven sons, and 15 daughters". To placate Saudi Islamists, the king disallowed U.S. <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> forces to use bases in Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> The king has a personal fortune estimated at US$18 billion, making him the third <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_richest_royals" title="List of the richest royals">wealthiest head of state</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Commander_of_National_Guard"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Commander of National Guard</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Second Deputy Prime Minister</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#King_of_Saudi_Arabia"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">King of Saudi Arabia</span></a>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Relations_with_other_nations"><span class="tocnumber">5.11</span> <span class="toctext">Relations with other nations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Succession_to_the_throne"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Succession to the throne</span></a></li>
<p>Abdullah is the tenth son of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz" title="King Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect">King Abdulaziz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> He is, after his half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Abdul-Aziz" title="Bandar bin Abdul-Aziz" class="mw-redirect">Prince Bandar</a> and Prince Musaid, the third eldest of the living sons of Abdulaziz. He stands 180 cm (5 ft 11 inches) tall.</p>
<p>King Abdullah's mother was a member of (فهدة العاصي الشريم) <a href="/wiki/Al_Rashid" title="Al Rashid">Al Rashidi</a>, longtime rivals of the Al Saud, <a href="/wiki/Fahda_bint_Asi_Al_Shuraim" title="Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim">Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chai2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chai2005-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> She was descended from the powerful Shammar tribe and was the daughter of former Shammar tribe chief, Asi Shuraim.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Madawi_Al-Rasheed" title="Madawi Al-Rasheed" class="mw-redirect">Madawi al Rasheed</a> argues that his maternal roots and his experience of an early <a href="/wiki/Speech_impediment" title="Speech impediment" class="mw-redirect">speech impediment</a> led to delay in his rise to higher status among the other sons of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz" title="King Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect">King Abdulaziz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Commander_of_National_Guard">Commander of National Guard</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commander of National Guard">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commander of National Guard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 1963, Abdullah was made commander of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Guard" title="Saudi National Guard" class="mw-redirect">Saudi National Guard</a> (SANG). This post allowed him to secure his position in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>. SANG which had based on the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a> became a modern army force under his command. Beginning by 1985, SANG also sponsors the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized the traditional folk dances, camel races and tribal heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister">Second Deputy Prime Minister</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Deputy Prime Minister">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Deputy Prime Minister" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
Abdullah with US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> appointed Prince Abdullah as second deputy prime minister in March 1975, a reflection of being the second in line of succession to the Saudi throne.<sup id="cite_ref-shenderson94_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shenderson94-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Safran1985_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safran1985-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> In other words, after this appointment, Prince Abdullah became the number three-man in Saudi administration.<sup id="cite_ref-HaleySnider1979_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaleySnider1979-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> However, his appointment caused friction in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtoninstitute.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Then-crown prince <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Prince Fahd</a> together with his full-brothers known as <a href="/wiki/Sudairi_Seven" title="Sudairi Seven">Sudairi Seven</a> supported the appointment of their own full brother, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdul-Aziz_Al_Saud" title="Sultan bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud" class="mw-redirect">Prince Sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtoninstitute.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Prince Abdullah was pressured to concede control of SANG in return for his appointment as Second Deputy Prime Minister. In August 1977, this caused a debate between hundreds of princes in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtoninstitute.org_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Abdullah did not concede authority of SANG because he feared that would weaken his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtoninstitute.org_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On 13 June 1982 when King Khalid died, Fahd bin Abdulaziz became King, Prince Abdullah became <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" title="Crown Prince" class="mw-redirect">Crown Prince</a> the same day. He also maintained his position as head of the National Guard. During his years as crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz was described as a supporter of accodamation.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuhur_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuhur-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> He managed to group a large number of fringe and marginalized princes discontented with the prospect of the succession being passed among the Sudairi brothers one after the other. His control of the National Guard also was a key factor in his success in becoming crown prince.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> When King Fahd was incapacitated by a major stroke in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Crown Prince Abdullah acted as <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Saudi Arabia.</p>
<p>In May 2001, Crown Prince Abdullah did not accept an invitation to visit <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." title="Washington D.C." class="mw-redirect">Washington</a> due to U.S. support for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al_Aqsa_Intifada" title="Al Aqsa Intifada" class="mw-redirect">Al Aqsa Intifada</a>. He also appeared more eager than King Fahd to cut government spending and open Saudi Arabia up economically. However, Crown Prince Abdullah surprisingly pushed for Saudi membership in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In August 2001, he ordered then Saudi Ambassador to the US, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan" title="Bandar bin Sultan">Bandar bin Sultan</a>, to return to Washington. This reportedly occurred after Crown Prince Abdullah witnessed a brutality between an <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> soldier and a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> woman.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ban-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> He later also condemned Israel for attacking families of accused suspects.<sup id="cite_ref-ban_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ban-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2002, he developed an Arab peace initiative, commonly referred to as the "Abdullah plan", to achieve mutually agreed-on resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Arab-Israeli_conflict" title="Arab-Israeli conflict" class="mw-redirect">Arab-Israeli conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce10-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The initiative was adopted at <a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Arab_States" title="The League of Arab States" class="mw-redirect">the League of Arab States</a>'s Beirut summit in March 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-bruce10_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruce10-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On the second anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Crown Prince Abdullah wrote a letter to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, which ended with the following words:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"God Almighty, in His wisdom, tests the faithful by allowing such calamities to happen. But He, in His mercy, also provides us with the will and determination, generated by faith, to enable us to transform such tragedies into great achievements, and crises that seem debilitating are transformed into opportunities for the advancement of humanity. I only hope that, with your cooperation and leadership, a new world will emerge out of the rubble of the World Trade Center: a world that is blessed by the virtues of freedom, peace, prosperity and harmony."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>By late 2003, after the Saudi Arabian branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> carried out a series of bombings that threatened to destabilize the country, Crown Prince Abdullah together with other decision-making elites began to deal with political concerns. One of such moves was his project to promote more tolerance for religious diversity and rein in the forces of politico-religious extremism in the kingdom, leading to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Center_For_National_Dialogue" title="King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue">National Dialogue</a>. In the summer of 2003, Abdallah threw his considerable weight behind the creation of a national dialogue that brought leading religious figures together, including a highly publicized meeting attended by the kingdom's preeminent Shi'i scholar Hasan al-Saffar, as well as a group of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni" class="mw-redirect">Sunni</a> clerics who had previously expressed their loathing for the Shi'i minority.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> (<i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Center_For_National_Dialogue" title="King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue">King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue</a>)</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="King_of_Saudi_Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of Saudi Arabia">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Abdullah succeeded to the throne upon the death of his half-brother King <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd</a>. He was formally enthroned on 3 August 2005.</p>
<p>King Abdullah's administration has realized various reforms in different fields.</p>
<p>In 2005, King Abdullah implemented a government scholarship program to send young Saudi men and women to Western universities for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The program offered funds for tuition and living expenses up to four years. It is estimated that more than 70,000 students studied abroad in more than 25 countries. United States, England, and Australia are the top three destinations mostly aimed for by the young Saudi students. There are more than 22,000 Saudi students studying in the US, exceeding pre-9/11 levels. Public health engagement included breast cancer awareness and CDC cooperation to set up an advanced epidemic screening network that protected this year's 3 million Hajj pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-cablegate.wikileaks.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablegate.wikileaks.org-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah has implemented many reform measures. He has re-shuffled the Ministry of Education's leadership in February 2009 by bringing in his pro-reform son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdullah_bin_Mohammed_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud">Faisal bin Abdullah</a>, as the new minister. He also appointed Nora bint Abdullah al Fayez, a US-educated former teacher, as deputy education minister in charge of a new department for female students.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>He realized a top-to-bottom restructuring of the country's courts to introduce, among other things, review of judicial decisions and more professional training for Shari'a judges. He developed a new investment promotion agency to overhaul the once-convoluted process of starting a business in Saudi Arabia. He created a regulatory body for capital markets. He has promoted the construction of the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University for Science and Technology" class="mw-redirect">King Abdullah University for Science and Technology</a> (the country's new flagship and controversially-coed institution for advanced scientific research). He invested in educating the workforce for future jobs. The Saudi government is also encouraging the development of non-hydrocarbon sectors in which the Kingdom has a comparative advantage, including mining, solar energy, and religious tourism. The Kingdom's 2010 budget reflected these priorities—about 25 percent was devoted to education alone—and amounts to a significant economic stimulus package.<sup id="cite_ref-cablegate.wikileaks.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablegate.wikileaks.org-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
King Abdullah with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 11 February 2007.</div>
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<p>The response of his administration to homegrown terrorism was a series of crackdowns including raids by security forces, arrests, torture<sup id="cite_ref-independent_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> and public beheadings. He vowed to fight terrorist ideologies within the country. He made the protection of Saudi Arabia's critical infrastructure a top security priority.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>His strategy against terrorism has been two-pronged: he attacked the roots of the extremism that fed Al-Qaida through education and judicial reforms to weaken the influence of the most reactionary elements of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment. He is also promoting economic diversification.</p>
<p>He decreed in August 2010 that only officially approved religious scholars associated with the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Council_of_Ulema" title="Senior Council of Ulema" class="mw-redirect">Senior Council of Ulema</a> would be allowed to issue <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a>. Similar decrees since 2005 were previously seldom enforced. Individual fatwas relating to personal matters were exempt from the royal decree. The decree also instructed the Grand Mufti to identify eligible scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In light of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, Abdullah laid down a $37-billion programme of new spending including new jobless benefits, education and housing subsidies, debt write-offs, and a new sports channel. There was also a pledge to spend a total of $400bn by the end of 2014 to improve education, health care and the kingdom's infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Saudi police arrested 100 Shiite protesters who complained of government discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-.22af.reuters.com.22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.22af.reuters.com.22-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Later during the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests" class="mw-redirect">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a>, in September 2011, the King announced <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage#Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's suffrage">women's right to vote</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_municipal_elections,_2015" title="Saudi Arabian municipal elections, 2015">2015 municipal council elections</a>, a first significant reform step in the country since the protests. He also stated that women would become eligible to take part in the unelected <i><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">shura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In January 2012, King Abdullah dismissed the head of Saudi Arabia's powerful religious police, replacing him with a more moderate cleric, state news agency SPA reported without giving reasons. Abdullatif Abdel Aziz al-Sheikh, was named in place of Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Humain, to head the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_Prevention_of_Vice" title="Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice" class="mw-redirect">Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice</a>. King Abdullah, appointed Humain in 2009 to head the "mutaween" which ensures the strict application of the country's ultra-conservative version of Islam, as a step towards reforming it. Humain hired consultants to restructure the organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some out-of-control officers for misbehaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time. Officials say the country's Olympic Committee will "oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify". The decision will end recent speculation as to whether the entire Saudi team could have been disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport is still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious conservatives. There is almost no public tradition of women participating in sport in the country. Saudi officials said that, if successful in qualifying, female competitors would be dressed "to preserve their dignity".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> On 11 January 2013, King Abdullah appointed thirty women to the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly or Shura Council</a> as well as modified the related law to realize that the female members of the assembly would be consisted of no less than 20 percent of 150 members.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic1613_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic1613-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In November 2007, King Abdullah visited <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>. He is the first Saudi monarch to visit the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-infmuslims_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infmuslims-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> In March 2008, he called for a “brotherly and sincere dialogue between believers from all religions.”<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In June 2008, he held a conference in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> He discussed and took approval of the Saudi Islamic scholars and the world's renowned Islamic scholars to hold the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith" title="Interfaith" class="mw-redirect">interfaith</a> dialogue. In the same month, Saudi Arabia and Spain agreed to hold the interfaith dialogue in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The historic conference finally took place in Madrid in July 2008 where religious leaders of different faiths participated.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>He had never earlier made any overtures for dialogue with eastern religious leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus" class="mw-redirect">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>. The Mecca conference discussed an important paper on the dialogue with the followers of monotheistic religions highlighting the monotheistic religions of southeast Asia including Sikhism in the third axis of the fourth meeting titled "With Whom We Talk" presented by Sheikh Badrul Hasan Al Qasimi. The session was chaired by Ezz Eddin Ibrahim, advisor to the president of the United Arab Emirates for culture. The session also discussed a paper presented on coordination among Islamic institutions on Dialogue by Abdullah bin Omar Nassif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Council for Preaching and Relief and a paper on dialogue with divine messages, presented by Professor Mohammad Sammak – Secretary General of the Islamic Spiritual Summit in Lebanon.</p>
<p>In November 2008, he and his government were responsible for the "Peace of Culture" which took place at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. It brought together Muslim and non-Muslim nations to eradicate preconceptions of Islam and Terrorism. It brought together world leaders, including former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a>.</p>
<p>In 2011, an agreement for the establishment of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz <a href="/wiki/ICIID" title="ICIID" class="mw-redirect">International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> was signed between the governments of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, Spain and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> The official opening of the centre was in November 2012. Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Faisal" title="Saud Al Faisal" class="mw-redirect">Saud Al Faisal</a> is its general secretary, while Austria's former Federal Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Bandion-Ortner" title="Claudia Bandion-Ortner">Claudia Bandion Ortner</a> is the deputy general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-ivienna_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivienna-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arab_common_market">Arab common market</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arab common market">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arab common market" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>King Abdullah called for the establishment of an Arab common market in January 2011. Saudi foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Saud_bin_Faisal_bin_Abdul-Aziz" title="Saud bin Faisal bin Abdul-Aziz" class="mw-redirect">Saud bin Faisal</a>, stated the Arab Customs Union would be ready by 2015 and by 2017 the common market would also be in place. There have been intensive efforts to link Arab countries with a railway system and an electricity power grid. Work on the power grid project has started in some Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-AN01_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN01-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Members of Abdullah's family were reported as being aides of the Syrian rebels. By May 2013, Saudis were the main backers of Syrian rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
Abdullah visits the United States in April 2005</div>
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<p>In October 1976, as Prince Abdullah was being trained for greater responsibility in Riyadh, he was sent to the United States to meet with President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. He again traveled to the United States as Crown Prince in October 1987, meeting Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. In September 1998, Crown Prince Abdullah made a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the United States to meet in Washington, D.C. with President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. In September 2000, he attended <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> celebrations at the United Nations in New York City. In April 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and he returned again in April 2005 with Bush. In April 2009, at a summit for world leaders U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> met him. In June 2009, King Abdullah hosted President Obama in Saudi Arabia. In turn, Obama hosted King Abdullah at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in the same month.</p>
<p>He showed great support for Obama's presidency. "Thank God for bringing Obama to the presidency," he said, adding that Obama's election created "great hope" in the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymag.com-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> He stated, "We (the U.S. and Saudi Arabia) spilled blood together" in Kuwait and Iraq and Saudi Arabia valued this tremendously and friendship can be a difficult issue that requires work but the U.S. and Saudi Arabia have done it for 70 years over three generations. "Our disagreements don't cut to the bone," he stated.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> He was the leading gift-giver to the U.S. president and his office in his first two years in office, his gifts totaling more than $300,000. A ruby and diamond jewelry set, given by the king and accepted by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> on behalf of the United States, was worth $132,000.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> However, according to federal law, gifts of such nature and value are accepted "on behalf of the United States" and are considered property of the U.S. government.</p>
<p>He said that "it was a mistake" to limit access of Saudi citizens to the United States.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The Bush Administration ignored advice from him and Saudi foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Faisal" title="Saud Al Faisal" class="mw-redirect">Saud Al Faisal</a> against invading Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> However, other sources said that many Arab governments were only nominally opposed to the Iraq invasion because of popular hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Before becoming king, Prince Abdullah was thought to be completely against the U.S. invasion of Iraq; this, however, was not the case. Riyadh provided essential support to the United States during the war and proved that "necessity does lead to some accommodations from time to time."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> The King expressed a complete lack of trust in Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri Al Maliki</a> and held out little hope for improved Saudi-Iraqi relations as long as al-Maliki remains in office.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> King Abdullah told an Iraqi official about Al Maliki, “You and Iraq are in my heart, but that man is not.”<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2006, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei had sent his adviser <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayati" title="Ali Akbar Velayati">Ali Akbar Velayati</a> with a letter asking for King Abdullah's agreement to establish a formal back channel for communication between the two leaders. Abdullah said he had agreed, and the channel was established with Velayati and Saud Al Faisal as the points of contact. In the years since, the King noted, the channel had never been used.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In April 2008, King Abdullah told US ambassador to Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker">Ryan Crocker</a> and US General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia's ambassador to Washington, <a href="/wiki/Adel_al-Jubeir" title="Adel al-Jubeir">Adel al-Jubeir</a> recalled the King's frequent exhortations to the US to attack Iran and to put an end to its nuclear weapons program."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> King Abdullah asserted that Iran is trying to set up <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>-like organizations in African countries, observing that the Iranians don't think they are doing anything wrong and don't recognize their mistakes. He said the Iranians "launch missiles with the hope of putting fear in people and the world." The King described his conversation with Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Mottaki" title="Manouchehr Mottaki">Mottaki</a> as "a heated exchange, frankly discussing Iran's interference in Arab affairs." When challenged by the King on Iranian meddling in Hamas affairs, Mottaki apparently protested that "these are Muslims." "No, Arabs" countered the King, "You as Persians have no business meddling in Arab matters." King Abdullah said he would favor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Rafsanjani</a> in an Iranian election.<sup id="cite_ref-nymag.com_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nymag.com-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>He told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime—which he encouraged—but he also urged that this be done covertly and stressed that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assessed that sanctions could help weaken the government, but only if they are strong and sustained.<sup id="cite_ref-cablegate.wikileaks.org_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablegate.wikileaks.org-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 14 March Saudi forces led troops into Bahrain to quell demonstrations. At the same time, the Saudis formed the Gulf Cooperation Council to coordinate efforts between different Gulf countries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cables</a> published by <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> revealed that King Abdullah wanted all detainees released from the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> to be tracked through an implanted microchip, in a similar way to race horses. The King made the private suggestion during a meeting in Riyadh in March 2009 with <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" title="John O. Brennan">John O. Brennan</a>, the White House counter-terrorism adviser. Brennan replied that "horses don't have good lawyers" and that such a proposal would "face legal hurdles" in the United States. In the same cables, it was revealed that Abdullah also privately urged the United States to attack Iran to destroy its nuclear weapons program.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Since King Abdullah's visit to Beijing in January 2006, the Saudi-Chinese relationship has focused predominantly on energy and trade. The king's visit was the first by a Saudi head of state to China since the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1990. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> Bilateral trade with China has more than tripled, and China would soon be Saudi Arabia's largest importer. Saudi Arabia also committed significant investments in China, including the $8 billion Fujian refinery. Based on the cablegate wikileaks report, the King told the Chinese that it was willing to effectively trade a guaranteed oil supply in return for Chinese pressure on Iran not to develop nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-cablegate.wikileaks.org_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cablegate.wikileaks.org-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In late March 2011, King Abdullah sent <a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Sultan" title="Bandar bin Sultan">Bandar</a>, secretary general of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council" title="National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, to China to gain its support regarding Saudi Arabia's attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. In turn, lucrative arm contracts were secretly offered to China by the Kingdom. Furthermore, King Abdullah believes that China as well as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were the future markets for Saudi energy.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Relations_with_other_nations">Relations with other nations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with other nations">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relations with other nations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In a November 2009, the King was received by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> who committed various diplomatic faux pas. The diplomatic relationship <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> had with Saudi Arabia was not evident with Sarkozy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chrisafis_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chrisafis-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> In January 2011, the Kingdom granted asylum to the ousted Tunisian leader, <a href="/wiki/Zine_El-Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali" class="mw-redirect">Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali</a>, under conditions of no further political involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-AN01_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN01-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> According to leaked cables, King Abdullah was more receptive than Crown Prince Sultan to former <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Saleh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Saudi Arabia, by the endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, sent 1200 troops to <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> to protect industrial facilities, resulting in strained relations with the United States. The military personnel were part of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a> which is stationed in Saudi Arabia but not affiliated with one country alone.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah supported renewed diplomatic relations with the Syrian government and <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>. They met in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> on 7 October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-meq11_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meq11-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, Assad attended the opening of <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University of Science and Technology">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> in October 2009. However, in August 2011, King Abdullah recalled the Saudi Ambassador from Damascus due to the political unrest in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In December 2011, King Abdullah called on leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council" class="mw-redirect">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> to strengthen their alliance into a united "single entity" as they confront threats to national security. "I ask you today to move from a stage of cooperation to a stage of union in a single entity," King Abdullah said at the opening session of a GCC meeting in Riyadh in comments aired on Saudi state television. “No doubt, you all know we are targeted in our security and stability.”<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On 16 February 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/Parade_Magazine" title="Parade Magazine" class="mw-redirect">Parade Magazine</a>'</i>s <a href="/wiki/David_Wallechinsky" title="David Wallechinsky">David Wallechinsky</a> rated King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah as the second worst dictator in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of this criticism stems from the fact that most of Saudi citizens live under a strict <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" title="Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect">Wahhabist</a> interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a>, which mandates the amputation of hands as a punishment for theft and floggings for crimes like drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-Asia.27s_5_Worst_Dictators_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia.27s_5_Worst_Dictators-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Execution by public beheading is common for murder, rape, drug trafficking, and witchcraft, and Abdullah's policies towards the rights of women have also been criticized. In a slight rebuff to accusations of human rights violations, Saudi inmates of <a href="/wiki/Najran_Province" title="Najran Province">Najran Province</a> sent the King well-wishes from jail and wished him a speedy recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah has also been criticized for his policies on religious freedom, which is reportedly non-existent, and the Saudi government allegedly has arrested <a href="/wiki/Shiite" title="Shiite" class="mw-redirect">Shiite</a> pilgrims on the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asia.27s_5_Worst_Dictators_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia.27s_5_Worst_Dictators-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> On 24 January 2007, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> sent an open letter to King Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a> faith in Saudi Arabia. Two letters were sent in November 2006 and February 2007 asking him to remove the travel ban on critics of the Saudi government.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup> Human Rights Watch has not yet indicated whether they have received any response to these letters.</p>
<p>On 30 October 2007, during a state visit to the United Kingdom, King Abdullah was greeted by protesters accusing him of being a "murderer" and a "torturer". Concerns were raised in the UK about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom and over alleged bribes involving arms deals between Saudi Arabia and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Succession_to_the_throne">Succession to the throne</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Succession to the throne">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Succession to the throne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Saudi_Arabian_throne" title="Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne">Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne</a></div>
<p>King Abdullah's <a href="/wiki/Heir-apparent" title="Heir-apparent" class="mw-redirect">heir-apparent</a> was his half brother <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Sultan" title="Crown Prince Sultan" class="mw-redirect">Crown Prince Sultan</a> until the latter's death on 22 October 2011. The title of Crown Prince then passed to Prince Sultan's full brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nayef" title="Prince Nayef" class="mw-redirect">Prince Nayef</a> until his death in <a href="/wiki/Geneva,_Switzerland" title="Geneva, Switzerland" class="mw-redirect">Geneva, Switzerland</a>, on 16 June 2012, while undergoing medical tests for an undisclosed ailment. His third heir-apparent is <a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdul-Aziz_Al_Saud" title="Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud" class="mw-redirect">Prince Salman</a> who was named as Crown Prince on 18 June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-tnyt1812_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnyt1812-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2006, Abdullah set up the <a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a>, a body that is composed of the sons and grandsons of Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdulaziz, to vote by a secret ballot to choose future kings and crown princes. The council's mandate was not to have started until after the reigns of both King Abdullah and late Prince Sultan were over. It was not clear what was to happen when Prince Sultan died before the end of Abdullah's reign, leaving a question as to whether the council would vote for a new crown prince, or whether Prince Nayef would automatically fill that position. Despite such concerns, Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince on 27 October 2011 after consultation with the Allegiance Council by Abdullah.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In November 2010, Prince Nayef chaired a cabinet meeting because of the deterioration of the King's health.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> During the same month, King Abdullah transferred his duties as Commander of the Saudi National Guard to his son Prince <a href="/wiki/Mutaib_bin_Abdullah" title="Mutaib bin Abdullah">Mutaib</a>. King Abdullah is credited with building up the once largely ceremonial unit into a modern 260,000-strong force that is a counterweight to the army. The Guard, which was Abdullah's original power base, protects the royal family. This was suggested as an apparent sign that the elderly monarch is beginning to lessen some of his duties.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah was Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_National_Guard" title="Saudi National Guard" class="mw-redirect">Saudi National Guard</a> from 1963 to 2010. He was Chairman of the Saudi Supreme Economic Council until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> He is President of the High Council for Petroleum and Minerals, President of the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Center_For_National_Dialogue" title="King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue">King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue</a>, Chairman of the Council of Civil Service, and head of the Military Service Council.</p>
King Abdullah was a <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconer</a> in his youth</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>King Abdullah followed his father's (<a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz" title="King Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect">King Abdulaziz</a>'s) path in terms of marriage in that he married the daughters of the al Shalan of <a href="/wiki/Anizah" title="Anizah" class="mw-redirect">Anizah</a>, al Fayz of Bani Sakhr, and al Jarbah of the Iraqi branch of the <a href="/wiki/Shammar" title="Shammar">Shammar</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Rasheed_2009_587.E2.80.93601-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> King Abdullah has had thirteen wives, and has fathered at least thirty-five children.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> One of his wives is the sister of <a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a>'s wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FPshend_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPshend-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> He also married Jawahir bint Ali Hussein from Al Jiluwi clan, with whom he has a daughter, Princess Anoud and a son, Prince Saud.<sup id="cite_ref-abir_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abir-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssabri_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssabri-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Khaled_bin_Abdullah" title="Khaled bin Abdullah">Prince Khaled</a> was deputy commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard West until 1992. His second son <a href="/wiki/Mutaib_bin_Abdullah" title="Mutaib bin Abdullah">Prince Mutaib</a> is the commander of the National Guard. <a href="/wiki/Mishaal_bin_Abdullah_Al_Saud" title="Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud">Prince Mishaal</a> has been the governor of <a href="/wiki/Najran_Province" title="Najran Province">the Najran Province</a> since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_bin_Abdullah" title="Abdul-Aziz bin Abdullah" class="mw-redirect">Prince Abdulaziz</a> was the king's former Syrian adviser<sup id="cite_ref-FPshend_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPshend-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> and has been deputy foreign affairs minister since 2011. <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdullah" title="Faisal bin Abdullah">Prince Faisal</a> is the head of the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society. King Abdullah's seventh son, <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Abdullah_Al_Saud" title="Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud">Prince Turki</a>, who was a jet pilot at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">the Royal Saudi Air Force</a>, is deputy governor of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">the Riyadh Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews15213_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews15213-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> The youngest son, Prince Badr, was born in 2003, when Abdullah was about 79 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah's daughter <a href="/wiki/Adila_bint_Abdulla_Al-Saud" title="Adila bint Abdulla Al-Saud" class="mw-redirect">Princess Adila</a> is married to <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdullah_bin_Mohammed_Al_Saud" title="Faisal bin Abdullah bin Mohammed Al Saud">Faisal bin Abdullah</a>, the minister of education.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> She is one of the few Saudi princesses with a semi-public role, and a known advocate of women's right to drive.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> Another daughter, Princess Aliya, is the chairperson of the Social Service Program, a <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> based initiative.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A third daughter, Princess Maryam, is a Europe-based doctor who leads a very private life.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of Abdullah's younger daughters, Princess Sahab, was born in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-kwomen_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwomen-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Sahab bint Abdullah married <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Hamad_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa">Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahraini</a> King <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a>, on 6 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> Princess Sahab is the daughter of the king from his wife of the Al-Jarbah tribe.</p>
<p>The King has curtailed his activities since June 2010 with no clear explanation. Diplomats said there has been uncertainty about the extent of his health problems since Abdullah canceled a visit to France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> In a television appearance in which he was seen to use a cane, King Abdullah said he was in good health but had something "bothering" him.</p>
<p>From 2010 to 2012 King Abdullah had four back surgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-wp171112_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp171112-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> The first two of the surgeries were in New York, one in 2010 for a slipped disk and a blood clot pressing on nerves in his back and a second to stabilize vertebrae in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-wp171112_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp171112-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> The third one was in Riyadh in 2011. And the last one was also in Riyadh on 17 November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-wp171112_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp171112-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In November 2010, his back problems came to light in the media. He had an "accumulation of blood" around the spinal cord. He suffered from a herniated disc and was told to rest by doctors. To maintain the Kingdom's stability, Crown Prince Sultan returned from Morocco during the King's absence.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> The King was admitted to <a href="/wiki/New_York-Presbyterian_Hospital" title="New York-Presbyterian Hospital" class="mw-redirect">New York-Presbyterian Hospital</a> after a blood clot complicated a slipped disc and underwent successful back surgery. The lead surgeon was Muhammad Zaka, who probably removed the herniated disk and performed a lumbar fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> He subsequently had another successful surgery in which surgeons "stabilized a number of vertebras". He left the hospital on 22 December 2010 and convalesced at <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">The Plaza</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 2011, he left the United States and went to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> He returned to the Kingdom on 23 February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah left Saudi Arabia on "special leave" on 27 August 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullah_leavesKSA27Aug2012_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah_leavesKSA27Aug2012-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (newspaper)">Al-Quds</a></i> reported that he had an operation at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,_New_York" title="Mount Sinai Hospital, New York">Mount Sinai Hospital, New York</a> on or before 4 September 2012, following a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-AlQuds_heartsurgery_earlySep2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlQuds_heartsurgery_earlySep2012-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> However, there was no official report on this alleged operation. Instead, it was officially announced that the King went on a private trip to Morocco, where he is known to go frequently. The King returned to Saudi Arabia from Morocco on 24 September.<sup id="cite_ref-national_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> Nearly two months later, in November 2012, King Abdullah underwent another back surgery in Riyadh<sup id="cite_ref-bbcnov12_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnov12-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> and left hospital on 13 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-reu1312_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reu1312-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Saudi_Arabian_throne" title="Line of succession to the Saudi Arabian throne" class="mw-redirect">Crown Prince</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdul-Aziz_Al_Saud" title="Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud" class="mw-redirect">Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cabinet of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salih_bin_Abdullah_al_Humaid" title="Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid">Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">CPVPV</a></li>
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<ul>
<li>King Abdullah, while still Crown Prince, paid for the separation surgery of a pair of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Conjoined_twins" title="Conjoined twins">conjoined twins</a>, which took place at the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_Health_Affairs#King_Abdulaziz_Medical_City_in_Riyadh" title="National Guard Health Affairs">King Abdulaziz Medical City</a> in Riyadh on 3 January 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-polishtwins_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polishtwins-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> He was given "honorary citizenship" by the Polish town of <a href="/wiki/Janikowo" title="Janikowo">Janikowo</a>, where the twins were born. On 18 March 2005, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Smile" title="Order of the Smile">Order of the Smile</a>, which he received during his visit to Poland in 2007.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>He established two libraries: the King Abdulaziz Library in Riyadh; and another in Casablanca, Morocco.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>He donated over $300,000 to furnish a New Orleans high school rebuilding after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>He donated $500 million to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> in 2008</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>He has donated $50 million in cash and $10 million worth of relief materials for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>He donated $10 billion to the endowment fund of the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdullah University of Science and Technology">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology</a> in May 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>On 5 February 2011, he waived US$156 million of housing loans for nearly 3,300 Saudis who had died.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<p>In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> estimated his and his immediate family's documentable wealth at <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>21 billion</span>, ranking him as one of the richest royals in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_King21Gdollars_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes_King21Gdollars-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>King Abdullah has been named as the most influential Muslim among 500 Muslims for the past 4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-blitz12_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blitz12-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> In December 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> named him as the seventh most powerful figure in its list of the "World's Most Powerful People" for 2012, being the sole Arab in the top ten.<sup id="cite_ref-alarabiya712_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya712-111"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Al_Janadria_Farm_and_stables">Al Janadria Farm and stables</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Al Janadria Farm and stables">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Al Janadria Farm and stables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>King Abdullah is well trained and was expert on riding horses during his youth, he himself has stables and considers the largest in the Kingdom, with over 1,000 horses spread throughout five divisions led by his son Prince Muteb Bin Abdullah.<sup id="cite_ref-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah-112"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Despite his routine days, King Abdullah visits his stables whenever possible. He owns Janadria Farm, the large complex located in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, This complex is the King's weekend palace, where he frequently receives heads of state.<sup id="cite_ref-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah-112"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Honours and awards" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>King Abdullah is recipient of a number of international high orders. Most notably, he is an honoured knight of the strictly Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a> (the Spanish branch),<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> which has caused some controversy.</p>
<p>In April 2012, he was awarded by <a href="/wiki/The_United_Nations" title="The United Nations" class="mw-redirect">the United Nations</a> a gold medal for his contributions to intercultural understanding and peace initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-royal2012_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal2012-114"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/saudi-arabia-sending-seventh-most-students-to-united-states-108449569.html">"Saudi Arabia Sending Seventh Most Students to United States"</a>. <i>Prnewswire</i>. Saudi Arabia, District of Columbia. 16 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+Sending+Seventh+Most+Students+to+United+States&rft.date=16+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fsaudi-arabia-sending-seventh-most-students-to-united-states-108449569.html&rft.jtitle=Prnewswire&rft.place=Saudi+Arabia%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Julian Borger (16 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/16/saudi-cabinet-woman-minister">"Woman Saudi Education Minister"</a>. <i>Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Woman+Saudi+Education+Minister&rft.au=Julian+Borger&rft.aulast=Julian+Borger&rft.date=16+February+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fsaudi-cabinet-woman-minister&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Lindsey, Ursula (3 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Saudi-Arabias-Education/124771/">"Saudi Arabia's Education Reforms Emphasize Training for Jobs"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Education+Reforms+Emphasize+Training+for+Jobs&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.au=Lindsey%2C+Ursula&rft.date=3+October+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FSaudi-Arabias-Education%2F124771%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-independent-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article3112811.ece">Shouts of 'murderers' and 'torturers' greet King Abdullah on Palace tour</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 31 October 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2008.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-.22af.reuters.com.22-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-.22af.reuters.com.22_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Benham, Jason (23 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/23/oukwd-uk-saudi-arrests-idAFTRE72M24G20110323">"Saudi arrests 100 Shi'ite protesters – rights group"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 January 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+arrests+100+Shi%27ite+protesters+%E2%80%93+rights+group&rft.au=Benham%2C+Jason&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=Benham&rft.date=23+March+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2F23%2Foukwd-uk-saudi-arrests-idAFTRE72M24G20110323&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alsharif, Asma, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/25/saudi-king-women-idUSL5E7KP0IB20110925">"Saudi king gives women right to vote-UPDATE 2"</a>, <i>Reuters</i>, 25 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hilmxu5fp7aQrM3MMylBtpkx_sKw?docId=CNG.99b68c356d880250606ce3d7cc9eb233.ac1">"Saudi king dismisses religious police head"</a>. <i>Google News</i>. 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+dismisses+religious+police+head&rft.date=13+January+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hilmxu5fp7aQrM3MMylBtpkx_sKw%3FdocId%3DCNG.99b68c356d880250606ce3d7cc9eb233.ac1&rft.jtitle=Google+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=200806229871">Inter-faith meet to be held in Spain</a>, <i>Saudi Gazette</i>.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-ivienna-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ivienna_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/mdeui/newsletter/2-2013-dialogue-centre.html">"New centre for interreligious dialogue"</a>. <i>International Vienna</i> (2). 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 July 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=New+centre+for+interreligious+dialogue&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien.gv.at%2Fenglish%2Fpolitics%2Finternational%2Fmdeui%2Fnewsletter%2F2-2013-dialogue-centre.html&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Vienna&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-AN01-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AN01_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN01_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article238363.ece">"No Politics for Ben Ali in Kingdom"</a>, <i>Arab News</i>, 19 January 2011.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3090">"Who Will Be the Next King of Saudi Arabia...And does It Matter?"</a>. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Who+Will+Be+the+Next+King+of+Saudi+Arabia...And+does+It+Matter%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2FtemplateC05.php%3FCID%3D3090&rft.pub=The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Shane, Scott; Lehren, Andrew W. (28 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/world/29cables.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1&no_interstitial">"WikiLeaks Archive – Cables Uncloak U.S. Diplomacy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+Archive+%E2%80%93+Cables+Uncloak+U.S.+Diplomacy&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.au=Lehren%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft.date=28+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F29%2Fworld%2F29cables.html%3Fpagewanted%3D3%26_r%3D1%26no_interstitial&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghmoS0bJ_XaFC5Y9NWUF1I87_N_g?docId=CNG.050a9c8c5fd91a430d7e435fcc325b90.861">"Saudi King urged US to attack Iran"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 28 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+urged+US+to+attack+Iran&rft.date=28+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ghmoS0bJ_XaFC5Y9NWUF1I87_N_g%3FdocId%3DCNG.050a9c8c5fd91a430d7e435fcc325b90.861&rft.jtitle=Google&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22657875">Raid on Bahrain cleric's home draws thousands to sit-in</a> <i>BBC</i>, 24 May 2013</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Hough, Andrew (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8167123/Wikileaks-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia-wanted-Guantanamo-Bay-detainees-microchipped.html">"Wikileaks: King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia 'wanted Guantánamo Bay detainees microchipped'"</a>. <i>Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Wikileaks%3A+King+Abdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia+%27wanted+Guant%C3%A1namo+Bay+detainees+microchipped%27&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hough%2C+Andrew&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.date=29+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnorthamerica%2Fusa%2F8167123%2FWikileaks-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia-wanted-Guantanamo-Bay-detainees-microchipped.html&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/10/content_10796711.htm">"Chinese president arrives in Riyadh at start of "trip of friendship, cooperation"_English_Xinhua"</a>. <i>Xinhuanet</i>. 10 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Chinese+president+arrives+in+Riyadh+at+start+of+%22trip+of+friendship%2C+cooperation%22_English_Xinhua&rft.date=10+February+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-02%2F10%2Fcontent_10796711.htm&rft.jtitle=Xinhuanet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Riedel, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf">"Brezhnev in the Hejaz"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i> <b>115</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Brezhnev+in+the+Hejaz&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.au=Riedel%2C+Bruce&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.relooney.info%2FSI_Milken-Arabia%2F0-Important_14.pdf&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=115" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chrisafis-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chrisafis_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Chrisafis, Angelique (30 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/30/wikileaks-nicolas-sarkozy-carla-bruni?CMP=twt_gu">"WikiLeaks cables: Nicolas Sarkozy, the Saudis and Carla Bruni"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+cables%3A+Nicolas+Sarkozy%2C+the+Saudis+and+Carla+Bruni&rft.au=Chrisafis%2C+Angelique&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft.aulast=Chrisafis&rft.date=30+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F30%2Fwikileaks-nicolas-sarkozy-carla-bruni%3FCMP%3Dtwt_gu&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/10276">"Yemeni Tribal Leader: For Saleh, Saudi Involvement In Sa'Ada Comes Not A Moment Too Soon"</a>. <i>Al Akhbar</i>. 28 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Yemeni+Tribal+Leader%3A+For+Saleh%2C+Saudi+Involvement+In+Sa%27Ada+Comes+Not+A+Moment+Too+Soon&rft.date=28+December+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-akhbar.com%2Fnode%2F10276&rft.jtitle=Al+Akhbar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/03/20113151296156152.html">"Bahrain imposes state of emergency"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 15 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Bahrain+imposes+state+of+emergency&rft.date=15+March+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2F03%2F20113151296156152.html&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doward, Jamie, and Philippa Stewart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/28/uk-training-saudi-troops">"UK Training Saudi Forces Used to Crush Arab Spring"</a> <i>The Guardian</i>, 28 May 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-meq11-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meq11_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Khashan, Hilal (Winter 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/2820/saad-hariri-moment-of-truth">"Saad Hariri's Moment of Truth"</a>. <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>. XVIII (1): 65–71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 March 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saad+Hariri%27s+Moment+of+Truth&rft.aufirst=Hilal&rft.au=Khashan%2C+Hilal&rft.aulast=Khashan&rft.date=Winter+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F2820%2Fsaad-hariri-moment-of-truth&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.pages=65%E2%80%9371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=XVIII" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14439303">"Saudi Arabia recalls ambassador to Syria"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 8 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 August 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+recalls+ambassador+to+Syria&rft.date=8+August+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14439303&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Carey, Glen (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-19/saudi-king-abdullah-calls-for-a-closer-arab-gulf-union-1-.html">"Saudi King Abdullah Calls for a Closer Arab Gulf Union"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Abdullah+Calls+for+a+Closer+Arab+Gulf+Union&rft.au=Carey%2C+Glen&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.date=19+December+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-12-19%2Fsaudi-king-abdullah-calls-for-a-closer-arab-gulf-union-1-.html&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110108-saudi-inmates-send-king-wishes-jail">"Saudi inmates send king wishes from jail"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 8 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+inmates+send+king+wishes+from+jail&rft.date=8+January+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20110108-saudi-inmates-send-king-wishes-jail&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since August 2013" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/02/09/saudia15305.htm">"Letter to King Abdullah"</a>. HRW. 8 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Letter+to+King+Abdullah&rft.date=8+February+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2007%2F02%2F09%2Fsaudia15305.htm&rft.pub=HRW&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/10/30/uk.saudi/">Saudi king's royal meet draws fire</a>, <i>CNN</i>, 31 October 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tnyt1812-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tnyt1812_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">MacFarquhar, Neil (18 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/19/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-appoints-prince-salman-as-crown-prince.html">"Defense Minister New Heir to Throne in Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Defense+Minister+New+Heir+to+Throne+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Neil&rft.date=18+June+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsaudi-arabia-appoints-prince-salman-as-crown-prince.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101121/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_saudi_king_hospitalized;_ylt=AluqiTkBwGFdWRZE3_3oGf8LewgF;_ylu=X3oDMTMxc29laW51BGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAxMTIxL21sX3NhdWRpX2tpbmdfaG9zcGl0YWxpemVkBHBvcwMxOARzZWMDeW5fcGFnaW5hdGVfc3VtbWFyeV9saXN0BHNsawNhZ2Vkc2F1ZGlydWw-">Aged Saudi ruler to fly to US over blood clot</a> AP</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hK7wm4CBGfjgDhw4dj862YlpXflg?docId=CNG.cb80a1df49e6851ae06101076385e499.4d1">"Saudi king suffers herniated disc"</a>. Google News. 12 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+king+suffers+herniated+disc&rft.date=12+November+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hK7wm4CBGfjgDhw4dj862YlpXflg%3FdocId%3DCNG.cb80a1df49e6851ae06101076385e499.4d1&rft.pub=Google+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/17/AR2010111704919.html">"Saudi king transfers National Guard duties to son"</a>. Washingtonpost.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+king+transfers+National+Guard+duties+to+son&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F11%2F17%2FAR2010111704919.html&rft.pub=Washingtonpost.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Clasmann, Anne-Beatrice (20 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.monstersandcritics.com/middleeast/features/article_1514417.php/Discreetly-Saudis-speculate-about-the-throne-succession-Feature">"Discreetly, Saudis speculate about the throne succession"</a>. <i>M&C News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Discreetly%2C+Saudis+speculate+about+the+throne+succession&rft.au=Clasmann%2C+Anne-Beatrice&rft.aufirst=Anne-Beatrice&rft.aulast=Clasmann&rft.date=20+November+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.monstersandcritics.com%2Fmiddleeast%2Ffeatures%2Farticle_1514417.php%2FDiscreetly-Saudis-speculate-about-the-throne-succession-Feature&rft.jtitle=M%26C+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/AbdullahProfile.htm">"King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia"</a>. Asian History. 1 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=King+Abdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=1+August+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fprofilesofasianleaders%2Fp%2FAbdullahProfile.htm&rft.pub=Asian+History&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FPshend-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FPshend_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPshend_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, Simon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/04/14/outraged_in_riyadh?page=0,1">"Outraged in Riyadh"</a>, <i>Foreign Policy</i>, 14 April 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-abir-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abir_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Abir, Mordechai (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=1QEOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=al+jiluwi+family&source=bl&ots=MTl6tKqWcp&sig=8lnKfSddjw_ugvvldWYiyBDRvyk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rBcgUI2xNYjY4QT3mIGYDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=al%20jiluwi%20family&f=false"><i>Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regime and Elites: Conflict and Collaboration</i></a>. Kent: Croom Helm.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.au=Abir%2C+Mordechai&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+the+Oil+Era%3A+Regime+and+Elites%3A+Conflict+and+Collaboration&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QEOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA138%26lpg%3DPA138%26dq%3Dal%2Bjiluwi%2Bfamily%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DMTl6tKqWcp%26sig%3D8lnKfSddjw_ugvvldWYiyBDRvyk%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DrBcgUI2xNYjY4QT3mIGYDg%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dal%2520jiluwi%2520family%26f%3Dfalse&rft.place=Kent&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ssabri-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssabri_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Sabri, Sharaf (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=51Bb8Ix7xw8C&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=prince+turki+bin+sultan+royal+in+commerce&source=bl&ots=W2TyZe-5Yp&sig=Gu8Zw5Tp7MidEMAyQzOdzGhV17k&"><i>The House of Saud in commerce: A study of royal entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia</i></a>. New Delhi: I.S. Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-901254-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-901254-0-0">81-901254-0-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.aufirst=Sharaf&rft.aulast=Sabri&rft.au=Sabri%2C+Sharaf&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Saud+in+commerce%3A+A+study+of+royal+entrepreneurship+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tr%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51Bb8Ix7xw8C%26pg%3DPA105%26lpg%3DPA105%26dq%3Dprince%2Bturki%2Bbin%2Bsultan%2Broyal%2Bin%2Bcommerce%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DW2TyZe-5Yp%26sig%3DGu8Zw5Tp7MidEMAyQzOdzGhV17k%26&rft.isbn=81-901254-0-0&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=I.S.+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article240167.ece">"King Abdullah Arrives in Morocco"</a>, <i>Arab News</i>, 22 January 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-arabnews15213-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabnews15213_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/khaled-appointed-riyadh-governor-turki-his-deputy">"Khaled appointed Riyadh governor, Turki his deputy"</a>. <i>Arab News</i> (Jeddah). 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 February 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Khaled+appointed+Riyadh+governor%2C+Turki+his+deputy&rft.date=15+February+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fkhaled-appointed-riyadh-governor-turki-his-deputy&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.place=Jeddah&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiwave.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1286%3Asaudi-arabias-king-changes-the-guard&Itemid=194">"Saudi Arabia's King Changes the Guard"</a>. Saudiwave. 29 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+King+Changes+the+Guard&rft.date=29+November+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiwave.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1286%253Asaudi-arabias-king-changes-the-guard%26Itemid%3D194&rft.pub=Saudiwave&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3015">"Saudi Arabia Changes Course, Slowly"</a>. Washington Institute. 18 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+Changes+Course%2C+Slowly&rft.date=18+February+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2FtemplateC05.php%3FCID%3D3015&rft.pub=Washington+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-kwomen-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kwomen_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Henderson, Simon (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/26/all_the_kings_women">"All the King's Women"</a>. Foreign Policy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 April 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Simon&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.btitle=All+the+King%27s+Women&rft.date=26+September+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F26%2Fall_the_kings_women&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/461140">"Shaikh Khalid bin Hamad marries daughter of Saudi Monarch"</a>. Bahrain News Agency. 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Shaikh+Khalid+bin+Hamad+marries+daughter+of+Saudi+Monarch&rft.date=16+June+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bna.bh%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fnews%2F461140&rft.pub=Bahrain+News+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wp171112-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wp171112_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp171112_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wp171112_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-king-abdullah-has-back-surgery-described-as-successful/2012/11/17/11d8c1ce-30c1-11e2-af17-67abba0676e2_story.html">"Saudi King Abdullah has back surgery described as successful"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i> (Riyadh). AP. 17 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Abdullah+has+back+surgery+described+as+successful&rft.date=17+November+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fsaudi-king-abdullah-has-back-surgery-described-as-successful%2F2012%2F11%2F17%2F11d8c1ce-30c1-11e2-af17-67abba0676e2_story.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.place=Riyadh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11809963">"Saudi prince returns as king readies for US treatment"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 August 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+prince+returns+as+king+readies+for+US+treatment&rft.date=22+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11809963&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/11/24/us.saudi.king.surgery/index.html?section=cnn_latest">"Saudi king has back surgery in New York"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 25 November 2010.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+has+back+surgery+in+New+York&rft.date=25+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F11%2F24%2Fus.saudi.king.surgery%2Findex.html%3Fsection%3Dcnn_latest&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Green, Peter S. (24 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-24/saudi-arabia-king-abdullah-s-ny-back-surgery-successful-royal-court-says.html">"Saudi Arabia King Abdullah's NY Back Surgery Successful, Royal Court Says"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+King+Abdullah%27s+NY+Back+Surgery+Successful%2C+Royal+Court+Says&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft.au=Green%2C+Peter+S.&rft.aulast=Green&rft.date=24+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-11-24%2Fsaudi-arabia-king-abdullah-s-ny-back-surgery-successful-royal-court-says.html&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11833572">"Saudi king Abdullah has 'successful operation'"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101125040931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11833572">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 November 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+Abdullah+has+%27successful+operation%27&rft.date=24+November+2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-11833572&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=3289">"Saudi Arabia's Oil Policy Vacancies – The Washington Institute for Near East Policy"</a>. Washington Institute. 7 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Oil+Policy+Vacancies+%E2%80%93+The+Washington+Institute+for+Near+East+Policy&rft.date=7+January+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2FtemplateC05.php%3FCID%3D3289&rft.pub=Washington+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/world/middleeast/23saudi.html">"Saudi King Arrives in Morocco After Treatment in US"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 22 January 2011</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12550326">"Saudi King offers benefits as he returns from treatment"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 February 2011.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+offers+benefits+as+he+returns+from+treatment&rft.date=23+February+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12550326&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Abdullah_leavesKSA27Aug2012-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdullah_leavesKSA27Aug2012_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/readsinglenews.php?id=1024922&content_id=&scroll=1">"(no title)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Press_Agency" title="Saudi Press Agency">Saudi Press Agency</a>. 27 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6AEiDPj0l">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 September 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=%28no+title%29&rft.date=27+August+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spa.gov.sa%2FEnglish%2Freadsinglenews.php%3Fid%3D1024922%26content_id%3D%26scroll%3D1&rft.pub=Saudi+Press+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AlQuds_heartsurgery_earlySep2012-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlQuds_heartsurgery_earlySep2012_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/09/03/259660/saudi-king-has-another-surgery-in-us/">"Saudi Arabia's King undergoes heart surgery in New York: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Press_TV" title="Press TV">Press TV</a>. 3 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6APhjqrNF">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 September 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+King+undergoes+heart+surgery+in+New+York%3A+Report&rft.date=3+September+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstv.ir%2Fdetail%2F2012%2F09%2F03%2F259660%2Fsaudi-king-has-another-surgery-in-us%2F&rft.pub=Press+TV&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-national-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-national_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/saudi-king-abdullah-returns-after-month-long-morocco-trip">"Saudi King Abdullah returns after month-long Morocco trip"</a>. <i>The National</i> (Riyadh). AFP. 24 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 September 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Abdullah+returns+after+month-long+Morocco+trip&rft.date=24+September+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsaudi-king-abdullah-returns-after-month-long-morocco-trip&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.place=Riyadh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bbcnov12-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnov12_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20525956">"Saudi king health fears calmed after back operation"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 28 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 February 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+king+health+fears+calmed+after+back+operation&rft.date=28+November+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20525956&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-reu1312-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reu1312_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/13/us-saudi-king-health-idUSBRE8BC0UX20121213">"Saudi King Abdullah leaves hospital"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 13 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 February 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Abdullah+leaves+hospital&rft.date=13+December+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F12%2F13%2Fus-saudi-king-health-idUSBRE8BC0UX20121213&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-polishtwins-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polishtwins_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Rasooldeen, Mohammed (5 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/260559">"Thank you, Crown Prince"</a>. <i>Arab News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Thank+you%2C+Crown+Prince&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft.aulast=Rasooldeen&rft.au=Rasooldeen%2C+Mohammed&rft.date=5+January+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F260559&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/15/content_8176512.htm">"More countries offer aid to quake-hit China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua</a>. 15 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080517103017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/15/content_8176512.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 May 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=More+countries+offer+aid+to+quake-hit+China&rft.date=15+May+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-05%2F15%2Fcontent_8176512.htm&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">"Saudi's King Abdullah grants $10 Bn for new university fund". <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 19 May 2008.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi%27s+King+Abdullah+grants+%2410+Bn+for+new+university+fund&rft.date=19+May+2008&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Financial+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code>|accessdate=</code> requires <code>|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan, Ghazanfar Ali, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article252132.ece">"King Abdullah Waives SR585 Million in Housing Loans"</a>, <i>Arab News</i>, 5 February 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Forbes_King21Gdollars-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_King21Gdollars_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/20/worlds-richest-royals-biz-richroyals08-cz_ts_0820royal_slide_4.html?thisSpeed=15000">"No. 3: King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz"</a>. Forbes. 11 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5x7CpghdL">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 March 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=No.+3%3A+King+Abdullah+bin+Abdulaziz&rft.date=11+March+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F20%2Fworlds-richest-royals-biz-richroyals08-cz_ts_0820royal_slide_4.html%3FthisSpeed%3D15000&rft.pub=Forbes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-blitz12-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blitz12_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Choudhury, Sohail (9 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklyblitz.net/2381/the-philanthropist-saudi-king">"The philanthropist Saudi King"</a>. <i>Blitz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 June 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=The+philanthropist+Saudi+King&rft.au=Choudhury%2C+Sohail&rft.aufirst=Sohail&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.date=9+June+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklyblitz.net%2F2381%2Fthe-philanthropist-saudi-king&rft.jtitle=Blitz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themuslim500.com/">"The Muslims 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 February 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+500%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Influential+Muslims&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemuslim500.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-alarabiya712-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alarabiya712_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/07/253856.html">"Saudi King Abdullah named 7th most powerful figure in the world"</a>. <i>Al Arabiya</i>. 7 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 8 December 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=Saudi+King+Abdullah+named+7th+most+powerful+figure+in+the+world&rft.date=7+December+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F12%2F07%2F253856.html&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_stables_of_the_king_abdullah_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janadriafarm.com/">"the stables of the king abdullah"</a>. <i>janadriafarm official</i> (Riyadh). 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 February 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.atitle=the+stables+of+the+king+abdullah&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janadriafarm.com%2F&rft.jtitle=janadriafarm+official&rft.place=Riyadh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/A_009_GoldenFleece.htm">"King Juan Carlos of Spain dishonors the Order of the Golden Fleece"</a>. Traditionin Action<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 16 October 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=King+Juan+Carlos+of+Spain+dishonors+the+Order+of+the+Golden+Fleece&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditioninaction.org%2FHistory%2FA_009_GoldenFleece.htm&rft.pub=Traditionin+Action&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-royal2012-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-royal2012_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news04251202.aspx">"King Abdullah receives UNESCO Gold Medal"</a>. Royal Embassy. 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 July 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdullah+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=King+Abdullah+receives+UNESCO+Gold+Medal&rft.date=25+April+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Flatest_news%2Fnews04251202.aspx&rft.pub=Royal+Embassy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a></b></i></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a></b></i></td>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/king-abdullah">King Abdullah</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/abdullah_bin_abdul_aziz_alsaud/index.html">Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7035991.stm">Saudi king details succession law</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 9 October 2007</li>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd</a></span></td>
<td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of kings of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">King of Saudi Arabia</a></b><br />
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="50" height="54" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="image" title="Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="100" height="67" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Sons of Ibn Saud</a></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="80" height="87" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="100" height="108" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emirates of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Emirates <small style="font-size:85%;">(regions)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Governorates of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Governorates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li>
</ul>
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<td></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween <small style="font-size:85%;">(religious police)</small></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_passport" title="Saudi Arabian passport">Passport</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Military of Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Military</a></th>
<li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Healthcare in Saudi Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> <a href="/wiki/OPEC#Membership" title="OPEC">member states</a></div>
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<div style="font-size:110%;">Participants in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;">People involved in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div>
<li>1947–1948 <b><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">Palestinian Fedayeen attacks</a> and <b><a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">Reprisal operations</a></b></li>
<li>1967–1970 <b><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></b>
<ul>
<li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a>
<ul>
<li>1968 <a href="/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon" title="1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon">Operation <i>Gift</i></a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a></b>
<ul>
<li>1970 <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Israeli_shelling_on_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Israeli shelling on Lebanon (page does not exist)">Shelling on Lebanon</a></li>
<li>1974 <a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_Israeli_airstrike_on_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 Israeli airstrike on Lebanon (page does not exist)">Airstrike on Lebanon</a></li>
<li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_Attack" title="Savoy Hotel Attack">Savoy Operation</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a></b>
<ul>
<li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a></li>
<li>1982 <a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Damour_Airstrike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Damour Airstrike (page does not exist)">Damour Airstrike</a></li>
<li>1994 <a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_Israeli_airstrike_on_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 Israeli airstrike on Lebanon (page does not exist)">Airstrike on Lebanon</a></li>
<li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath">Operation <i>Grapes of Wrath</i></a></li>
<li>2001–present <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel</a></li>
<li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a></li>
<li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">Operation <i>Bringing Home the Goods</i></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:110%;">Diplomacy and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">peace proposals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div>
<li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Direct_negotiations_between_Israel_and_the_Palestinians_in_2010" title="Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in 2010" class="mw-redirect">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li>
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<li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%91%98%EB%9D%BC_%EB%B9%88_%EC%95%95%EB%91%98_%EC%95%84%EC%A7%80%EC%A6%88" title="압둘라 빈 압둘 아지즈" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdulaziz_al-Saud" title="Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_dari_Arab_Saudi" title="Abdullah dari Arab Saudi" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Aziz_al-Saud" title="Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_dell%27Arabia_Saudita" title="Abd Allah dell'Arabia Saudita" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עבדאללה, מלך ערב הסעודית" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_saking_Arab_Saudi" title="Abdullah saking Arab Saudi" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_(rex_Arabiae_Saudianae)" title="Abdullah (rex Arabiae Saudianae)" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Abdul_Aziz_Al-Saud" title="Abdullah ibn Abdul Aziz Al-Saud" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoellah_bin_Abdoel_Aziz_al-Saoed" title="Abdoellah bin Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz_Al_Su%E2%80%99ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Su’ud" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_da_Ar%C3%A1bia_Saudita" title="Abdallah da Arábia Saudita" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdulaziz_al-Saud" title="Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_o_Saudi_Arabie" title="Abdullah o Saudi Arabie" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-su"><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ti_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah ti Saudi Arabia" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Aziz" title="Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ng_Arabyang_Saudi" title="Abdullah ng Arabyang Saudi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li>
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