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<div id="section_heading_and_content_block_0"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header"><h1 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="0">Singapore</h1></div><p id="pagelib_edit_section_title_description">Republic in Southeast Asia</p><hr id="pagelib_edit_section_divider"><div id="content_block_0" class="content_block"><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container" style="float: right;"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="0" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span><p><b>Singapore</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Singapore.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background"></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/En-us-Singapore.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-Singapore.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span>), officially the <b>Republic of Singapore</b> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms" title="Malay language text">Republik Singapura</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh" style="font-style:normal;" title="Chinese language text">新加坡共和国</span>; <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta" style="font-style:normal;" title="Tamil language text">சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு</span>), is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island</a> <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It lies one degree (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, at the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> to the north. Singapore's territory consists of one <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">main island</a> along with <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">62 other islets</a>. Since independence, extensive <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> has increased its total size by 23% (130 square kilometres or 50 square miles). The country is known for its transition from a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed</a> one in a single generation under the leadership of its founder <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city-state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Singapore_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Singapore (disambiguation)">Singapore (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>Quick Facts</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Malay:, Chinese: …</span></div><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:transparent;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;font-weight:normal;"><b><span style="font-size:1.25em;">Republic of Singapore</span></b></div>
<ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent;padding-top:0.5em;font-size:76%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>:</th><td><i lang="ms" title="Malay language text">Republik Singapura</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>:</th><td><span lang="zh" title="Chinese language text">新加坡共和国</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>:</th><td><span lang="ta" title="Tamil language text">சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு</span></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Singapore"><span class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/640px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" data-width="125" data-height="83" data-alt="Flag of Singapore" data-data-file-width="4320" data-data-file-height="2880" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 125px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.4%;"></span></span></a></div>
<div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></div>
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<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Singapore"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg/640px-Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore.svg.png" data-width="85" data-height="70" data-alt="{{{coat_alt}}}" data-data-file-width="1216" data-data-file-height="1008" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 85px;"><span style="padding-top: 82.35294117647058%;"></span></span></a></div>
<div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore"> Coat of arms</a></div>
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</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto:&nbsp;</b><i lang="ms" title="Malay language text">Majulah Singapura</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:85%;font-weight:normal;">(Malay)</span><br><span style="font-size:85%;">(English: "Onward, Singapore")</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem:&nbsp;</b><i><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;">(English: "Onward, Singapore")</span><br><div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center><div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="metadata" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="79.38612244898" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Majulah_Singapura.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Majulah_Singapura.ogg/Majulah_Singapura.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="200272"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Majulah_Singapura.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file (205 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="204525"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.en.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.en.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.id.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia (id) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.id.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.ms.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu (ms) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.ms.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.ta.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் (ta) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.ta.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.zh-hans.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="zh-hans" label="中文(简体)‎ (zh-hans) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:Majulah_Singapura.ogg.zh-hans.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" data-dir="ltr"></audio></div></center></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_on_the_globe_(Southeast_Asia_centered).svg" class="image" title="Location of Singapore"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg/640px-Singapore_on_the_globe_%28Southeast_Asia_centered%29.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-alt="Location of Singapore" data-data-file-width="897" data-data-file-height="897" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 250px;"><span style="padding-top: 100%;"></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_SGP_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="image" title="Location of Singapore"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Singapore_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SGP_-_UNOCHA.svg/640px-Singapore_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_SGP_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="251" data-alt="Location of Singapore" data-data-file-width="250" data-data-file-height="251" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 250px;"><span style="padding-top: 100.4%;"></span></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Capital</th><td>Singapore (<a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>)<br><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&amp;params=1_17_N_103_50_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°17′N</span> <span class="longitude">103°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.283°N 103.833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.283; 103.833</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row">Largest <a href="/wiki/Planning_Areas_of_Singapore" title="Planning Areas of Singapore">PA</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Bedok" title="Bedok">Bedok</a><sup id="cite_ref-singstat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat-1">[1]</a></sup><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&amp;params=1_19_25_N_103_55_38_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°19′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°55′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.32361°N 103.92722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.32361; 103.92722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Official&nbsp;languages</th><td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised national&nbsp;languages</span></th><td><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official scripts</a></th><td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (English and Malay)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic&nbsp;groups</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2015-2">[2]</a></sup></div></th><td><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul style="line-height:1.3em;"><li>74.3% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a></li><li>13.3% <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay</a></li><li>9.1% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian</a></li><li>3.3% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Religion <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul style="line-height:1.3em;"><li>33.2% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a></li><li>18.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a></li><li>18.5% Irreligious</li><li>14.0% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a></li><li>10.0% <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and<br><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">folk religion</a></li><li>5.0% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a></li><li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean">Singaporean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Government</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore">Deputy Prime Ministers</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Teo_Chee_Hean" title="Teo Chee Hean">Teo Chee Hean</a><br><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">Parliament Speaker</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Tan_Chuan-Jin" title="Tan Chuan-Jin">Tan Chuan-Jin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Sundaresh_Menon" title="Sundaresh Menon">Sundaresh Menon</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Legislature</th><td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">Independence&nbsp;<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Accession to Malaysia</a></span> </div></th><td>16 September 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Singapore" title="Proclamation of Singapore">Proclamation of Singapore</a> </div></th><td>9 August 1965</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a> </div></th><td>8 August 1967</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Total</div></th><td>722.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (279.0&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi)<sup id="cite_ref-total_area_of_Singapore_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-total_area_of_Singapore-3">[3]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">176th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;2018 estimate</div></th><td>5,638,700<sup id="cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_and_Population_Structure-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[Note 1]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Density</div></th><td>7,804/km<sup>2</sup> (20,212.3/sq&nbsp;mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td>2018&nbsp;estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Total</div></th><td>$554.855&nbsp;billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-6">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Per capita</div></th><td>$98,014<sup id="cite_ref-imf_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-6">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td>2018&nbsp;estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Total</div></th><td>$349.659&nbsp;billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-6">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&nbsp;Per capita</div></th><td>$61,766<sup id="cite_ref-imf_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf-6">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2017)</span></th><td><img alt="Negative increase" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Negative increase" width="11" height="11" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background">&nbsp;45.9<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[6]</a></sup><br><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2017)</span></th><td><img alt="Increase" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background">&nbsp;0.932<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup><br><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">9th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Currency</th><td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> (S$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SGD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Time zone</th><td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8</span> (<a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_Time" title="Singapore Standard Time">Singapore Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Date format</th><td><span class="nowrap">dd-mm-yyyy</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Singapore" title="Telephone numbers in Singapore">Calling code</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/%2B65" class="mw-redirect" title="+65">+65</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SG" title="ISO 3166-2:SG">SG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.sg" title=".sg">.sg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title=".新加坡">.新加坡</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title=".சிங்கப்பூர்">.சிங்கப்பூர்</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div><p>In 1819, Sir <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding of modern Singapore">colonial Singapore</a> as a trading post of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. After the company's <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Rebellion of 1857">collapse</a> in 1858, the islands were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> as a crown colony. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Singapore was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">occupied by Japan</a>. It gained independence from the British Empire in 1963 by joining <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> along with other former British territories (<a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>), but separated two years later over <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">ideological differences</a>, becoming a sovereign nation in 1965. After early years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore#1965_to_1979" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">turbulence</a> and despite lacking natural resources and a <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>, the nation developed rapidly as an <a href="/wiki/Asian_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Tiger">Asian Tiger</a> economy, based on external trade and its <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a>.
</p><p>Singapore is a global hub for education,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> entertainment,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> finance, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> logistics,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> manufacturing,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> technology,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> tourism,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> trade, and <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> The city ranks highly in <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Singapore" title="International rankings of Singapore">numerous international rankings</a>, and has been recognised as the most "<a href="/wiki/Global_Information_Technology_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Information Technology Report">technology-ready</a>" nation <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">(WEF)</a>, top <a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Associations" title="Union of International Associations">International-meetings city (UIA)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> city with "best investment potential" (BERI), <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">world's smartest city</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> world's safest country,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> second-<a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">most competitive country</a>, third least-corrupt country, third-largest foreign exchange market, third-largest financial centre, third-largest oil refining and trading centre, fifth-most innovative country, and the second-busiest container port.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit"><i>The Economist</i></a> has ranked Singapore as the most expensive city to live in, since 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> It is identified as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>. Singapore is the only country in Asia with an AAA sovereign rating from all major rating agencies, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating" title="List of countries by credit rating">one of 11 worldwide</a>. Globally, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> have held the titles of leading "Maritime Capital" and "Best Airport" respectively for consecutive years, while <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> is the 2018 "World's Best Airline".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup>Singapore ranks 9th on the UN <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> with the 3rd <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">highest GDP per capita</a>. It is placed highly in key social indicators: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">healthcare</a>, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety and housing. Although <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">income inequality is high</a>, 90% of homes are owner-occupied. According to the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>, the country is described as a "flawed democracy".
</p><p>The city-state is home to 5.6&nbsp;million residents, 39% of whom are foreign nationals, including <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residents</a>. There are four official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">languages</a>: English, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>; most Singaporeans are bilingual and English serves as the nation's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, while Malay is the national language. Its <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">cultural diversity</a> is reflected in its extensive ethnic <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">cuisine</a> and major <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> has found that Singapore has the highest religious diversity of any country. <a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a> has been enshrined in its constitution since independence, and continues to shape <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">national policies</a> in education, housing, politics, among others.
</p><p>Singapore is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> parliamentary government. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> has won every election since self-government began in 1959. As one of the five founding members of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, Singapore is the host of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) Secretariat and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_Council" title="Pacific Economic Cooperation Council">Pacific Economic Cooperation Council</a> (PECC) Secretariat,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> as well as many international conferences and events. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_1"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Etymology"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="1">Etymology</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="1" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_1" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Singapore" title="Names of Singapore">Names of Singapore</a></div>
<p>The English name of Singapore is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of the native <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name for the country, <i><i lang="ms" title="Malay language text">Singapura</i></i>, which was in turn derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:सिंहपुर">सिंहपुर</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a></small>: <i>Siṃhapura</i>; <i>siṃha</i> is "lion", <i>pura</i> is "town" or "city"), hence the customary reference to the nation as the <i>Lion City</i>, and its inclusion in many of the nation's symbols (e.g., its coat of arms, Merlion emblem). However, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island; <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> prince said to have founded and named the island <i>Singapura</i>, perhaps saw a <a href="/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Malayan tiger</a>. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name and scholars do not believe that the origin of the name is firmly established.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-32">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> The central island has also been called <i><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pulau Ujong</a></i> as far back as the third century CE, literally "island at the end" (of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>) in Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore is also referred to as the <i>Garden City</i> for its tree-lined streets and greening efforts since independence,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Red Dot">Little Red Dot</a></i> for how the island-nation is depicted on many maps of the world and Asia, as a red dot.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup> Also referred to as the "Switzerland of Asia" in 2017 due to its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> on international and regional issues.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_2"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="History"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="2">History</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="2" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_2" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Historical affiliations …</span></div><table class="wikitable" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; width: 21em; font-size: 90%; float: left; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr><th style="background-color:CornflowerBlue">Historical affiliations
</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> 650–1377
</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> 1299–1398
</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> 1400–1511
</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> 1528–1819
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="650"></span> <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding of modern Singapore">Singapore under British control</a> 1819–1826
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281904%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1942
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></span> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a> 1942–1945
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration</a> 1945–1946
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Singapore_%281946%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></span> <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> 1946–1963
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400"></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a> 1963–1965 also known as <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a>
</td></tr><tr><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880"></span> Republic of Singapore 1965–present
</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_3"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Ancient_Singapore"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="3">Ancient Singapore</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="3" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_3" class="content_block"><p>The Greco-Roman astronomer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (90–168) identified a place called <i>Sabana</i> in the general area in the second century,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> and the earliest written record of Singapore occurs in a Chinese account from the third century, describing the island of <i>Pu Luo Chung</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%92%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:蒲">蒲</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:罗">罗</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:中">中</a>). This was itself a transliteration from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> name <i>"<a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pulau Ujong</a>"</i>, or "island at the end" (of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-utexas_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utexas-43">[42]</a></sup></p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Javanese</a> epic poem written in 1365, referred to a settlement on the island called <i><a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Tumasik</a></i> (possibly meaning "Sea Town").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup> In 1299, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> was founded on the island by <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></sup> Although the historicity of the accounts as given in the <i>Malay Annals</i> is the subject of academic debates,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup> it is nevertheless known from various documents that Singapore in the 14th century, then known as <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, was a trading port under the influence of both the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siamese</a> kingdoms<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup> and was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-48">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matisoff1990_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matisoff1990-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enfield_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enfield-50">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaPolla_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPolla-51">[50]</a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hal1985_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hal1985-52">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia_edu_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia_edu-53">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia_edu_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia_edu-53">[52]</a></sup> These Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">George Cœdès</a> were characterised by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, its ruler <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(king)" title="Parameswara (king)">Parameswara</a> was attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move on to <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-32">[31]</a></sup> In 1613, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> raiders burned down the settlement, and the island faded into obscurity for the next two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Borschbergp157-158_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borschbergp157-158-57">[56]</a></sup> By then Singapore was nominally part of the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-country_studies_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country_studies-58">[57]</a></sup> The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_4"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="British_colonisation"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="4">British colonisation</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="4" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_4" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding of modern Singapore">Founding of modern Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore in the Straits Settlements</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Singapore_Island_(British_Library_India_Office_Records,_1825,_detail).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><img class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_image_loaded" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg/640px-Part_of_Singapore_Island_%28British_Library_India_Office_Records%2C_1825%2C_detail%29.jpg" width="220" height="146" alt="" data-file-width="3395" data-file-height="2256" data-image-gallery="true"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_Singapore_Island_(British_Library_India_Office_Records,_1825,_detail).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1825 survey map. Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> trade was at <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a> for 150 years. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> hill (centre) was home to its ancient and early colonial rulers.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Raffles</a> arrived in Singapore on 28 January 1819 and soon recognised the island as a natural choice for the new port. The island was then nominally ruled by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Muazzam_Shah_of_Johor" title="Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah of Johor">Tengku Abdul Rahman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Johor" title="Sultan of Johor">Sultan of Johor</a>, who was controlled by the Dutch and the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a> was weakened by factional division; the <a href="/wiki/Temenggong" class="mw-redirect" title="Temenggong">Temenggong</a> (or Chief Minister) Tengku Abdu'r Rahman and his officials were loyal to Tengku Rahman's elder brother <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Shah_of_Johor" title="Hussein Shah of Johor">Tengku Long</a> who was living in <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau</a>. With the Temenggong's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Tengku Long back into Singapore. He offered to recognise Tengku Long as the rightful Sultan of Johor, given the title of Sultan Hussein and provide him with a yearly payment of $5000 and $3000 to the Temenggong; in return, Sultan Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-uslcFounding_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcFounding-59">[58]</a></sup> A formal treaty was signed on 6 February 1819 and modern Singapore was born.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamford_Raffles_statue.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><img class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_image_loaded" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Stamford_Raffles_statue.jpg" width="170" height="227" alt="White statue of Sir Stamford Raffles standing" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="832" data-image-gallery="true"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamford_Raffles_statue.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Sir <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a>'s statue at the Singapore River spot where he first landed</div></div></div>
<p>In 1824, the entire island as well as the Temenggong became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-62">[61]</a></sup> In 1826, Singapore became part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, becoming the regional capital in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> Prior to Raffles' arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">indigenous Malays</a> along with a handful of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Malays_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Malays-64">[63]</a></sup> By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, more than half being Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-62">[61]</a></sup> Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and <a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">gambier</a> plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> Later, in the 1890s, when the rubber industry also became established in <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Malaya</a> and Singapore,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export.<sup id="cite_ref-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Founding_of_Modern_Singapore-62">[61]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore was not much affected by <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–18) since the conflict did not spread to Southeast Asia. The only significant event during the war was a <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">mutiny</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a> from British India who were garrisoned in Singapore, which occurred in 1915. After hearing rumours that they were to be sent off to fight the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which was a Muslim state, the soldiers rebelled. They killed their officers and several British civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by non-Muslim troops arriving from <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the First World War, the British built the large <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Naval_Base" title="Singapore Naval Base">Singapore Naval Base</a> as part of the defensive <a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a>. Originally announced in 1923, the construction of the base proceeded slowly until the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931. When completed in 1939, at the very large cost of $500&nbsp;million, it boasted what was then the largest <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> in the world, the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Floating_dock_(jetty)" title="Floating dock (jetty)">floating dock</a>, and having enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months. It was defended by heavy 15-inch naval guns stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Siloso" title="Fort Siloso">Fort Siloso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Canning">Fort Canning</a> and Labrador, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> airfield at <a href="/wiki/Tengah_Air_Base" title="Tengah Air Base">Tengah Air Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> touted it as the "<a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> of the East" and military discussions often referred to the base as simply "<a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>". Unfortunately, it was a base without a fleet. The <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Fleet">British Home Fleet</a> was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect its interests in Asia. The plan was for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. However, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_5"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="World_War_II"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="5">World War II</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="5" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_5" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation of Singapore</a></div>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> British losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured, in addition to losses during the earlier fighting in Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-69">[68]</a></sup> About 5,000 were killed or wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> of which Australians made up the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegg1965248_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg1965248-71">[70]</a></sup> Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-69">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[Note 2]</a></sup> The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of Japan, Britain, and the then-colonial state of Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1970277_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970277-73">[71]</a></sup> Singapore was renamed <b>Syonan-to</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span lang="ja">昭南島</span><span style="display:none">,</span> <i>Shōnan-tō</i>)</span>, meaning "Light of the South".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup> Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup></p><p>British forces had <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">planned to liberate Singapore</a> in 1945; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out. It was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">subsequently re-occupied</a> by British, Indian and Australian forces following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose201018–20_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201018%E2%80%9320-77">[75]</a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita" title="Tomoyuki Yamashita">Tomoyuki Yamashita</a> was tried by a US military commission for war crimes, but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2006556–557_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2006556%E2%80%93557-78">[76]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_6"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Post-war_period"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="6">Post-war period</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="6" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_6" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Operation Tiderace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Singapore">Post-war Singapore</a></div>
<p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese surrender">Japanese surrender</a> to the Allies on 15 August 1945, Singapore fell into a brief state of violence and disorder; looting and revenge-killing were widespread. British troops led by Lord <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> for <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asia Command">Southeast Asia Command</a>, returned to Singapore to receive formal surrender of the Japanese forces in the region from General <a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Seishiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Itagaki Seishiro">Itagaki Seishiro</a> on behalf of General <a href="/wiki/Hisaichi_Terauchi" title="Hisaichi Terauchi">Hisaichi Terauchi</a> on 12 September 1945, and a British Military Administration was formed to govern the island until March 1946. Much of the infrastructure had been destroyed during the war, including harbour facilities at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>. There was also a shortage of food leading to malnutrition, disease, and rampant crime and violence. High food prices, unemployment, and workers' discontent culminated into a series of strikes in 1947 causing massive stoppages in public transport and other services. By late 1947, the economy began to recover, facilitated by a growing demand for tin and rubber around the world, but it would take several more years before the economy returned to pre-war levels.<sup id="cite_ref-uslcAftermathOfWar_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcAftermathOfWar-79">[77]</a></sup></p><p>The failure of Britain to successfully defend Singapore had destroyed its credibility as infallible ruler in the eyes of Singaporeans. The decades after the war saw a political awakening amongst the local populace and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialism">anti-colonial</a> and nationalist sentiments, epitomised by the slogan <i><a href="/wiki/Merdeka" title="Merdeka">Merdeka</a></i>, or "independence" in the Malay language. The British, on their part, were prepared to gradually increase <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> for Singapore and Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-uslcAftermathOfWar_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslcAftermathOfWar-79">[77]</a></sup> On 1 April 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> was dissolved and Singapore became a separate Crown Colony with a civil administration headed by a Governor. In July 1947, separate Executive and Legislative Councils were established and the election of six members of the Legislative Council was scheduled in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-micaSelfGovernment_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micaSelfGovernment-80">[78]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg/640px-SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1080" data-data-file-height="688" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 63.63636363636363%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeRiver-bumboats-196009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Singapore thrives as an entrepot. Bumboats used to transport cargoes and supplies between nearshore ships and Singapore River, c.1960</div></div></div>
<p>During the 1950s, Chinese communists with strong ties to the trade unions and Chinese schools waged a guerrilla war against the government, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">1954 National Service riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_middle_schools_riots" title="Chinese middle schools riots">Chinese middle schools riots</a> in Singapore were all linked to these events.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a>, pro-independence leader of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Front" title="Labour Front">Labour Front</a>, won Singapore's first general election in 1955. He led a delegation to London, but Britain rejected his demand for complete self-rule. He resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lim_Yew_Hock" title="Lim Yew Hock">Lim Yew Hock</a> in 1956, whose policies convinced Britain to grant Singapore full internal <a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">self-government</a> for all matters except defence and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-82">[80]</a></sup></p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_general_election,_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean general election, 1959">May 1959 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) won a landslide victory. Singapore became an internally self-governing state within the Commonwealth, with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> as its first Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-yewnyt_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yewnyt-83">[81]</a></sup> As a result, the 1959 general elections were the first after full internal <a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#Self-government_(1955%E2%80%931963)" title="History of Singapore">self-government</a> was granted by the British authorities. Singapore was not yet fully independent, as the British still controlled external affairs such as the military and foreign relations. However, Singapore was now a recognised <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Singapore">Governor</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Allmond_Codrington_Goode" title="William Allmond Codrington Goode">William Allmond Codrington Goode</a> served as the first <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a> (Head of State), and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yusof_bin_Ishak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusof bin Ishak">Yusof bin Ishak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-84">[82]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_7"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Merger_with_Malaysia"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="7">Merger with Malaysia</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="7" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_7" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore in Malaysia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Kuan_Yew.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Lee_Kuan_Yew.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="618" data-data-file-height="824" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 133.52941176470588%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Kuan_Yew.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, the first Prime Minister, is also recognised as Singapore's founding father.</div></div></div>
<p>Despite their successes in governing Singapore, the PAP leaders believed that Singapore's future lay with Malaya due to strong ties between the two nations. It was thought that the merger would benefit the economy by creating a common market which will support new industries, solving the ongoing unemployment woes in Singapore. However, a sizeable pro-communist wing of the PAP was strongly opposed to the merger, fearing a loss of influence, and hence formed the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a>, splitting from the PAP.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup> This was because the ruling party of Malaya, <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO), was staunchly anti-communist and would support the non-communist faction of PAP against them. UMNO, who was initially sceptical of the idea of a merger as they distrust the PAP government and were concerned that the large Chinese population in Singapore would alter the racial balance on which their political power base depended, changed their minds about the merger after being afraid of being taken over by pro-communists. On 27 May 1961, Malaya's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, made a surprise proposal of a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Malaysia">Federation of Malaysia</a>, comprising existing <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and the British Borneo territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_(British_Crown_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo (British Crown colony)">North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_(British_Crown_colony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawak (British Crown colony)">Sarawak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></sup> The UMNO leaders believed that the additional Malay population in the Borneo territories would offset Singapore's Chinese population.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-82">[80]</a></sup> The British government, for its part, believed that the merger would prevent Singapore from becoming a haven for communism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup> To secure the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> of the people, the PAP called for the <a href="/wiki/1962_Merger_Referendum_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Merger Referendum of Singapore">1962 Merger Referendum</a>, which provided different terms for merger with Malaysia, but no options for avoiding it. As a result, on 16 September 1963, <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Singapore">Singapore</a> joined with the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> to form the new federation of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a>, with Singapore being granted a high level of autonomy compared to other states in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Night_Perspective_on_the_Singapore_Merlion_(8347645113).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/A_Night_Perspective_on_the_Singapore_Merlion_%288347645113%29.jpg/640px-A_Night_Perspective_on_the_Singapore_Merlion_%288347645113%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1962" data-data-file-height="1308" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Night_Perspective_on_the_Singapore_Merlion_(8347645113).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A symbol of Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a> was erected in 1964</div></div></div>
<div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:18em; ; background-color: #ACE1AF;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047152">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{margin:0.5em auto 0.8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft p,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright p{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:larger;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:360px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{min-width:100%;margin:0 0 0.8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">"<b>Singapore shall forever be a sovereign democratic and <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> nation, founded upon the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty principle">principles of liberty and justice</a> and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of her people in a more just and <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal society</a>.</b>"</div>
<p><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Singapore" title="Proclamation of Singapore">Proclamation of Singapore</a> by Lee Kuan Yew on 9 August 1965</cite>
</p>
</div>
<p>Indonesia, however, opposed the formation of Malaysia over its own claims of Borneo and launched <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation"><i>konfrontasi</i></a> (Confrontation in Indonesian).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup> On 10 March 1965, a bomb planted by Indonesian saboteurs on a mezzanine floor of MacDonald House exploded, killing three people and injuring 33 others. It was the deadliest of at least 42 bomb incidents which occurred during <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup> Two members of the Indonesian Marine Corps, Osman bin Haji Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, were eventually convicted and executed for the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> The explosion caused $250,000 in damage to MacDonald House.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup></p><p>Even after the merger, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party%E2%80%93United_Malays_National_Organisation_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Action Party–United Malays National Organisation relations">Singapore state government and the Malaysian central government disagreed</a> on many political and economic issues. Despite an earlier agreement to establish a common market, Singapore continued to face restrictions when trading with the rest of Malaysia. In retaliation, Singapore did not extend to Sabah and Sarawak the full extent of the loans agreed to for economic development of the two eastern states. The situation escalated to such an intensity that talks soon broke down and abusive speeches and writing became rife on both sides. This led to communal strife in Singapore, accumulating to the <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup> Because of this, on 7 August 1965, the then <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Prime Minister">Malaysian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, seeing no alternative to avoid further bloodshed, advised the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a> that it should vote to expel Singapore from Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-Road_to_Independence_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Road_to_Independence-96">[94]</a></sup> On 9 August 1965, the Malaysian Parliament voted 126 to 0 (with Singaporean delegates not present) to move a bill to amend the constitution providing for Singapore to separate from the Federation of Malaysia. This gave Singapore independence, unusually against its own will.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC2-97">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies10-82">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_8"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Republic_of_Singapore"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="8">Republic of Singapore</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="8" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_8" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Singapore_Agreement_1965" title="Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965">Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_flags_and_banners_in_Istana_Park_-_20080817.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Singapore_flags_and_banners_in_Istana_Park_-_20080817.jpg/640px-Singapore_flags_and_banners_in_Istana_Park_-_20080817.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="689" data-data-file-height="458" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.36363636363637%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_flags_and_banners_in_Istana_Park_-_20080817.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The national flag along with banners, flown at <a href="/wiki/Istana_Park" title="Istana Park">Istana Park</a></div></div></div>
<p>Singapore gained independence as the Republic of Singapore (remaining within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>) on 9 August 1965 with Lee Kuan Yew and Yusof bin Ishak as the first prime minister and president respectively. Race riots <a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">broke out once more</a> in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup> In 1967, the country co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup> Lee Kuan Yew's emphasis on rapid economic growth, support for business entrepreneurship, and limitations on internal democracy shaped Singapore's policies for the next half-century and the country progressed to a <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lky-7prin_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lky-7prin-103">[101]</a></sup> Further economic success continued through the 1980s, with the unemployment rate falling to 3% and real GDP growth averaging at about 8% up until 1999. During the 1980s, Singapore began to upgrade to higher-technological industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wafer_fabrication" title="Wafer fabrication">wafer fabrication</a> sector, in order to compete with its neighbours which now had cheaper labour. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Singapore Changi Airport</a> was opened in 1981 and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a> became one of the world's busiest ports and the service and tourism industries also grew immensely during this period. Singapore emerged as an important transportation and logistics hub and a major tourist destination.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></sup></p><p>The PAP rule is termed <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> by some activists and opposition politicians who see the strict regulation of political and media activities by the government as an infringement on political rights.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government of Singapore</a> underwent several significant political changes, by introducing the <span class="new">Non-Constituency members of parliament</span> in 1984 to allow up to three losing candidates from opposition parties to be appointed as MPs. <a href="/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Representation Constituencies">Group Representation Constituencies</a> (GRCs) were introduced in 1988 to create multi-seat electoral divisions, intended to ensure minority representation in parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup> <span class="new">Nominated members of parliament</span> were introduced in 1990 to allow non-elected non-partisan MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-HoKhaiLeong_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoKhaiLeong-109">[107]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution</a> was amended in 1991 to provide for an <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Elected President</a> who has veto power in the use of national reserves and appointments to public office.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup></p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047399">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinner{width:100%!important;max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Hsien_Loong,_June_3,_2006.jpg" class="image"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lee_Hsien_Loong%2C_June_3%2C_2006.jpg/640px-Lee_Hsien_Loong%2C_June_3%2C_2006.jpg" data-width="183" data-height="171" data-alt="Lee Hsien Loong" data-data-file-width="736" data-data-file-height="686" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 183px;"><span style="padding-top: 93.44262295081968%;"></span></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a><br>Current and 3rd Prime Minister<br> of Singapore (2004– )</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg" class="image"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg/640px-GohChokTong-WashingtonDC-20010614.jpg" data-width="121" data-height="170" data-alt="Goh Chok Tong" data-data-file-width="688" data-data-file-height="968" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 121px;"><span style="padding-top: 140.49586776859505%;"></span></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a><br>2nd Prime Minister (1990–2004)</div></div><div style="clear:left"></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Since self-governance n 1959, Singapore has had only three Prime Ministers.</div></div></div>
<p>In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a> succeeded Lee and became Singapore's second Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup> During Goh's tenure, the country went through some post-independence crises, such as the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> and the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a> outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Goh_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goh-112">[110]</a></sup></p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a>, the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the country's third Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Goh_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goh-112">[110]</a></sup> Lee Hsien Loong's tenure included the <a href="/wiki/2008_global_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 global financial crisis">2008 global financial crisis</a>, the resolution of a dispute over <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar_railway_station" title="Tanjong Pagar railway station">Malayan railways land</a>, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_resort" title="Integrated resort">integrated resorts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup> Despite the economy's exceptional growth, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) suffered its <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_general_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean general election, 2011">worst election results</a> in 2011, winning 60% of votes, amidst hot-button issues of high influx of foreign workers and cost of living.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup> On 23 March 2015 Lee Kuan Yew passed away,<sup id="cite_ref-lky-7prin_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lky-7prin-103">[101]</a></sup> during the 50th year of independence, declaring a one-week period of public mourning. Subsequently, the PAP maintained its dominance in Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/GE2015" class="mw-redirect" title="GE2015">September general elections</a>, receiving 69.9% of the popular vote, behind the 2001 tally of 75.3%<sup id="cite_ref-STresults_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STresults-115">[113]</a></sup> and the 1968 tally of 86.7%.
</p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_9"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Government_and_politics"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="9">Government and politics</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="9" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_9" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights in Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_(Singapore).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg/640px-Istana_%28Singapore%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="3145" data-data-file-height="2105" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_(Singapore).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/The_Istana" title="The Istana">The Istana</a> is the official residence and office of the President, as well as the working office of the Prime Minister. State guests are received here.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of unicameral parliamentary government representing <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Singapore" title="Constituencies of Singapore">constituencies</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">constitution</a> establishes a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy_in_Singapore" title="Representative democracy in Singapore">representative democracy</a> as the political system.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-116">[114]</a></sup> Executive power rests with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet of Singapore</a>, led by the Prime Minister and, to a much lesser extent, the President.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-84">[82]</a></sup> The President is elected through a popular vote, and has veto powers over a specific set of executive decisions, such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judges, but otherwise occupies a largely ceremonial post.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></sup> In 2016, constitutional amendments provide for <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore#Reserved_elections" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">'reserved presidential elections'</a> for a ethnic community in Singapore if no one from that community has been President for any of the five most recent terms of office of the President. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Halimah_Yacob" title="Halimah Yacob">Halimah Yacob</a> was unanimously named the first female president of Singapore in the first reserved election for the Malay community, since all other candidates were declared ineligible for the election.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></sup></p><p><br>
The Parliament serves as the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a> of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-84">[82]</a></sup> Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of elected, non-constituency and nominated members. Elected MPs are voted into the Parliament on a "<a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a>" (plurality) basis and represent either single-member or <a href="/wiki/Group_representation_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Group representation constituencies">group representation constituencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament.gov.sg_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament.gov.sg-119">[117]</a></sup> The People's Action Party has won control of Parliament with large majorities in every election since self-governance was secured in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-120">[118]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a>, a key reason for its separation from Malaysia, is enshrined in its constitution since independence, and continues to shape major <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">national policies</a> in education, housing, politics and others.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_at_night_(HDR)_-_20071115.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_at_night_%28HDR%29_-_20071115.jpg/640px-Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_at_night_%28HDR%29_-_20071115.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="3888" data-data-file-height="2600" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_at_night_(HDR)_-_20071115.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>New and old <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> buildings. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> occupies the 'disc' atop, representing the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and a modern interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> ranks Singapore as "partly free" in its <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a></i> report,<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-120">[118]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> ranks Singapore as a "flawed democracy", the second best rank of four, in its "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></sup> The latest elections <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_general_election,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean general election, 2015">were in September 2015</a>, with the PAP winning 83 of 89 seats contested with 70% of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-BTresults_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTresults-124">[122]</a></sup></p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">legal system of Singapore</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a>, but with substantial local differences. <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by jury">Trial by jury</a> was abolished in 1970 so that judicial decisions would rest entirely in the hands of appointed judges.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup> Singapore has penalties that include <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">judicial corporal punishment</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">caning</a>, which may be imposed for such offences as rape, rioting, vandalism, and certain immigration offences.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></sup> There is <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Capital punishment in Singapore</a> for murder, as well as for certain aggravated drug-trafficking and firearms offences.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Singapore_-_20100803-01.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parliament_House%2C_Singapore_-_20100803-01.jpg/640px-Parliament_House%2C_Singapore_-_20100803-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="Large white building with a red roof, with a palm-lined path leading up to the main entrance" data-data-file-width="3872" data-data-file-height="2592" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_Singapore_-_20100803-01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singapore" title="Parliament House, Singapore">Parliament House</a> beside the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_River" title="Singapore River">Singapore River</a></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> has said that some legal provisions of the Singapore system conflict with the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty".<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-129">[127]</a></sup> The government has disputed Amnesty's claims, stating that their "position on abolition of the death penalty is by no means uncontested internationally" and that the Report contains "grave errors of facts and misrepresentations".<sup id="cite_ref-response_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-response-130">[128]</a></sup> Singapore's judicial system is considered one of the most reliable in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore has been consistently rated among the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Singapore" title="Corruption in Singapore">least corrupt</a> countries in the world by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></sup> Singapore's unique combination of a strong almost authoritarian government with an emphasis on meritocracy and good governance is known as the "Singapore model", and is regarded as a key factor behind Singapore's political stability, economic growth, and harmonious social order.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Speakers_Corner_1.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Speakers_Corner_1.jpg/640px-Speakers_Corner_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="3456" data-data-file-height="2304" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Speakers_Corner_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a> in Chinatown provides a public demonstration and "free speech" area usually restricted in other parts of the island.</div></div></div>
<p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a>'s <i>Rule of Law Index</i> ranked Singapore among the top countries surveyed with regard to "order and security", "absence of corruption", and "effective criminal justice". However, the country received a much lower ranking for "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></sup> All public gatherings of five or more people require police permits, and protests may legally be held only at the <a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore" title="Speakers' Corner, Singapore">Speakers' Corner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></sup></p><p><br></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_10"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Foreign_relations"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="10">Foreign relations</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="10" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_10" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Kuan_Yew_Cohen.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lee_Kuan_Yew_Cohen.jpg/640px-Lee_Kuan_Yew_Cohen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-alt="Ambassador to the US Chan Heng Chee, Lee Kuan Yew, and US Secretary of Defense William Cohen in a room" data-data-file-width="2670" data-data-file-height="1970" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 73.63636363636363%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Kuan_Yew_Cohen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Then <a href="/wiki/Senior_Minister" title="Senior Minister">Senior Minister</a> Lee Kuan Yew and Ambassador to the US <a href="/wiki/Chan_Heng_Chee" title="Chan Heng Chee">Chan Heng Chee</a> meeting with US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">William Cohen</a> during a visit in 2000.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore's foreign policy is aimed at maintaining security in Southeast Asia and surrounding territories. An underlying principle is political and economic stability in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-DFAT_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFAT-137">[135]</a></sup> It has diplomatic relations with more than 180 sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_passport" title="Singapore passport">Singaporean passport</a> is second in the world after Japan for visa-free travel granted by the most countries to its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a></sup></p><p>As Singapore has diplomatic relations with both <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and was one of the few countries that have relationships with both countries, <sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></sup>on 12 June 2018, Singapore hosted <a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 North Korea–United States summit">a historic summit</a> between U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" title="Chairman of the State Affairs Commission">North Korean leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a>, the first-ever meeting between the sitting leaders of the two nations. The summit took place at the <a href="/wiki/Capella_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Capella Singapore">Capella Resort</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></sup> It has also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a> on 7 November 2015.
</p><p>As one of the five founding members of ASEAN,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></sup> it is a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a> (AFTA) and the ASEAN Investment Area, because Singapore's economy is closely linked to that of the region as a whole. Former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong proposed the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#Economic_community" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Economic Community</a>, a step beyond the current AFTA, bringing it closer to a <a href="/wiki/Common_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common market">common market</a>. This was agreed to in 2007 for implementation by 2015. Other regional organisations are important to Singapore, and it is the host of the APEC Secretariat.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></sup> Singapore maintains membership in other regional organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_East_Asia-Latin_American_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation">Forum for East Asia-Latin American Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DFAT_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFAT-137">[135]</a></sup> It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></sup> and the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></sup> While Singapore is not a formal member of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, it has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_and_Lee_shaking_hands.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Trump_and_Lee_shaking_hands.jpg/640px-Trump_and_Lee_shaking_hands.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="958" data-data-file-height="707" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 73.63636363636363%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trump_and_Lee_shaking_hands.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Prime Minister Lee met with <a href="/wiki/President_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="President Donald Trump">President Donald Trump</a> of the United States a day before the historic <a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 North Korea–United States summit">2018 North Korea–United States summit</a> held in Singapore.</div></div></div>
<p>In general, bilateral relations with other ASEAN members are strong; however, disagreements have arisen,<sup id="cite_ref-govt.nz_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-148">[146]</a></sup> and relations with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Malaysia–Singapore relations">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> have sometimes been strained.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocky_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocky-149">[147]</a></sup> Malaysia and Singapore have clashed over the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> to Singapore,<sup id="cite_ref-Disputes_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disputes-150">[148]</a></sup> and access by the Singapore Armed Forces to Malaysian airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rocky_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rocky-149">[147]</a></sup> Border issues exist with Malaysia and Indonesia, and both have banned the sale of marine sand to Singapore over disputes about Singapore's land reclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></sup> Some previous disputes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">Pedra Branca dispute</a>, have been resolved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></sup> Piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> has been a cause of concern for all three countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Disputes_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disputes-150">[148]</a></sup> Close economic ties exist with <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, and the two share a pegged currency value, through a Currency Interchangeability Agreement between the two countries which makes both <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> banknotes and coins legal tender in either country.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg/640px-2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="173" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1880" data-data-file-height="1160" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 280px;"><span style="padding-top: 61.78571428571429%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_G20_Hamburg_summit_leaders_group_photo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Prime Minister Lee at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/G20_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="G20 meeting">G20 meeting</a> in Germany. Singapore has been invited to participate in G20 processes in most years since 2010.</div></div></div>
<p>The first diplomatic contact with China was made in the 1970s, with full diplomatic relations established in the 1990s. Since then the two countries have been major players in strengthening the ASEAN–China relationship, and has maintained a long-standing and greatly prioritised close relationship partly due to China's growing influence and essentiality in the Asia-Pacific region, specifying that "its common interest with China is far greater than any differences". Furthermore, Singapore has positioned itself as a strong supporter for China's constructive engagement and peaceful development in the region. In addition, China has been Singapore's largest trading partner since 2013, after surpassing Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup> Singapore and the United States share a long-standing close relationship, in particular in defence, the economy, health, and education. Singapore has also pushed regional counter-terrorism initiatives, with a strong resolve to deal with terrorists inside its borders. To this end the country has step up co-operation with ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, as well as participating in the organisation's first joint maritime exercise with the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup> It has also given support to the US-led coalition to fight terrorism, with bilateral co-operation in counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation initiatives, and joint military exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-govt.nz_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-148">[146]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_11"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Military"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="11">Military</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="11" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_11" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100716-N-0995C-155_The_Singapore_navy_guided-missile_frigate_RSS_Steadfast_(FFG_70)_and_the_corvette_RSS_Vigilance_(90)_are_underway_during_Cooperation_Afloat_Readiness_and_Training_(CARAT)_Singapore_2010.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Navy_100716-N-0995C-155_The_Singapore_navy_guided-missile_frigate_RSS_Steadfast_%28FFG_70%29_and_the_corvette_RSS_Vigilance_%2890%29_are_underway_during_Cooperation_Afloat_Readiness_and_Training_%28CARAT%29_Singapore_2010.jpg/640px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2100" data-data-file-height="1500" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 71.36363636363636%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100716-N-0995C-155_The_Singapore_navy_guided-missile_frigate_RSS_Steadfast_(FFG_70)_and_the_corvette_RSS_Vigilance_(90)_are_underway_during_Cooperation_Afloat_Readiness_and_Training_(CARAT)_Singapore_2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Republic of Singapore Navy's <a href="/wiki/Formidable_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Formidable class frigate">RSS <i>Steadfast</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_class_corvette" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory class corvette">RSS <i>Vigilance</i></a> sailing line-abreast during <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Afloat_Readiness_and_Training" title="Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training">CARAT Singapore 2010</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The Singaporean military is arguably the most technologically advanced in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-janes-20100118_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes-20100118-161">[159]</a></sup> It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Army" title="Singapore Army">Singapore Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Republic of Singapore Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Republic of Singapore Air Force</a>. It is seen as the guarantor of the country's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup> This principle translates into the culture, involving all citizens in the country's defence.<sup id="cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-163">[161]</a></sup> The government spends 4.9% of the country's GDP on the military—high by regional standards<sup id="cite_ref-janes-20100118_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes-20100118-161">[159]</a></sup>—and one out of every four dollars of government spending is spent on defence.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup></p><p>After its independence, Singapore had two <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> regiments commanded by British officers. This force was considered too small to provide effective security for the new country, so development of its military forces became a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-165">[163]</a></sup> Britain pulled its military out of Singapore in October 1971, leaving behind only a small British, Australian and New Zealand force as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. New Zealand troops were the last to leave, in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:SAFTI_MI_OCS_01.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/SAFTI_MI_OCS_01.jpg/640px-SAFTI_MI_OCS_01.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="979" data-data-file-height="1306" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 133.52941176470588%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SAFTI_MI_OCS_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Officer_Cadet_School_(Singapore)" title="Officer Cadet School (Singapore)">Officer Cadet School</a> building within the <a href="/wiki/SAFTI_Military_Institute" title="SAFTI Military Institute">SAFTI Military Institute</a></div></div></div>
<p>A great deal of initial support came from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-165">[163]</a></sup> a country that is not recognised by the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Muslim-majority</a> nations of Malaysia, Indonesia, or Brunei.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup> The main fear after independence was an invasion by Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Force</a> (IDF) commanders were tasked with creating the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) from scratch, and Israeli instructors were brought in to train Singaporean soldiers. Military courses were conducted according to the IDF's format, and Singapore adopted a system of conscription and reserve service based on <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">the Israeli</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs.uwec-165">[163]</a></sup> Singapore still maintains strong security ties with Israel and is one of the biggest buyers of Israeli arms and weapons systems.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/MATADOR" title="MATADOR">MATADOR</a> anti-tank weapon is one example of recent Singaporean–Israeli collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a></sup></p><p>The SAF is being developed to respond to a wide range of issues, in both conventional and unconventional warfare. The <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Agency" title="Defence Science and Technology Agency">Defence Science and Technology Agency</a> is responsible for procuring resources for the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindef18Feb2008_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindef18Feb2008-172">[170]</a></sup> The geographic restrictions of Singapore mean that the SAF must plan to fully repulse an attack, as they can not fall back and re-group. The small size of the population has also affected the way the SAF has been designed, with a small active force but a large number of reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-163">[161]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore has <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Singapore">conscription</a> for all able-bodied males at age 18, except those with a criminal record or who can prove that their loss would bring hardship to their families. Males who have yet to complete pre-university education or are awarded the <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_(Singapore)" title="Public Service Commission (Singapore)">Public Service Commission</a> scholarship can opt to defer their draft.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup> Though not required to perform military service, the number of women in the SAF has been increasing: since 1989 they have been allowed to fill military vocations formerly reserved for men. Before induction into a specific branch of the armed forces, recruits undergo at least 9 weeks of basic military training.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data-174">[172]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_F-15SG_Strike_Eagle,_Singapore_-_Air_Force_JP7096555.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boeing_F-15SG_Strike_Eagle%2C_Singapore_-_Air_Force_JP7096555.jpg/640px-Boeing_F-15SG_Strike_Eagle%2C_Singapore_-_Air_Force_JP7096555.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1068" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_F-15SG_Strike_Eagle,_Singapore_-_Air_Force_JP7096555.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Air Force">Singapore Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/F-15SG" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15SG">F-15SG</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/Strike_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Eagle">Strike Eagle</a></i> variants (40 units). Pilots also train in Australia, France and the United States due to severe airspace constraints.</div></div></div>
<p>Because of the scarcity of open land on the main island, training involving activities such as live firing and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a> is often carried out on smaller islands, typically barred to civilian access. This also avoids risk to the main island and the city. However, large-scale drills are considered too dangerous to be performed in the area, and since 1975 have been performed in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-country-data_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country-data-174">[172]</a></sup> Training is also held in about a dozen other countries. In general, military exercises are held with foreign forces once or twice per week.<sup id="cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-163">[161]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops,_Kiwi_Base,_Bamyan_Province,_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg/640px-Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops%2C_Kiwi_Base%2C_Bamyan_Province%2C_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1072" data-data-file-height="712" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.36363636363637%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_lowering_by_Singapore_troops,_Kiwi_Base,_Bamyan_Province,_Afghanistan_-_20101027.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In Afghanistan, Singapore troops were first deployed in 2007 on counter-terrorism missions as part of a multinational coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Due to airspace and land constraints, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) maintains a number of overseas bases in Australia, the United States, and France. The RSAF's 130 Squadron is based in <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/126_Squadron,_Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="126 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force">126 Squadron</a> is based in the <a href="/wiki/Oakey_Army_Aviation_Centre" title="Oakey Army Aviation Centre">Oakey Army Aviation Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></sup> The RSAF has one squadron—the 150 Squadron—based in <a href="/wiki/Cazaux_Air_Base" title="Cazaux Air Base">Cazaux Air Base</a> in southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></sup> The RSAF also has a few overseas detachments in the United States, in San Diego, California, <a href="/wiki/Marana,_Arizona" title="Marana, Arizona">Marana, Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Texas" title="Grand Prairie, Texas">Grand Prairie, Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke Air Force Base</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></sup></p><p>The SAF has sent forces to assist in operations outside the country, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup> in both military and civilian roles. In the region, it has helped stabilise <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and has provided aid to <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> in Indonesia following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>. In 2014, the RSN deployed two ships, the RSS <i>Resolute</i> and the <i>Tenacious</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> to aid in counter <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> efforts as part of <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Task Force 151</a>. The SAF also helped in relief efforts during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup> Singapore is part of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>, a military alliance with Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MindefApr2005-163">[161]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_12"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Geography"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="12">Geography</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="12" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_12" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography of Singapore</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Singapore" title="Land reclamation in Singapore">Land reclamation in Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_(English).png" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_%28English%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="235" data-alt="Map showing Singapore island and the territories belonging to Singapore and its neighbours" data-data-file-width="327" data-data-file-height="350" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 106.81818181818181%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_World_Factbook_map_of_Singapore_(English).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An outline of Singapore and the surrounding islands and waterways</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">63 islands</a>, including the main island, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Ujong">Pulau Ujong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup> There are two-man-made connections to Johor, Malaysia: the <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Woodlands 1st Link</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Singapore_Second_Link" title="Malaysia–Singapore Second Link">Tuas 2nd Link</a> in the west. <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Island" title="Jurong Island">Jurong Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tekong" title="Pulau Tekong">Pulau Tekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ubin" title="Pulau Ubin">Pulau Ubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a> are the largest of Singapore's smaller islands. The highest natural point is <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Timah_Hill" title="Bukit Timah Hill">Bukit Timah Hill</a> at 163.63&nbsp;m (537&nbsp;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup> Under British rule, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos Islands</a> were part of Singapore, but were later transferred over to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca,_Singapore" title="Pedra Branca, Singapore">Pedra Branca</a>, an outlying island which now belongs to Singapore after the <a href="/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute" title="Pedra Branca dispute">dispute</a>, is the nation's easternmost point.
</p><p>Ongoing <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> projects have increased Singapore's land area from 581.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (224.5&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) in the 1960s to 721.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (278.6&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) in 2018, an increase of some 23% (130&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-sand1_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sand1-190">[188]</a></sup> The country is projected to grow to 766&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (300&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></sup> Some projects involve merging smaller islands through land reclamation to form larger, more functional islands, as has been done with Jurong Island.<sup id="cite_ref-earthshots.usgs.gov_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthshots.usgs.gov-192">[190]</a></sup> The type of sand used in reclamation is found in rivers and beaches, rather than deserts, and is in great demand worldwide. In 2010 Singapore imported almost 15 million tons of sand for its projects, the demand being such that Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam have all restricted or barred the export of sand to Singapore in recent years. As a result, in 2016 Singapore switched to using <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> solution – to reclamation, in which an area is enclosed and then pumped dry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_13"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Nature"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="13">Nature</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="13" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_13" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Botanic_Gardens_Palm_Valley.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens_Palm_Valley.jpg/640px-Singapore_Botanic_Gardens_Palm_Valley.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2048" data-data-file-height="1536" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Botanic_Gardens_Palm_Valley.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Singapore Botanic Gardens is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> – one of three gardens in the world, and the only tropical garden to be recognised.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore's urbanisation means that it has lost 95% of its historical forests,<sup id="cite_ref-nature-extinctions_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-extinctions-193">[191]</a></sup> and now over half of the naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Singapore" title="Fauna of Singapore">fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Singapore" title="Flora of Singapore">flora</a> in Singapore is present in nature reserves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Timah_Nature_Reserve" title="Bukit Timah Nature Reserve">Bukit Timah Nature Reserve</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sungei_Buloh_Wetland_Reserve" title="Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve">Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve</a>, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-nature-extinctions_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-extinctions-193">[191]</a></sup> To combat this decline, in 1967 the government introduced the vision of making Singapore a "garden city"<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></sup> aiming to soften the harshness of urbanisation and improve the quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></sup> Since then, nearly 10% of Singapore's land has been set aside for parks and <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> The government also has <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Green_Plan_2012" title="Singapore Green Plan 2012">plans to preserve the remaining wildlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore's well known gardens include the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a>, a 150-year-old tropical garden and Singapore's first UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay" title="Gardens by the Bay">Gardens by the Bay</a>, a popular tourist attraction.
</p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_14"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Climate"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="14">Climate</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="14" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_14" class="content_block"><p>Singapore has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Af</i>) with no distinctive seasons, uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures usually range from 25 to 35&nbsp;°C (77 to 95&nbsp;°F). While temperature does not vary greatly throughout the year, there is a wetter <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season from November to January.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></sup></p><p>From July to October, there is often <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">haze</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Bush_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush fire">bush fires</a> in neighbouring Indonesia, usually from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup> Although Singapore does not observe <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> (DST), it follows the GMT+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></sup> This has caused the sun to rise and set particularly late during January and February periods, where the sun rises at 7:20&nbsp;am and sets around 7:25&nbsp;pm. During July, the sun sets at around 7:15&nbsp;pm, similar to other cities at much higher latitudes such as <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> and Tokyo. The earliest the sun sets and rises is October and November, when the sun rises at 6:45&nbsp;am and sets at 6:50&nbsp;pm.
</p><p><br></p>
<div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Month, Jan …</span></div><table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px auto; display: none;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="14">Climate data for Singapore
</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2<br>(95.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;">35.2<br>(95.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;">36.0<br>(96.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;">35.8<br>(96.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;">35.4<br>(95.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;">35.0<br>(95.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;">34.0<br>(93.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;">34.2<br>(93.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;">34.4<br>(93.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;">34.6<br>(94.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;">34.2<br>(93.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;">33.8<br>(92.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">36.0<br>(96.8)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;">30.4<br>(86.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;">31.7<br>(89.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;">32.0<br>(89.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;">32.3<br>(90.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;">32.2<br>(90.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;">32.0<br>(89.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;">31.3<br>(88.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;">31.4<br>(88.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;">31.4<br>(88.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;">31.7<br>(89.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;">31.1<br>(88.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;">30.2<br>(86.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">31.5<br>(88.7)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;">26.5<br>(79.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;">27.1<br>(80.8)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;">27.5<br>(81.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;">28.0<br>(82.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;">28.3<br>(82.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;">28.3<br>(82.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;">27.9<br>(82.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;">27.9<br>(82.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;">27.6<br>(81.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;">27.6<br>(81.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;">27.0<br>(80.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;">26.4<br>(79.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">27.5<br>(81.5)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;">23.9<br>(75.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;">24.3<br>(75.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;">24.6<br>(76.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;">25.0<br>(77.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;">25.4<br>(77.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;">25.4<br>(77.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;">25.0<br>(77.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;">25.0<br>(77.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.8<br>(76.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;">24.7<br>(76.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;">24.3<br>(75.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">24.0<br>(75.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">24.7<br>(76.5)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;">19.4<br>(66.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;">19.7<br>(67.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;">20.2<br>(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;">20.7<br>(69.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;">21.2<br>(70.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;">20.8<br>(69.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;">19.7<br>(67.5)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;">20.2<br>(68.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;">20.7<br>(69.3)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;">20.6<br>(69.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;">21.1<br>(70.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;">20.6<br>(69.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">19.4<br>(66.9)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches)
</th>
<td style="background: #0000A0; color:#FFFFFF;">234.6<br>(9.24)
</td>
<td style="background: #4646FF; color:#FFFFFF;">112.8<br>(4.44)
</td>
<td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;">170.3<br>(6.70)
</td>
<td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;">154.8<br>(6.09)
</td>
<td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;">171.2<br>(6.74)
</td>
<td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;">130.7<br>(5.15)
</td>
<td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;">154.4<br>(6.08)
</td>
<td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;">148.9<br>(5.86)
</td>
<td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;">156.5<br>(6.16)
</td>
<td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;">154.6<br>(6.09)
</td>
<td style="background: #00006F; color:#FFFFFF;">258.5<br>(10.18)
</td>
<td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;">318.6<br>(12.54)
</td>
<td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">2,165.9<br>(85.27)
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days
</th>
<td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;">13
</td>
<td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;">8
</td>
<td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;">13
</td>
<td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;">14
</td>
<td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;">14
</td>
<td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;">12
</td>
<td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;">14
</td>
<td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;">14
</td>
<td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;">13
</td>
<td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;">15
</td>
<td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;">18
</td>
<td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;">18
</td>
<td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">166
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)
</th>
<td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF;">84.4
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;">82.0
</td>
<td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;">83.4
</td>
<td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;">84.1
</td>
<td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;">83.5
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;">81.9
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;">82.3
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;">82.2
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C1; color:#FFFFFF;">82.7
</td>
<td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;">83.1
</td>
<td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;">85.7
</td>
<td style="background: #0000B3; color:#FFFFFF;">86.5
</td>
<td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">83.5
</td></tr><tr style="text-align: center;"><th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a>
</th>
<td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;">172.4
</td>
<td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;">183.2
</td>
<td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;">192.7
</td>
<td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;">173.6
</td>
<td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;">179.8
</td>
<td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;">177.7
</td>
<td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;">187.9
</td>
<td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;">180.6
</td>
<td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;">156.2
</td>
<td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;">155.2
</td>
<td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;">129.6
</td>
<td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;">133.5
</td>
<td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">2,022.4
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source #1: National Environment Agency (climatological reference period: 1981–2010; records: temp. 1929–2017, rainfall 1869–2017, humidity 1929–2017, rain days 1891–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source #2: NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_15"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Economy"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="15">Economy</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="15" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_15" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy of Singapore</a></div>
<p>Singapore has a highly developed <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, based historically on extended <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> trade. Along with Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Singapore is one of the original <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>, but has surpassed its peers in terms of GDP per capita. Between 1965 and 1995, growth rates averaged around 6 per cent per annum, transforming the living standards of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></sup></p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047399">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti>.thumbinner{width:100%!important;max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:none!important;width:100%!important;text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Central_Business_District_viewed_from_UOB_Plaza_2.jpg" class="image"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Singapore_Central_Business_District_viewed_from_UOB_Plaza_2.jpg/640px-Singapore_Central_Business_District_viewed_from_UOB_Plaza_2.jpg" data-width="144" data-height="94" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="4592" data-data-file-height="2996" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 144px;"><span style="padding-top: 65.27777777777779%;"></span></span></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Marina_Bay_Financial_Centre,_Singapore,_at_night_-_20121010.jpg" class="image"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aerial_view_of_Marina_Bay_Financial_Centre%2C_Singapore%2C_at_night_-_20121010.jpg/640px-Aerial_view_of_Marina_Bay_Financial_Centre%2C_Singapore%2C_at_night_-_20121010.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="93" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1068" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 140px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.42857142857143%;"></span></span></a></div></div><div style="clear:left"></div><div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_skyline_at_sunset_viewed_from_Gardens_by_the_Bay_East_-_20120426.jpg" class="image"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Singapore_skyline_at_sunset_viewed_from_Gardens_by_the_Bay_East_-_20120426.jpg/640px-Singapore_skyline_at_sunset_viewed_from_Gardens_by_the_Bay_East_-_20120426.jpg" data-width="288" data-height="166" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="6990" data-data-file-height="4033" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 288px;"><span style="padding-top: 57.638888888888886%;"></span></span></a></div></div><div style="clear:left"></div></div></div>
<p>The Singaporean economy is known as one of the freest,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></sup> most innovative,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></sup> most competitive,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></sup> most dynamic<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></sup> and most business-friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom#2015" title="Index of Economic Freedom">2015 Index of Economic Freedom</a> ranks Singapore as the second freest economy in the world and the <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">Ease of doing business index</a> has also ranked Singapore as the easiest place to do business for the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, Singapore is consistently perceived as one of the least corrupt countries in the world, along with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the Scandinavian countries.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></sup> In 2016, Singapore is rated the world's most expensive city for the third consecutive year by the Economist Intelligence Unit.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></sup></p><p>For several years, Singapore has been one of the few<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></sup> countries with an AAA credit rating from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(credit_rating_agencies)" title="Big Three (credit rating agencies)">"big three"</a>, and the only Asian country to achieve this rating.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></sup> Singapore attracts a large amount of foreign investment as a result of its location, skilled workforce, low tax rates, advanced infrastructure and zero-tolerance against corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></sup> Singapore has the world's eleventh <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">largest foreign reserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></sup> and one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" title="List of countries by net international investment position per capita">net international investment position per capita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></sup> There are more than 7,000 multinational corporations from the United States, Japan, and Europe in Singapore. There are also approximately 1,500 companies from China and a similar number from India. Roughly 44 percent of the Singaporean workforce is made up of non-Singaporeans.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></sup> Over ten <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade agreement">free-trade agreements</a> have been signed with other countries and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-govt.nz_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt.nz-148">[146]</a></sup> Despite market freedom, Singapore's government operations have a significant stake in the economy, contributing 22% of the GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore is the second-largest foreign investor in India.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></sup> It is the 14th largest exporter and the 15th largest importer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a></sup></p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Year, GDP Nominal (Billion) …</span></div><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><caption><b>Economy Statistics (Recent Years)&nbsp;: Year 2011 To Year 2014</b><br>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></sup></caption>
<tbody><tr><th>Year
</th>
<th>GDP<br>Nominal<br>(Billion)
</th>
<th>GDP<br>Nominal<br>Per Capita
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Real_Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Gross Domestic Product">GDP Real</a><br>(Billion)
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Income" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Income">GNI</a><br>Nominal<br>(Billion)
</th>
<th>GNI<br>Nominal<br>Per Capita
</th>
<th>Foreign<br>Reserves<br>(Billion)
</th>
<th>Avg.<br>Exchange Rate<br>(1<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a> to <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>)
</th></tr><tr><td>2011</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>346.353</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>66,816</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>342.371</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>338.452</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>65,292</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>373.960</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>1.2573
</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>362.332</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>68,205</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>354.061</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>351.765</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>66,216</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>324.081</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>1.2498
</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>378.200</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>70,047</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>324.592</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>366.618</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>67,902</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>344.729</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>1.2513
</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>390.089</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>71,318</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>380.585</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>378.329</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>69,168</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>340.438</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">S$</a>1.2671
</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></dd></dl></dd></dl><p>The currency of Singapore is the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> (SGD or S$), issued by the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a> (MAS).<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a></sup> It is interchangeable with the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_dollar" title="Brunei dollar">Brunei dollar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Par_value" title="Par value">par value</a> since 1967, owing to their historically close relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Currency_History_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Currency_History-234">[232]</a></sup> MAS manages its <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> by allowing the Singapore dollar <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> to rise or fall within an undisclosed trading band. This is different from most <a href="/wiki/Central_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks">central banks</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/Interest_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest rates">interest rates</a> to manage policy.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Airlines,_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_(20786371995).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg/640px-Singapore_Airlines%2C_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_%2820786371995%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="Singapore Airlines celebrated the nation's Golden Jubilee with a flag livery on its Airbus A380" data-data-file-width="3877" data-data-file-height="2590" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Airlines,_Airbus_A380-800_9V-SKI_%2750th_anniversary_of_Singapore%27_NRT_(20786371995).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> celebrated the nation's 2015 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Jubilee">Golden Jubilee</a> with a flag <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a> on its <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a></div></div></div>
<p>In recent years, the country has been identified as an increasingly popular <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains. Australian millionaire retailer <a href="/wiki/Brett_Blundy" title="Brett Blundy">Brett Blundy</a> and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Saverin" title="Eduardo Saverin">Eduardo Saverin</a> are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore (Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></sup> In 2009, Singapore was removed from the OCDE "liste grise" of tax havens,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></sup> but ranked fourth on the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>'s 2015 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> of the world's off-shore financial service providers, banking one-eighth of the world's off-shore capital, while "providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities".<sup id="cite_ref-FSI_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSI-238">[236]</a></sup> In August 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i> reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></sup> In October 2016, the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DBS_Bank" title="DBS Bank">DBS</a> and withdrew <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Private_Bank" class="extiw" title="de:Falcon Private Bank">Falcon Private Bank</a>'s banking licence for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_MBS_from_the_gardens_(8026531707).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/View_of_MBS_from_the_gardens_%288026531707%29.jpg/640px-View_of_MBS_from_the_gardens_%288026531707%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="Marina Bay Sands is an integrated resort opened in 2010, one of the world's most photographed buildings" data-data-file-width="3455" data-data-file-height="2303" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_MBS_from_the_gardens_(8026531707).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands" title="Marina Bay Sands">Marina Bay Sands</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_resort" title="Integrated resort">integrated resort</a> opened in 2010; one of the world's most photographed buildings.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore has the world's highest percentage of millionaires, with one out of every six households having at least one million US dollars in disposable wealth. This excludes property, businesses, and luxury goods, which if included would increase the number of millionaires, especially as property in Singapore is among the world's most expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a></sup> Singapore does not have a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, believing that it would lower its competitiveness. It also has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">highest income inequalities</a> among <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_16"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Employment"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="16">Employment</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="16" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_16" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Singapore" title="Employment in Singapore">Employment in Singapore</a></div>
<p>Singapore traditionally has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">unemployment rates</a> among developed countries. The unemployment rate did not exceed 4% from 2005 to 2014, hitting highs of 3.1% in 2005 and 3% during the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s financial crisis">2009 global financial crisis</a>; it fell to 1.8% in the first quarter of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></sup></p><p>The government provides numerous assistance programmes to the homeless and needy through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development" title="Ministry of Social and Family Development">Ministry of Social and Family Development</a>, so acute poverty is rare. Some of the programmes include providing between SGD400 and SGD1000 per month to needy households, providing free medical care at government hospitals, and paying for children's school fees.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a></sup> The Singapore government also provides numerous benefits to its citizenry, including: free money to encourage residents to exercise in public gyms,<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a></sup> up to $166,000 worth of <a href="/wiki/Baby_bonus" title="Baby bonus">baby bonus</a> benefits for each baby born to a citizen,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></sup> heavily subsidised healthcare, money to help the disabled, cheap laptops for poor students,<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></sup> rebates for numerous areas such as public transport,<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></sup> utility bills and more.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></sup></p><p>Although it has been recognised that foreign workers are crucial to the country's economy, the government is considering capping these workers,<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></sup> as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% of the service industry.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></sup> The Immigrations and Checkpoints authority publishes a number of criteria for eligibility for permanent residence.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></sup></p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto; overflow: hidden; width:100% ; max-width:1208px;">
<div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_the_Central_Business_District,_Singapore,_and_ships_-_20100712.jpg" class="image" title="A view of the cityscape and anchored ships from Singapore's Eastern Anchorage off the East Coast Park"><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panoramic_view_of_the_Central_Business_District%2C_Singapore%2C_and_ships_-_20100712.jpg/640px-Panoramic_view_of_the_Central_Business_District%2C_Singapore%2C_and_ships_-_20100712.jpg" data-width="1200" data-height="106" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="20414" data-data-file-height="1806" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 1200px;"><span style="padding-top: 8.833333333333334%;"></span></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_the_Central_Business_District,_Singapore,_and_ships_-_20100712.jpg" title="File:Panoramic view of the Central Business District, Singapore, and ships - 20100712.jpg"> </a></div><center>A view of the cityscape and anchored ships from Singapore's Eastern Anchorage off the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Park" title="East Coast Park">East Coast Park</a></center> </div>
</div></div></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_17"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Industry_sectors"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="17">Industry sectors</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="17" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_17" class="content_block"><p>Globally, Singapore is a leader in several economic sectors, including being 3rd-largest <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange</a> centre, 3rd-leading <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></sup> 2nd-largest casino gambling market,<sup id="cite_ref-edmontonjournal.com_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmontonjournal.com-261">[259]</a></sup> 3rd-largest oil-refining and trading centre, world's largest oil-rig producer and major hub for ship repair services,<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a></sup> world's top logistics hub.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Singapore_Products_Export_Treemap.png" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2014_Singapore_Products_Export_Treemap.png/640px-2014_Singapore_Products_Export_Treemap.png" data-width="330" data-height="229" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="750" data-data-file-height="520" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 330px;"><span style="padding-top: 69.39393939393939%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Singapore_Products_Export_Treemap.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Singapore Exports by Product (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>The economy is diversified, with its top contributors—financial services, manufacturing, oil-refining. Its main exports are refined petroleum, integrated circuits and computers<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a></sup> which constituted 27% of the country's GDP in 2010, and includes significant electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences sectors. In 2006, Singapore produced about 10% of the world's foundry <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a> output.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore's largest companies are in the telecoms, banking, transportation and manufacturing sectors, many of which started as state-run enterprises, and has since been listed on the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Telecommunications">Singapore Telecommunications</a> (Singtel), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Technologies_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Technologies Engineering">Singapore Technologies Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keppel_Corporation" title="Keppel Corporation">Keppel Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oversea-Chinese_Banking_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation">Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation</a> (OCBC), <a href="/wiki/Development_Bank_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Bank of Singapore">Development Bank of Singapore</a> (DBS), <a href="/wiki/United_Overseas_Bank" title="United Overseas Bank">United Overseas Bank</a> (UOB). In 2011, amidst the global financial crisis, OCBC, DBS and UOB were ranked as the world's 1st, 5th, 6th "strongest banks in the world" respectively by Bloomberg surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a></sup></p><p>The nation's best known global brands include <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>, all three are amongst the most-awarded in their respective industry sectors. Singapore Airlines is ranked as Asia's most-admired company, and world's 19th most-admired in 2015, by <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>'s annual "50 most admired companies in the world" industry surveys. It is also the world's most-awarded airline, including "Best international airline", by US-based <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> reader surveys, for 20 consecutive years.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a></sup><a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> connects over 100 airlines to more than 300 cities. The strategic international air hub has more than 480 "World's Best Airport" awards as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore&amp;action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, and is known as the most-awarded airport in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Far_Far_Away_Castle_at_Universal_Studios_Singapore_by_Schristia.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Far_Far_Away_Castle_at_Universal_Studios_Singapore_by_Schristia.jpg/640px-Far_Far_Away_Castle_at_Universal_Studios_Singapore_by_Schristia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-alt="Universal Studios Singapore, Hollywood Boulevard" data-data-file-width="1024" data-data-file-height="633" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 61.81818181818181%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Far_Far_Away_Castle_at_Universal_Studios_Singapore_by_Schristia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Singapore" title="Universal Studios Singapore">Universal Studios</a>' Far Far Away Castle (Shrek) on <a href="/wiki/Sentosa" title="Sentosa">Sentosa</a> island</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a> forms a large part of the economy, with over 17 million tourists visiting the city-state in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2017tourism_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2017tourism-273">[271]</a></sup> To expand the sector, casinos were legalised in 2005, but only two licences for "<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Resort">Integrated Resorts</a>" were issued, to control money laundering and addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a></sup> Singapore also promotes itself as a <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> hub: about 200,000 foreigners seek medical care there each year. Singapore medical services aim to serve at least one million foreign patients annually and generate US$3&nbsp;billion in revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a></sup> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> listed Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore is an education hub, with more than 80,000 international students in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a></sup> 5,000 Malaysian students cross the <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> daily to attend schools in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a></sup> In 2009, 20% of all students in Singaporean universities were international students—the maximum cap allowed, a majority from ASEAN, China and India.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_18"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Infrastructure"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="18">Infrastructure</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="18" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_18" class="content_block"></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_19"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Information_and_communications"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="19">Information and communications</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="19" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_19" class="content_block"><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg/640px-Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="5654" data-data-file-height="2748" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 48.63636363636364%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Former-Hill-Street-Police-Station-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information" title="Ministry of Communications and Information">Ministry of Communications and Information</a> oversees the development of <a href="/wiki/Infocomm" class="mw-redirect" title="Infocomm">Infocomm</a>, Media and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Information and communications technologies (ICT) is one of the pillars of Singapore's economic success. However, Singapore's mass communications networks, including television and phone networks, have long been operated by the government. When Singapore first came online, Singaporeans could use Teleview to communicate with one another, but not with those outside of their sovereign city-state. Publications such as <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> were censored.<sup id="cite_ref-sandfort_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandfort-280">[278]</a></sup> The 'Intelligent Island' is a term used to describe Singapore in the 1990s, in reference to the island nation's early adaptive relationship with the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-sandfort_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandfort-280">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a></sup></p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s 2015 <a href="/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index" title="Networked Readiness Index">Global Technology Report</a> placed Singapore as the most "Tech-Ready Nation". It is the most comprehensive survey of the pervasiveness and network-readiness of a country, in terms of market, political and regulatory infrastructure for connectivity. Singapore has also topped <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>'s International e-Government rankings from 2009 to 2013, and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-wef_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wef-282">[280]</a></sup> Singapore has the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> penetration rates, in surveys by <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a></sup> and Google Consumer Barometer – at 89% and 85% of the population respectively in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a></sup> Overall mobile phone penetration rate is at 148 mobile phone subscribers per 100 people.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2014mobile_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014mobile-286">[284]</a></sup></p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Singapore" title="Internet in Singapore">Internet in Singapore</a> is provided by state owned <a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a>, partially state owned <a href="/wiki/Starhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhub">Starhub</a> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Limited" title="M1 Limited">M1 Limited</a> as well as some other business <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> (ISPs) that offer residential service plans of speeds up to 2 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> as of spring 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a> (332 participants) and also its smaller brother <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Internet_Exchange" title="Singapore Internet Exchange">Singapore Internet Exchange</a> (70 participants) are <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a> where <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery networks</a> exchange Internet traffic between their networks (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous systems</a>) in various locations in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_20"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Transport"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="20">Transport</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="20" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_20" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport in Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg/640px-Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="94" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="14256" data-data-file-height="4054" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 330px;"><span style="padding-top: 28.484848484848484%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_panorama_of_the_Singapore_Strait_and_the_Pasir_Panjang_Port_Terminal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial panorama of the Singapore Strait and the Pasir Panjang Port Terminal. Shot in 2016.</div></div></div>
<p>As Singapore is a small island with a high population density, the number of private cars on the road is restricted to curb pollution and congestion. Car buyers must pay for duties one-and-a-half times the vehicle's market value, and bid for a Singaporean <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement" title="Certificate of Entitlement">Certificate of Entitlement</a> (COE), which allows the car to run on the road for a decade. The cost of the Singaporean certificate of entitlement alone would buy a <a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Boxster">Porsche Boxster</a> in the United States. Car prices are generally significantly higher in Singapore than in other English-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergBMW_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergBMW-290">[288]</a></sup> As with most Commonwealth countries, vehicles on the road and people walking on the streets keep to the left.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:ERP_in_Singapore.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ERP_in_Singapore.jpg/640px-ERP_in_Singapore.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2647" data-data-file-height="2075" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 78.18181818181819%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ERP_in_Singapore.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The world's first urban <a href="/wiki/Congestion_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestion charge">congestion-pricing</a> scheme <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Area_Licensing_Scheme" title="Singapore Area Licensing Scheme">started in the city centre in 1975</a>. Fully automated by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing" title="Electronic Road Pricing">Electronic Road Pricing</a> in 1998. A <a href="/wiki/Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Navigation Satellite System">Global Navigation Satellite System</a> will replace physical gantries by 2020<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Singapore has a <a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Road transport in Singapore">road system</a> covering 3,356 kilometres (2,085&nbsp;mi), which includes 161 kilometres (100&nbsp;mi) <a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Singapore" title="Expressways of Singapore">of expressways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Area_Licensing_Scheme" title="Singapore Area Licensing Scheme">Singapore Area Licensing Scheme</a>, implemented in 1975, became the world's first <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">congestion pricing</a> scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a></sup> Upgraded in 1998 and renamed <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing" title="Electronic Road Pricing">Electronic Road Pricing</a>, the system introduced <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a>, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawasaki_c751_eunos.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kawasaki_c751_eunos.jpg/640px-Kawasaki_c751_eunos.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2048" data-data-file-height="1536" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawasaki_c751_eunos.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/wiki/Singapore_MRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore MRT">SMRT</a> train at <a href="/wiki/Eunos_MRT_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunos MRT Station">Eunos</a> station. However, the majority of MRT lines on the island are underground.</div></div></div>
<p>Singaporean residents also travel by e-scooters<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a></sup>, bicycles, <a href="/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Singapore" title="Bus transport in Singapore">bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" title="Taxicab">taxis</a> and train (<a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">MRT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_(Singapore)" title="Light Rail Transit (Singapore)">LRT</a>). Two companies run the train transport system—<a href="/wiki/SBS_Transit" title="SBS Transit">SBS Transit</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMRT_Corporation" title="SMRT Corporation">SMRT Corporation</a>. Four companies, Go-Ahead, Tower-Transit, SBS Transit and <a href="/wiki/SMRT_Corporation" title="SMRT Corporation">SMRT Corporation</a> run the public buses under a 'Bus Contracting Model' where operators bid for routes. There are six <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Singapore" title="Taxicabs of Singapore">taxi companies</a>, who together put out over 28,000 taxis on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a></sup> Taxis are a popular form of public transport as the fares are relatively cheap compared to many other developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Changi_Airport,_Control_Tower_2,_Dec_05.JPG" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Singapore_Changi_Airport%2C_Control_Tower_2%2C_Dec_05.JPG/640px-Singapore_Changi_Airport%2C_Control_Tower_2%2C_Dec_05.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="Singapore Changi Airport, Control Tower" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1200" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Changi_Airport,_Control_Tower_2,_Dec_05.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> continues to expand with the <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport" title="Jewel Changi Airport">Jewel mixed-use complex</a> by 2018 and a 5th Terminal by 2030</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:CC6_Stadium_MRT_Exit_A.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CC6_Stadium_MRT_Exit_A.jpg/640px-CC6_Stadium_MRT_Exit_A.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="3915" data-data-file-height="2122" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 54.090909090909086%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CC6_Stadium_MRT_Exit_A.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Stadium station exit at the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sports_Hub" title="Singapore Sports Hub">Singapore Sports Hub</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore is a major international <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hub</a> in Asia, serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes. <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> is an aviation centre for Southeast Asia and a stopover on the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Route" title="Kangaroo Route">Kangaroo Route</a> between Sydney and London.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a></sup> There are eight airports around Singapore, but besides Changi Airport, the other seven are not open to the public - <a href="/wiki/Seletar_Airport" title="Seletar Airport">Seletar Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallang_Airport" title="Kallang Airport">Kallang Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paya_Lebar_Air_Base" title="Paya Lebar Air Base">Paya Lebar Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengah_Air_Base" title="Tengah Air Base">Tengah Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sembawang_Air_Base" title="Sembawang Air Base">Sembawang Air Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changi_Air_Base" title="Changi Air Base">Changi Air Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changi_Air_Base_(East)" title="Changi Air Base (East)">Changi Air Base (East)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport" title="Singapore Changi Airport">Singapore Changi Airport</a> hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a></sup> It has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Skytrax" title="Skytrax">Skytrax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">national airline</a> is <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a></sup></p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>, managed by port operators <a href="/wiki/PSA_International" title="PSA International">PSA International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurong_Port" title="Jurong Port">Jurong Port</a>, was the world's second-busiest port in 2005 in terms of shipping tonnage handled, at 1.15&nbsp;billion <a href="/wiki/Gross_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross ton">gross tons</a>, and in terms of <a href="/wiki/Container_(cargo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (cargo)">containerised</a> traffic, at 23.2&nbsp;million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEUs). It is also the world's second-busiest, behind Shanghai, in terms of cargo tonnage with 423&nbsp;million tons handled. In addition, the port is the world's busiest for <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> traffic and the world's biggest ship refuelling centre.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin:0 auto; overflow: hidden; width:center ; max-width:808px;">
<div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_port_panorama.jpg" class="image" title="The Port of Singapore, one of the top two busiest container ports in the world since the 1990s."><span class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Singapore_port_panorama.jpg/640px-Singapore_port_panorama.jpg" data-width="800" data-height="147" data-alt="The Port with a large number of shipping containers and the ocean visible in the background" data-data-file-width="10000" data-data-file-height="1842" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 800px;"><span style="padding-top: 18.375%;"></span></span></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_port_panorama.jpg" title="File:Singapore port panorama.jpg"> </a></div><center>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Port of Singapore</a>, one of the top two <a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's busiest container ports">busiest container ports in the world</a> since the 1990s.</center> </div>
</div></div></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_21"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Water_supply_and_sanitation"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="21">Water supply and sanitation</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="21" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_21" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation in Singapore</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NEWater" title="NEWater">NEWater</a></div>
<p>Access to water is universal, affordable, efficient and of high quality. Singapore relies on four main water sources, or "four national taps" - water imported from neighbouring Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">urban rainwater catchments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a> (<a href="/wiki/NEWater" title="NEWater">NEWater</a>) and seawater <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a></sup> Singapore's approach does not rely only on physical infrastructure, but it also emphasises proper legislation and enforcement, water pricing, public education as well as research and development.<sup id="cite_ref-Luan_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luan-307">[305]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore has declared that it will be water self-sufficient by the time its 1961 long-term water supply agreement with Malaysia expires in 2061. According to analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a> in 2003,Singapore would already be water self-sufficient by 2011 and "the 'water threat' is less than what it seems to be".<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a></sup> However, according to official forecasts water demand in Singapore is expected to double from 380 to 760 million gallons per day between 2010 and 2060. The increase is expected to come primarily from non-domestic water use, which accounted for 55% of water demand in 2010 and is expected to account for 70% of demand in 2060. By that time water demand is expected to be met by reclaimed water at the tune of 50% and by desalination accounting for 30%, compared to only 20% supplied by internal catchments.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a></sup></p><p>Due to the need to invest in and upgrade the water system to address concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and increasing costs of producing water and maintaining water infrastructure, water prices in Singapore has been revised since 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a></sup> its first revision since 2000. The prices will generally increase by 30% over two phases from 1 July 2017, with 75% of households will see an increase of less than $18 in their monthly water bills. To help households manage the higher water prices, the Government will provide eligible HDB households with additional U-Save rebates, ranging from $40 to $120 per annum depending on the type of the HDB flat.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_22"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Demographics"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="22">Demographics</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="22" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_22" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="610" data-data-file-height="425" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 69.54545454545455%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Singapur_2016.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Population pyramid 2016</div></div></div>
<p>As of mid-2018, the estimated population of Singapore was 5,638,700 people, 3,471,900 (61.6%) of whom were <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">citizens</a>, while the remaining 2,166,800 (38.4%) were <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency_in_Singapore" title="Permanent residency in Singapore">permanent residents</a> (522,300) or <a href="/wiki/Foreign_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign student">foreign students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dependant" title="Dependant">dependants</a> (1,644,500).<sup id="cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_and_Population_Structure-4">[4]</a></sup> According to the country's most recent census in 2010, nearly 23% of Singaporean residents (i.e. citizens and permanent residents) were <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign born</a> (which means about 10% of Singapore citizens were foreign-born <a href="/wiki/Naturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised">naturalised</a> citizens); if non-residents were counted, nearly 43% of the total population were foreign born.<sup id="cite_ref-2010census_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010census-313">[311]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un.org_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un.org-314">[312]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif/lossy-page1-640px-KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="4773" data-data-file-height="6389" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 134.1176470588235%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_103763_-_Chinese_and_Malaysian_women_at_Singapore_-_circa_1890.tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Chinese and Malay women in Singapore, circa 1890. To promote social cohesion between races, a <a href="/wiki/Racial_Harmony_Day" title="Racial Harmony Day">Racial Harmony Day</a> is celebrated on 21 July every year</div></div></div>
<p>The same census also reports that about 74.1% of residents were of Chinese descent, 13.4% of Malay descent, 9.2% of Indian descent, and 3.3% of other (including <a href="/wiki/Eurasians_in_Singapore" title="Eurasians in Singapore">Eurasian</a>) descent.<sup id="cite_ref-2010census_313-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010census-313">[311]</a></sup> Prior to 2010, each person could register as a member of only one race, by default that of his or her father, therefore mixed-race persons were solely grouped under their father's race in government censuses. From 2010 onward, people may register using a multi-racial classification, in which they may choose one primary race and one secondary race, but no more than two.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_The_Pinnacle@Duxton_01.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Singapore_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_01.jpg/640px-Singapore_The_Pinnacle%40Duxton_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="3691" data-data-file-height="2633" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 71.36363636363636%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_The_Pinnacle@Duxton_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Singapore's successful housing policies evolves with new designs. <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle@Duxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnacle@Duxton">Pinnacle@Duxton</a> near Chinatown has become a tourist attraction with gardens and views from its 50th storey <a href="/wiki/Skybridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Skybridges">skybridges</a> – the world's longest at 500m.</div></div></div>
<p>90.3% of resident households (i.e. households headed by a Singapore citizen or permanent resident) own the homes they live in, and the average household size is 3.43 persons (which include dependants who are neither citizens nor permanent residents).<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2014h&amp;h_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014h&amp;h-316">[314]</a></sup> However, due to scarcity of land, 80.4% of resident households live in <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">subsidised, high-rise, public housing apartments</a> known as "HDB flats" because of the government board (<a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board" title="Housing and Development Board">Housing and Development Board</a>) responsible for public housing in the country. Also, 75.9% of resident households live in properties that are equal to, or larger than, a four-room (i.e. three bedrooms plus one living room) HDB flat or in private housing.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2014h&amp;h_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014h&amp;h-316">[314]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hdb_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdb-317">[315]</a></sup> Live-in foreign <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> are quite common in Singapore, with about 224,500 foreign domestic workers there, as of December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a></sup></p><p>The median age of Singaporean residents was 40.5 in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2014respoppro_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014respoppro-319">[317]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> is estimated to be 0.80 children per woman in 2014, the lowest in the world and well below the 2.1 needed to replace the population.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a></sup> To overcome this problem, the Singapore government has been encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore for the past few decades. The large number of immigrants has kept Singapore's population from declining.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a></sup></p><p>All male citizens and permanent residents in Singapore have a statutory requirement to undergo a period of compulsory service in the uniformed services, known as <a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">National Service</a> (or NS for short), as well as periodic reservist duties after completion of active duty.
</p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_23"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Religion"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="23">Religion</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="23" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_23" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a></div>
<div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;">
<div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;">
<div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Religion in Singapore, 2015 …</span></div><table style="text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Singapore, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_Census_2015-2">[2]</a></sup></th></tr><tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"><td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td>
<td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:33.2%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">33.2%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:18.8%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.8%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Singapore" title="Irreligion in Singapore">No religion</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:18.5%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18.5%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:14.0%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.0%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism and folk religion</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:10.0%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.0%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a></td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:5.0%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.0%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td>
</tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></div>
</div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Buddhism</a> is the most widely practised religion in Singapore, with 33% of the resident population declaring themselves adherents at the most recent census. The next-most practised religion is <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Christianity</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Singapore" title="Taoism in Singapore">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Hinduism</a>. 17% of the population did not have a religious affiliation. The proportion of Christians, Taoists, and non-religious people increased between 2000 and 2010 by about 3 percentage points each, whilst the proportion of Buddhists decreased. Other faiths remained largely stable in their share of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010censuspercentage-322">[320]</a></sup> An analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-324">[322]</a></sup> Singapore is a conservative society.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a></sup></p><p>There are monasteries and <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> centres from all three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a></sup> with missionaries having come into the country from China for several decades. However, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand's Theravada Buddhism</a> has seen growing popularity among the populace (not only the Chinese) during the past decade. The religion of <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a>, a Japanese Buddhist organisation, is practised by many people in Singapore, but mostly by those of Chinese descent. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> has also made slow inroads into the country in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a></sup></p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"><li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100%;"><div style="width: 100%;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 100%;"><div style="margin:28px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sultan_Mosque_at_Kampong_Glam,_Singapore_(8125148933).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Sultan_Mosque_at_Kampong_Glam%2C_Singapore_%288125148933%29.jpg/640px-The_Sultan_Mosque_at_Kampong_Glam%2C_Singapore_%288125148933%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2464" data-data-file-height="1656" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 200px;"><span style="padding-top: 67%;"></span></span></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Sultan" title="Masjid Sultan">Sultan Mosque</a>, a historic mosque in Kampong Glam
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100%;"><div style="width: 100%;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 100%;"><div style="margin:28.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Singapore_2012.JPG" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_Singapore_2012.JPG/640px-St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral%2C_Singapore_2012.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="5184" data-data-file-height="3456" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 200px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.5%;"></span></span></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Singapore" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore">Saint Andrew's Cathedral</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Civic_District" title="Civic District">Civic District</a> has existed since 1836.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100%;"><div style="width: 100%;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 100%;"><div style="margin:28px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_Singapore.jpeg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Grand_Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_Singapore.jpeg/640px-Grand_Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_Singapore.jpeg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1181" data-data-file-height="790" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 200px;"><span style="padding-top: 67%;"></span></span></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Tooth_Relic_Temple_and_Museum" title="Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum">Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum</a> in the heart of Chinatown
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100%;"><div style="width: 100%;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 100%;"><div style="margin:20px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Apostolic_Church_in_Singapore.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Armenian_Apostolic_Church_in_Singapore.jpg/640px-Armenian_Apostolic_Church_in_Singapore.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1088" data-data-file-height="816" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 200px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Armenian Apostolic Church in Singapore
</p>
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</ul></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_24"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Languages"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="24">Languages</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="24" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_24" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Protected_place_sign,_Fort_Canning_Park,_Singapore_-_20081203.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Protected_place_sign%2C_Fort_Canning_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20081203.jpg/640px-Protected_place_sign%2C_Fort_Canning_Park%2C_Singapore_-_20081203.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="800" data-data-file-height="600" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Protected_place_sign,_Fort_Canning_Park,_Singapore_-_20081203.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A multilingual warning sign in Singapore's four official languages: English, Chinese, Tamil, Malay.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statutes.agc.gov.sg_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-328">[326]</a></sup> English is the common language, and is the language of business and government, and the medium of instruction in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Britishcouncil_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britishcouncil-329">[327]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Public bodies">Public bodies</a> in Singapore, such as the Singapore Public Service, (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore Civil Service</a> and other agencies),<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a></sup> conduct their business in English, and official documents written in a non-English official language such as Malay, Chinese or Tamil typically have to be translated into English to be accepted for submission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Teochew_Building,_Mar_06.JPG" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG/640px-Teochew_Building%2C_Mar_06.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1200" data-data-file-height="1600" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 133.52941176470588%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Teochew_Building,_Mar_06.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Clan associations played an important role in preserving ethnic dialects and cultural practices in the early years. The Teochew Building houses a prominent Teochew clan association in Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Ngee_Ann_Kongsi" title="Ngee Ann Kongsi">Ngee Ann Kongsi</a></div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> and all laws are written in English,<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreters</a> are required if one wishes to address the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Singaporean Courts</a> in a language other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a></sup> English is the native tongue for only one-third of all Singaporeans, with roughly a quarter of all Singaporean Malays, a third of all Singaporean Chinese, and half of all Singaporean Indians speaking it as their native tongue. Twenty percent of Singaporeans cannot read or write in English.<sup id="cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010censuspercentage-322">[320]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-334">[332]</a></sup></p><p>Singaporeans are mostly <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a>, with English as their common language and usually the <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother-tongue</a> as a second language taught in schools, in order to preserve each individual's ethnic identity and values. The official languages amongst Singaporeans are English (80% literacy), Mandarin (65% literacy), Malay (17% literacy), and Tamil (4% literacy).<sup id="cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010censuspercentage-322">[320]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a></sup> and forms of English spoken in Singapore range from <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard English">Standard Singapore English</a> to a colloquial form known as "<a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a>". Singlish is discouraged by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: Language used most frequently at home …</span></div><table style="text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Language used most frequently at home<sup id="cite_ref-singstat1_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat1-338">[336]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a></sup></th></tr><tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"><td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Language</td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td>
<td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td>
<td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">English</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:36.9%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">36.9%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mandarin</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:34.9%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">34.9%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Malay</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:10.7%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.7%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tamil</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:3.3%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.3%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td>
<td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:14.2%; overflow: hidden;" class="pagelib_theme_div_do_not_apply_baseline"> </div></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.2%</td>
</tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></div>
</div>
<p>English is the language spoken by most Singaporeans at home, 36.9% of the population, just ahead of Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat1_338-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat1-338">[336]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-340">[338]</a></sup> Nearly half a million speak other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, as their home language, although the use of these is declining in favour of Mandarin and English.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-341">[339]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chinese_characters" title="Singapore Chinese characters">Singapore Chinese characters</a> are written using <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese characters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a></sup></p><p><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> was chosen as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours Malaysia and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-fromthirdworldtofirst_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromthirdworldtofirst-343">[341]</a></sup> It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-statutes.agc.gov.sg_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statutes.agc.gov.sg-328">[326]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a></sup> It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a></sup> in citations of <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_orders_and_decorations" title="Singaporean orders and decorations">Singaporean orders and decorations</a>, and in military commands. In general, Malay is spoken mainly within the Singaporean Malay community, with only 17% of all Singaporeans literate in
it<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a></sup> and only 12% using it as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat1_338-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat1-338">[336]</a></sup> While Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi script</a>, some Singaporean Malays still learn the Arabic-based <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi script</a> as children alongside Rumi,<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a></sup> and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a></sup></p><p>Around 100,000 Singaporeans, or 3% of the population, speak Tamil as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat1_338-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat1-338">[336]</a></sup> Tamil has official status in Singapore and there have been no attempts to discourage the use of other Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_25"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Education"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="25">Education</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="25" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_25" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education in Singapore</a></div>
<p>The education system in Singapore has been noted to be one of the best in the world. Singapore students excelled in most of the world education benchmarks in maths, science and reading. In 2015, both its primary and secondary students rank first in <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD's</a> global school performance rankings across 76 countries—described as the most comprehensive map of education standards.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a></sup> In 2016, Singapore students topped both the <a href="/wiki/Program_International_Student_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Program International Student Assessment">Program International Student Assessment</a> (PISA)<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_International_Mathematics_and_Science_Study" title="Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study</a> (TIMSS).<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a></sup></p><p>In the 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> exams taken in 107 countries, Singapore students fared best with more than half of the world's 81 perfect scorers and 98% passing rate.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a></sup> In the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index taken in 72 countries, Singapore place 6th and has been the only Asian country in the top ten.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a></sup>
Singapore literature students have won the <i>Angus Ross Prize</i> by Cambridge Examinations every year since 1987 (except in 2000), awarded to the top A-level English literature student outside Britain, with about 12,000 international candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Management_University_17,_Aug_06.JPG" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Singapore_Management_University_17%2C_Aug_06.JPG/640px-Singapore_Management_University_17%2C_Aug_06.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1200" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Management_University_17,_Aug_06.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a> is one of six <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Singapore" title="List of universities in Singapore">autonomous universities</a> in the city-state</div></div></div>
<p>Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is mostly supported by the state. All institutions, private and public, must be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Education (Singapore)">Ministry of Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a></sup> English is the language of instruction in all public schools,<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a></sup> and all subjects are taught and examined in English except for the "<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>" language paper.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a></sup> While the term "mother tongue" in general refers to the first language internationally, in Singapore's education system, it is used to refer to the second language, as English is the first language.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a></sup> Students who have been abroad for a while, or who struggle with their "Mother Tongue" language, are allowed to take a simpler syllabus or drop the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwa_Chong_Institution.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hwa_Chong_Institution.jpg/640px-Hwa_Chong_Institution.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1536" data-data-file-height="1024" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwa_Chong_Institution.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Hwa_Chong_Institution" title="Hwa Chong Institution">Hwa Chong Institution</a> was the first Chinese institution of learning in Southeast Asia in 1919.</div></div></div>
<p>Education takes place in three stages: primary, secondary, and pre-university education. Only the primary level is compulsory. Students begin with six years of primary school, which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage. The curriculum is focused on the development of English, the mother tongue, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Primary_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primary-374">[372]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a></sup> Secondary school lasts from four to five years, and is divided between Special, Express, Normal (Academic), and Normal (Technical) streams in each school, depending on a student's ability level.<sup id="cite_ref-Secondary_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secondary-376">[374]</a></sup> The basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level, although classes are much more specialised.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a></sup> Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools, mostly called <a href="/wiki/Junior_college_(Singapore)" title="Junior college (Singapore)">Junior Colleges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pre-university_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pre-university-378">[376]</a></sup> As alternatives to Pre-U education, however, courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions, including 5 polytechnics and the institutes of technical education (ITEs). Singapore has six public universities<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a></sup> of which the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> are among the top 20 universities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a></sup></p><p>National examinations are standardised across all schools, with a test taken after each stage. After the first six years of education, students take the <a href="/wiki/Primary_School_Leaving_Examination" title="Primary School Leaving Examination">Primary School Leaving Examination</a> (PSLE),<sup id="cite_ref-Primary_374-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primary-374">[372]</a></sup> which determines their placement at secondary school. At the end of the secondary stage, GCE <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Ordinary_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level">"O"-Level</a> or "N"-level exams are taken;<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a></sup> at the end of the following pre-university stage, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore-Cambridge_GCE_Advanced_Level" title="Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level">GCE "A"-Level</a> exams are taken.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a></sup> Some schools have a degree of freedom in their curriculum and are known as autonomous schools, for <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Singapore" title="Secondary education in Singapore">secondary education</a> level and above.<sup id="cite_ref-Secondary_376-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secondary-376">[374]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_26"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Healthcare"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="26">Healthcare</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="26" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_26" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Healthcare in Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:KRW_Facade2_final.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KRW_Facade2_final.jpg/640px-KRW_Facade2_final.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1043" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 65%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:KRW_Facade2_final.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/National_University_Hospital" title="National University Hospital">National University Hospital</a> is the second largest hospital in the city, serving one million patients yearly.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore has a generally efficient healthcare system, even though health expenditures are relatively low for developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-383">[381]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organisation</a> ranks Singapore's healthcare system as 6th overall in the world in its <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Report" title="World Health Report">World Health Report</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-384">[382]</a></sup> In general, Singapore has had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by infant mortality rate">lowest infant mortality rate in the world</a> for the past two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat2014births&amp;deaths_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat2014births&amp;deaths-385">[383]</a></sup> Life expectancy in Singapore is 80 for males and 85 for females, placing the country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy#List_by_the_World_Health_Organization_(2011)" title="List of countries by life expectancy">4th in the world for life expectancy</a>, as almost the whole population has access to improved water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> facilities.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowyer_Block,_SGH.JPG" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bowyer_Block%2C_SGH.JPG/640px-Bowyer_Block%2C_SGH.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="The Bowyer Block houses the Singapore General Hospital" data-data-file-width="1600" data-data-file-height="1200" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowyer_Block,_SGH.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Singapore_General_Hospital" title="Singapore General Hospital">Singapore General Hospital</a> Museum is housed in the Bowyer Block.</div></div></div>
<p>As of December 2011 and January 2013, 8,800 foreigners and 5,400 Singaporeans were respectively diagnosed with HIV, <sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a></sup> but there are fewer than 10 annual deaths from HIV per 100,000 people. There is a high level of <a href="/wiki/Immunisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunisation">immunisation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Adult obesity is below 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-387">[385]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, in its 2013 "<a href="/wiki/Where-to-be-born_Index#2013_rankings" title="Where-to-be-born Index">Where-to-be-born Index</a>", ranked Singapore as having the best quality of life in Asia and sixth overall in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a></sup></p><p>The government's healthcare system is based upon the "3M" framework. This has three components: Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare, <a href="/wiki/Medisave" title="Medisave">Medisave</a>, a compulsory national <a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">medical savings account</a> system covering about 85% of the population, and Medishield, a government-funded health insurance program.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt_383-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-383">[381]</a></sup>
Public hospitals in Singapore have autonomy in their management decisions, and compete for patients. A subsidy scheme exists for those on low income.<sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a></sup> In 2008, 32% of healthcare was funded by the government. It accounts for approximately 3.5% of Singapore's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_27"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Culture"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="27">Culture</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="27" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_27" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_market.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chinese_New_Year_market.jpg/640px-Chinese_New_Year_market.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2048" data-data-file-height="1536" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_market.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A street market in <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Singapore" title="Chinatown, Singapore">Chinatown</a> during <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> holidays. In Chinese culture, red is the most auspicious colour representing good fortune and happiness.</div></div></div>
<p>Despite its small size, Singapore has a diversity of languages, religions, and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-singapore21_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singapore21-391">[389]</a></sup> Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, or have the same customs.<sup id="cite_ref-singapore21_391-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singapore21-391">[389]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a></sup> Even though English is the first language of the nation, according to the 2010 census, 20% of Singaporeans are <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> in English. This is however an improvement from 1990, when 40% of Singaporeans were illiterate in English.<sup id="cite_ref-singstat_a_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singstat_a-393">[391]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-394" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg/640px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="280" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2304" data-data-file-height="3792" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 164.70588235294116%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_3_amk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ornate details on top of Sri Mariamman Temple in Chinatown district, Singapore's oldest Hindu temple since 1827</div></div></div>
<p>From 1819, it served as a trading port for British ships on their way to India. Being a major trading hub and its close proximity to its neighbour Malaysia, Singapore was prone to many foreign influences, both from Britain and from other Asian countries. Chinese and Indian workers moved to Singapore to work at the harbour. The country remained a British colony until 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-395" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a></sup></p><p>When Singapore became independent from the United Kingdom in 1963, most Singaporean citizens were uneducated labourers from Malaysia, China and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many were transient labourers, seeking to make some money in Singapore, with no intention of staying permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-396">[394]</a></sup> There was also a sizeable minority of middle-class, locally born people—known as <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" title="Peranakan">Peranakans</a> or Baba-Nyonya—descendants of 15th- and 16th-century Chinese immigrants. With the exception of the Peranakans who pledged their loyalties to Singapore, most of the labourers' loyalties lay with their respective homelands of Malaysia, China and India. After independence, the government began a deliberate process of crafting a Singaporean identity and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_396-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-396">[394]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Kampong_Glam,_Singapore_-_20121027.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aerial_view_of_Kampong_Glam%2C_Singapore_-_20121027.jpg/640px-Aerial_view_of_Kampong_Glam%2C_Singapore_-_20121027.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1977" data-data-file-height="1093" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 55.45454545454545%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Kampong_Glam,_Singapore_-_20121027.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Kampong Glam was the 23-hectare home of Malay royalty from 1824. Conserved as a historic area, it includes the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Sultan_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Sultan Mosque">Masjid Sultan Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Heritage_Centre" title="Malay Heritage Centre">Malay Heritage Centre</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes are influenced by, among other things, his or her home <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. Malay-speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay culture</a>, which itself is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-397" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-398" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a></sup></p><p>Racial and religious harmony is regarded by Singaporeans as a crucial part of Singapore's success, and played a part in building a Singaporean identity.<sup id="cite_ref-399" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-400" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a></sup></p><p>The national flower of Singapore is the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid plant">hybrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchid">orchid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'</a>, named in memory of a Singapore-born <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> woman, who crossbred the flower in her garden at <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pagar" title="Tanjong Pagar">Tanjong Pagar</a> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-401" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a></sup> Many national symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms of Singapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head symbol of Singapore</a> make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the <i>Lion City</i>. Major religious festivals are <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Singapore" title="Public holidays in Singapore">public holidays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-402" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore has a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Nanny_state" title="Nanny state">nanny state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-403" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-404" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a></sup> The government also places heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, where one is judged based on one's ability.<sup id="cite_ref-405" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_28"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Arts"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="28">Arts</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="28" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_28" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance in Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_literature" title="Singaporean literature">Singaporean literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music of Singapore</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg/640px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-alt="Domed performing arts centre with spikes reminiscent of a durian fruit" data-data-file-width="1496" data-data-file-height="991" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.36363636363637%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Esplanade performing arts centre, fronting <a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay,_Singapore" title="Marina Bay, Singapore">Marina Bay</a>.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_2_(31322988764).jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg/640px-National_Gallery_2_%2831322988764%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-alt="The National Gallery Singapore oversees the world's largest public collection of Southeast Asian and Singapore art" data-data-file-width="4127" data-data-file-height="3056" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 74.0909090909091%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_2_(31322988764).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a> oversees the world's largest public collection of Singapore and Southeast Asian art</div></div></div>
<p>Since the 1990s when the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Council_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Arts Council (Singapore)">National Arts Council</a> was created to spearhead the development of performing arts, visual and literary art forms, to hasten a vibrant cosmopolitan "gateway between the East and West".<sup id="cite_ref-406" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a></sup></p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore" title="National Gallery Singapore">National Gallery Singapore</a> is the nation's flagship museum with some 8,000 works of Singapore and South East Asian artists. The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Art_Museum" title="Singapore Art Museum">Singapore Art Museum</a> focuses on contemporary art. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Dot" title="Red Dot">Red Dot</a> Design Museum celebrates exceptional art and design of objects for everyday life, from more than 1,000 items from 50 countries. The lotus-shaped <a href="/wiki/ArtScience_Museum" title="ArtScience Museum">ArtScience Museum</a> host touring exhibitions that combine art with the sciences. Other major museums include the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Asian Civilisations Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Museum" title="Peranakan Museum">Peranakan Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arts_House" title="The Arts House">The Arts House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-407" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a></sup></p><p><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay" title="Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay">The Esplanade</a> is Singapore's largest performing arts centre with many performances throughout the year, including 5,900 free arts and culture events in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-408" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNA1_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNA1-409">[407]</a></sup> Some of the major music and dance groups include the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Singapore Symphony Orchestra">Singapore Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Chinese_Orchestra" title="Singapore Chinese Orchestra">Singapore Chinese Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dance_Theatre" title="Singapore Dance Theatre">Singapore Dance Theatre</a>
</p><p><b>Literature of Singapore</b>, or <i>SingLit</i>, comprises a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. It is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one. Many significant works has been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal <i>Singa</i>, published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Thumboo" title="Edwin Thumboo">Edwin Thumboo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koh_Buck_Song" title="Koh Buck Song">Koh Buck Song</a>, as well as in multilingual anthologies such as <i>Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry</i> (2000), in which the poems were all translated three times each into the three languages. A number of Singaporean writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tan_Swie_Hian" title="Tan Swie Hian">Tan Swie Hian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuo_Pao_Kun" title="Kuo Pao Kun">Kuo Pao Kun</a> have contributed work in more than one language, although such cross-linguistic fertilisation is becoming increasingly rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_%E5%AD%AB%E7%87%95%E5%A7%BF.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/2014_%E5%AD%AB%E7%87%95%E5%A7%BF.jpg/640px-2014_%E5%AD%AB%E7%87%95%E5%A7%BF.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="682" data-data-file-height="922" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 135.29411764705884%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_%E5%AD%AB%E7%87%95%E5%A7%BF.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Sun" title="Stefanie Sun">Stefanie Sun</a>'s wax figure was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Singapore in 2014.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra_-_Concert_in_Park.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra_-_Concert_in_Park.jpg/640px-Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra_-_Concert_in_Park.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="1239" data-data-file-height="720" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 58.18181818181818%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra_-_Concert_in_Park.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An SSO Concert at the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore has a diverse music culture that ranges from pop and rock, to folk and classical. Western classical music plays a significant role in the cultural life in Singapore, with the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Singapore Symphony Orchestra">Singapore Symphony Orchestra</a> (SSO) instituted in 1979. Other notable western orchestras in Singapore include <a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Youth_Orchestra" title="Singapore National Youth Orchestra">Singapore National Youth Orchestra</a> which is funded by the Ministry of Education<sup id="cite_ref-410" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a></sup> and the community-based <a href="/wiki/Braddell_Heights_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra">Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra</a><sup id="cite_ref-411" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a></sup>. Many orchestras and ensembles are also found in secondary schools and junior colleges. Various communities have their own distinct ethnic musical traditions: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Eurasians. With their traditional forms of music and various modern musical styles, the fusion of different forms account for the musical diversity in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-garland_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garland-412">[410]</a></sup> The nation's lively urban musical scene has made it a centre for international performances and festivals in the region. Some of Singapore's best known pop singers includes <a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Sun" title="Stefanie Sun">Stefanie Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-413" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JJ_Lin" title="JJ Lin">JJ Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liang_Wern_Fook" title="Liang Wern Fook">Liang Wern Fook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taufik_Batisah" title="Taufik Batisah">Taufik Batisah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Lee" title="Dick Lee">Dick Lee</a>, who is famous for composing National Day theme songs, including <i>Home</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-414" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_29"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Cuisine"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="29">Cuisine</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="29" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_29" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean cuisine</a></div>
<p>Dining is said to be Singaporeans' national pastime,<sup id="cite_ref-415" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a></sup> and even an obsession for many.<sup id="cite_ref-CNA1_409-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNA1-409">[407]</a></sup> Singapore's diversity of cuisine is touted as a reason to visit the country, one of the best locations when it comes to a combination of convenience, variety, quality and price.<sup id="cite_ref-Foodways_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foodways-416">[414]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a> (<span lang="zh">海南鸡饭</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Hǎinán jī fàn</span></i>), based on the Hainanese dish <a href="/wiki/Wenchang_chicken" title="Wenchang chicken">Wenchang chicken</a>, is considered Singapore's national dish.<sup id="cite_ref-farleyBBC6nov2015_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farleyBBC6nov2015-417">[415]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lingCNN14apr2010_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lingCNN14apr2010-418">[416]</a></sup></p><p>The city-state has a burgeoning food scene ranging from hawker centres (open-air), food courts (air-conditioned), coffee shops (open-air with up to a dozen hawker stalls), cafes, fast food, simple kitchens, casual, celebrity and high-end restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-streetfood_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-streetfood-419">[417]</a></sup> Every day, two new restaurants open in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-420" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-420">[418]</a></sup> Many international <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_chef" title="Celebrity chef">celebrity chef</a> restaurants are located within the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_resort" title="Integrated resort">integrated resorts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-421" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a></sup> Religious dietary strictures exist – Muslims do not eat pork and Hindus do not eat beef, and there is also a significant group of vegetarians. For most events, organisers will be mindful of them and cater food that is acceptable to all or provide choices for the ethnic minorities. The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Food_Festival" title="Singapore Food Festival">Singapore Food Festival</a> which celebrates Singapore's cuisine is held in July annually.
</p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_30"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Hawker_Centres"><h4 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="30">Hawker Centres</h4><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="30" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_30" class="content_block"><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market,_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg/640px-Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market%2C_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-alt="Satay stalls along Boon Tat Street next to Telok Ayer Market, better known as Lau Pa Sat" data-data-file-width="6000" data-data-file-height="4000" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 66.81818181818183%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Satay_stalls_along_Boon_Tat_Street_next_to_Telok_Ayer_Market,_Singapore_-_20120629-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Lau_Pa_Sat" title="Lau Pa Sat">Lau Pa Sat</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">hawker centre</a> in the midst of the financial district. <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">Satay</a> cart-stalls rolls in after dusk, on a side street</div></div></div>
<p>Prior to the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> were mainly sold by immigrants from China, India and Malaysia to other immigrants seeking a familiar taste. In Singapore, street food has long migrated into <a href="/wiki/Hawker_centre" title="Hawker centre">hawker centres</a> with communal seating areas. Typically, these centres have a few dozen to hundreds of food stalls, with each specialising in a single or a number of related dishes. The choices are almost overwhelming even for locals.<sup id="cite_ref-fodor_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fodor-422">[420]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-streetfood_419-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-streetfood-419">[417]</a></sup> Although cooked food that originates from or still sold on streets can be found in many countries, the variety and reach of centralised hawker centres that serve heritage street food in Singapore is unmatched elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawker2007_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawker2007-423">[421]</a></sup></p><p>In 2018, there are 114 hawker centres spread across the city centre and heartland housing estates. They are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Environment_Agency" title="National Environment Agency">National Environment Agency</a>, which also grade each food stall for hygiene. The largest hawker centre is located on the second floor of Chinatown Complex with over 200 stalls.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawker2007_423-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawker2007-423">[421]</a></sup> The complex is also home to the cheapest Michelin-starred meal in the world – a plate of soya-sauce chicken rice or noodles for S$2 (US$1.50). Two street food stalls in the city are the first in the world to be awarded a Michelin star each.<sup id="cite_ref-424" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a></sup></p><p>Local food items generally belong to a particular ethnicity – Chinese, Malay and Indian; but diversity of cuisine has increased further by the "hybridisation" of different styles (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan cuisine</a>, a mix of Chinese and Malay cuisine). In hawker centres, cultural diffusion can also be noted when traditionally Malay hawker stalls also sells Tamil food. Chinese stalls may introduce Malay ingredients, cooking techniques or entire dishes into their range of catering. This continues to make the cuisine of Singapore significantly rich and a cultural attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Foodways_416-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foodways-416">[414]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_31"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Sport_and_recreation"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="31">Sport and recreation</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="31" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_31" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sport in Singapore</a></div>
<p>The development of private sports and recreation clubs began in the 19th century colonial Singapore, such as the Cricket Club, Singapore Recreation Club, Singapore Swimming Club, Hollandse Club and others.<sup id="cite_ref-425" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-425">[423]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg/640px-Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="912" data-data-file-height="1232" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 170px;"><span style="padding-top: 135.29411764705884%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Schooling_Kazan_2015.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schooling" title="Joseph Schooling">Joseph Schooling</a> is a gold medalist and Olympic record holder at the <a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_butterfly" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly">Rio 2016 Games – 100 m butterfly</a>. Three swimmers including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> were in a historic three-way tie for silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Schooling-Rio_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schooling-Rio-426">[424]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Water sports are some of the most popular in Singapore. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schooling" title="Joseph Schooling">Joseph Schooling</a> won Singapore's first Olympic gold medal, claiming the 100-metre butterfly in a new Olympic record time of 50.39 seconds. Three swimmers including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a>, were in an unprecedented three-way tie for silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Schooling-Rio_426-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schooling-Rio-426">[424]</a></sup> Singapore sailors have had success on the international stage, with their <a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a> team being considered among the best in the world. Despite its size, the country has dominated swim meets in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asia Games">Southeast Asia Games</a> (SEA). Its men water polo team has won the SEA Games gold medal for the 27th time in 2017, continuing Singapore sport's longest winning streak.<sup id="cite_ref-427" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seating_at_Singapore_National_Stadium.jpg" class="image" style="width: 100%; height: auto; max-width: 100%; float: none;"><span class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder pagelib_lazy_load_placeholder_pending" data-class="thumbimage pagelib_widen_image_override pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background" data-src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seating_at_Singapore_National_Stadium.jpg/640px-Seating_at_Singapore_National_Stadium.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-alt="" data-data-file-width="2560" data-data-file-height="1920" data-data-image-gallery="true" style="width: 220px;"><span style="padding-top: 75%;"></span></span></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Seating_at_Singapore_National_Stadium.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium,_Singapore" title="National Stadium, Singapore">National Stadium</a>'s retractable roof holds the world's 'largest dome structure' record</div></div></div>
<p>Singapore's table tennis women team reached their peak as silver medalists at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. They were also world champions in 2010 when they beat China at the World Team Table Tennis Championships in Russia, breaking the latter's 19-year winning streak. Weightlifter <a href="/wiki/Tan_Howe_Liang" title="Tan Howe Liang">Tan Howe Liang</a> was Singapore's first Olympic medalist, winning a silver at the 1960 Rome Games.
</p><p>Singapore's football league, the <a href="/wiki/S.League" class="mw-redirect" title="S.League">S.League</a>, launched in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-428" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a></sup> currently comprises nine clubs, including two foreign teams. The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Slingers" title="Singapore Slingers">Singapore Slingers</a>, formerly the Hunter Pirates in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Basketball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Basketball League">Australian National Basketball League</a>, is one of the inaugural teams in the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Basketball_League" title="ASEAN Basketball League">ASEAN Basketball League</a> which was founded in October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-429" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kranji_Racecourse" title="Kranji Racecourse">Kranji Racecourse</a> is run by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Turf_Club" title="Singapore Turf Club">Singapore Turf Club</a> and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_International_Cup" title="Singapore Airlines International Cup">Singapore Airlines International Cup</a>.
</p><p>Singapore began hosting a round of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One World Championship">Formula One World Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix" title="Singapore Grand Prix">Singapore Grand Prix</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit" title="Marina Bay Street Circuit">Marina Bay Street Circuit</a> in 2008. It was the inaugural F1 night race,<sup id="cite_ref-News_–_Singapore_confirms_2008_night_race_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_%E2%80%93_Singapore_confirms_2008_night_race-430">[428]</a></sup> and the first F1 street race in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-1stStreet_431-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1stStreet-431">[429]</a></sup> It is considered a signature event on the F1 calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-432" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kranji_Racecourse" title="Kranji Racecourse">Kranji Racecourse</a> is run by the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Turf_Club" title="Singapore Turf Club">Singapore Turf Club</a> and hosts several meetings per week, including international races—notably the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_International_Cup" title="Singapore Airlines International Cup">Singapore Airlines International Cup</a>.
</p><p>Singapore hosted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010 Summer Youth Olympics</a>, in which 3,600 athletes from 204 nations competed in 26 sports.<sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_to_host_first_edition_of_the_Youth_Olympic_Games_in_2010_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_to_host_first_edition_of_the_Youth_Olympic_Games_in_2010-433">[431]</a></sup> The island is home to <a href="/wiki/ONE_Championship" title="ONE Championship">ONE Championship</a>, the biggest <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> promotion in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-434" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_32"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="Media"><h3 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="32">Media</h3><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="32" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_32" class="content_block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Singapore" title="Media of Singapore">Media of Singapore</a></div>
<p>Companies linked to the government control much of the domestic media in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_a_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse_a-435">[433]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MediaCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MediaCorp">MediaCorp</a> operates most <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Singapore" title="Television in Singapore">free-to-air television channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Singapore" title="List of radio stations in Singapore">free-to-air radio stations</a> in Singapore. There are a total of seven free-to-air TV channels offered by Mediacorp.<sup id="cite_ref-436" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-437" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-437">[435]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Starhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Starhub">Starhub</a> Cable Vision (SCV) also offers cable television with channels from all around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-438" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mio_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mio TV">Mio TV</a> provides an <a href="/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-439" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Press_Holdings" title="Singapore Press Holdings">Singapore Press Holdings</a>, a body with close links to the government, controls most of the newspaper industry in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-440">[438]</a></sup></p><p>Singapore's media industry has sometimes been criticised for being overly regulated and lacking in freedom by human rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_a_435-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse_a-435">[433]</a></sup> Self-censorship among journalists is said to be common.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-440">[438]</a></sup> In 2014, Singapore dipped to its lowest ranking ever (153rd of 180 nations) on the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> published by the French <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-441" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Media_Development_Authority" title="Media Development Authority">Media Development Authority</a> regulates Singaporean media, claiming to balance the demand for choice and protection against offensive and harmful material.<sup id="cite_ref-Mica_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mica-442">[440]</a></sup></p><p>Private ownership of TV satellite dishes is banned.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Media-440">[438]</a></sup> In 2016, there were an estimated 4.7&nbsp;million internet users in Singapore, representing 82.5% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-443" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a></sup> The Singapore government does not engage in widespread censoring of the internet,<sup id="cite_ref-444" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-444">[442]</a></sup> but it maintains a list of one hundred websites—mostly pornographic—that it blocks as a "symbolic statement of the Singaporean community's stand on harmful and undesirable content on the Internet".<sup id="cite_ref-445" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-445">[443]</a></sup> As the block covers only home internet access, users may still visit the blocked websites from their office computers.<sup id="cite_ref-446" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-446">[444]</a></sup></p></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_33"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="See_also"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="33">See also</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="33" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_33" class="content_block"><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880"></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></a></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index of Singapore-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline of Singapore</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_34"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="References"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="34">References</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="34" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_34" class="content_block"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: References …</span></div><table style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr><th>References</th></tr><tr><td><dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of which 3,471,900 are citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_and_Population_Structure-4">[4]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The break down of British Empire losses included 38,496 United Kingdom, 18,490 Australian, 67,340 Indian and 14,382 local volunteer troops. Total Australian casualties included 1,789 killed and 1,306 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-69">[68]</a></sup></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<dl><dt>References</dt></dl><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-singstat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130111952/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/tablea12-2000-2015.xls">"Singapore Residents by Planning Area/Subzone, Age Group and Sex, June 2000 – 2015"</a>. Statistics Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/tablea12-2000-2015.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+Residents+by+Planning+Area%2FSubzone%2C+Age+Group+and+Sex%2C+June+2000+%E2%80%93+2015&amp;rft.pub=Statistics+Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fstatistics%2Fbrowse_by_theme%2Fpopulation%2Fstatistical_tables%2Ftablea12-2000-2015.xls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Singapore_Census_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_Census_2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Singapore:
<ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505143054/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content">"General Household Survey 2015 - Content Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications-and-papers/GHS/ghs2015content">the original</a> on 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=General+Household+Survey+2015+-+Content+Page&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpublications%2Fpublications-and-papers%2FGHS%2Fghs2015content&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409100146/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls">"Religion data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/GHS/ghs2015/excel/t43-48.xls">the original</a> on 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+data&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_and_papers%2FGHS%2Fghs2015%2Fexcel%2Ft43-48.xls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li></ul></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-total_area_of_Singapore-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-total_area_of_Singapore_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data">"Environment"</a>. <i>Base</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Base&amp;rft.atitle=Environment&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fsociety%2Fenvironment%2Flatest-data&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Population_and_Population_Structure-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_and_Population_Structure_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/population-and-population-structure/latest-data">"Population and Population Structure"</a>. <i>Singstat</i>. Department of Statistics Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Singstat&amp;rft.atitle=Population+and+Population+Structure&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation-and-population-structure%2Flatest-data&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-imf-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&amp;pr.y=7&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2018&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=576&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2018+%E2%80%93+Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund+%28IMF%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2018%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D40%26pr.y%3D7%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2018%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D576%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/223.html#SN">"DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY INCOME - GINI INDEX"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DISTRIBUTION+OF+FAMILY+INCOME+-+GINI+INDEX&amp;rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F223.html%23SN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf">"Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 15 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Development+Indices+and+Indicators%3A+2018+Statistical+update&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&amp;rft.date=2018-09-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/rememberinglky/his-fighting-spirit-helped-spore-leap-third-world-first">"His fighting spirit helped S'pore leap from Third World to First"</a>. <i>Today</i>. Singapore. 26 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Today&amp;rft.atitle=His+fighting+spirit+helped+S%27pore+leap+from+Third+World+to+First&amp;rft.date=2015-03-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Frememberinglky%2Fhis-fighting-spirit-helped-spore-leap-third-world-first&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-38212070">"Singapore first place in school rankings"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+first+place+in+school+rankings&amp;rft.date=2016-12-06&amp;rft.aulast=Coughlan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-38212070&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Location/Southeast-Asia/Singapore/Singapore-s-unlikely-rise-as-a-Southeast-Asian-entertainment-hub">"Singapore's unlikely rise as a Southeast Asian entertainment hub"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asian Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+unlikely+rise+as+a+Southeast+Asian+entertainment+hub&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FLocation%2FSoutheast-Asia%2FSingapore%2FSingapore-s-unlikely-rise-as-a-Southeast-Asian-entertainment-hub&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">S., Ambili (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.sg/italy-named-worlds-healthiest-country-despite-economic-crisis-8576">"Singapore healthiest Asian country; Italy tops global list despite economic crisis"</a>. <i>International Business Times, Singapore Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times%2C+Singapore+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+healthiest+Asian+country%3B+Italy+tops+global+list+despite+economic+crisis&amp;rft.date=2017-03-20&amp;rft.aulast=S.&amp;rft.aufirst=Ambili&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.sg%2Fitaly-named-worlds-healthiest-country-despite-economic-crisis-8576&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/spores-human-capital-most-developed-in-asia">"Singapore's human capital most developed in Asia"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 13 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+human+capital+most+developed+in+Asia&amp;rft.date=2017-09-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fspores-human-capital-most-developed-in-asia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/singapore-is-fifth-in-2018s-global-innovation-index">"Singapore is fifth in 2018's Global Innovation Index"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+is+fifth+in+2018%27s+Global+Innovation+Index&amp;rft.date=2018-07-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcompanies-markets%2Fsingapore-is-fifth-in-2018s-global-innovation-index&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/921336/singapore-may-be-small-but-it-is-quickly-becoming-a-massive-global-tech-hub/">"Sponsored: Singapore may be small, but it is quickly becoming a massive global tech hub"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Quartz&amp;rft.atitle=Sponsored%3A+Singapore+may+be+small%2C+but+it+is+quickly+becoming+a+massive+global+tech+hub&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F921336%2Fsingapore-may-be-small-but-it-is-quickly-becoming-a-massive-global-tech-hub%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stb.gov.sg/news-and-publications/lists/newsroom/dispform.aspx?ID=744">"Singapore tourism sector performance breaks record for the second year running in 2017"</a> (Press release). Singapore Tourism Board. 12 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+tourism+sector+performance+breaks+record+for+the+second+year+running+in+2017&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Tourism+Board&amp;rft.date=2018-02-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stb.gov.sg%2Fnews-and-publications%2Flists%2Fnewsroom%2Fdispform.aspx%3FID%3D744&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/spore-ranked-second-in-cities-of-opportunity-report">"Singapore is world's best business hub after London: PwC"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+is+world%27s+best+business+hub+after+London%3A+PwC&amp;rft.date=2016-09-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fspore-ranked-second-in-cities-of-opportunity-report&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stb.gov.sg/news-and-publications/lists/newsroom/dispform.aspx?ID=515">"Singapore retains spot as World's Top International Meeting Country and City"</a> (Press release). Singapore Tourism Board. 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+retains+spot+as+World%27s+Top+International+Meeting+Country+and+City&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Tourism+Board&amp;rft.date=2014-06-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stb.gov.sg%2Fnews-and-publications%2Flists%2Fnewsroom%2Fdispform.aspx%3FID%3D515&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-is-the-top-international-meeting-destination-in-the-world-again">"Singapore is the top international meeting destination in the world again"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+is+the+top+international+meeting+destination+in+the+world+again&amp;rft.date=2014-06-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fsingapore-is-the-top-international-meeting-destination-in-the-world-again&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722">"Singapore best performing 'smart city' globally: Study"</a>. Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+best+performing+%27smart+city%27+globally%3A+Study&amp;rft.date=2018-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fsingapore-best-performing-smart-city-globally-study-10038722&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/safe-singapore-tops-world-law-and-order-index">"Singaporeans feel safest in the world as country tops law and order index"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singaporeans+feel+safest+in+the+world+as+country+tops+law+and+order+index&amp;rft.date=2018-05-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fcourts-crime%2Fsafe-singapore-tops-world-law-and-order-index&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/singapore-is-fifth-in-2018s-global-innovation-index">"Singapore is fifth in 2018's Global Innovation Index"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+is+fifth+in+2018%27s+Global+Innovation+Index&amp;rft.date=2018-07-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcompanies-markets%2Fsingapore-is-fifth-in-2018s-global-innovation-index&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2018/03/daily-chart-9">"Asian and European cities compete for the title of most expensive city"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+and+European+cities+compete+for+the+title+of+most+expensive+city&amp;rft.date=2018-03-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fgraphicdetail%2F2018%2F03%2Fdaily-chart-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/sia-bags-worlds-best-airline-title">"SIA bags world's best airline title"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=SIA+bags+world%27s+best+airline+title&amp;rft.date=2018-07-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Ftransport%2Fsia-bags-worlds-best-airline-title&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/singapore-takes-top-spot-again-as-worlds-maritime-capital-report">"Singapore takes top spot again as world's maritime capital: report"</a>. <i>Business Times</i>. Singapore. 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+takes+top+spot+again+as+world%27s+maritime+capital%3A+report&amp;rft.date=2017-04-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Ftransport%2Fsingapore-takes-top-spot-again-as-worlds-maritime-capital-report&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pecc.org/about/pecc-international-secretariat">"PECC – PECC&nbsp;:: The Pacific Economic Cooperation Council – International Secretariat"</a>. <i><span></span></i>pecc.org<i><span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%27%27pecc.org%27%27&amp;rft.atitle=PECC+%E2%80%93+PECC+%3A%3A+The+Pacific+Economic+Cooperation+Council+%E2%80%93+International+Secretariat&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pecc.org%2Fabout%2Fpecc-international-secretariat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-remains-top-asian-city-for-meetings">"Singapore remains top Asian city for meetings"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 9 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+remains+top+Asian+city+for+meetings&amp;rft.date=2015-09-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fsingapore-remains-top-asian-city-for-meetings&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010411060419/http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html">"Singapore"</a>. bartleby.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/46/S0424600.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=bartleby.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F46%2FS0424600.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-turnbull-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">C.M. Turnbull (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA22"><i>A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005</i></a>. NUS Press. pp.&nbsp;21–22. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-430-2">978-9971-69-430-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Singapore%2C+1819%E2%80%932005&amp;rft.pages=21-22&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-430-2&amp;rft.au=C.M.+Turnbull&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9yvBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John N. Miksic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA151"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800</i></a>. NUS Press. pp.&nbsp;151–152. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3">978-9971-69-574-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300_1800&amp;rft.pages=151-152&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&amp;rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_93_2005-01-26.html">"Sang Nila Utama"</a>. <i>Singapore Infopedia</i>. National Library Board. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infopedia&amp;rft.atitle=Sang+Nila+Utama&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_93_2005-01-26.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Yunqiao, History of South East Asia, 1961 Singapore World Publishing Co. 许云樵 《南洋史》 星洲世界书局 1961年</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">inc, Encyclopaedia britannica, (1991). <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. p.&nbsp;832. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-529-8">978-0-85229-529-8</a>. <q>"Singapore, known variously as the 'Lion City,' or 'Garden City,' the latter for its many parks and tree-lined streets</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pages=832&amp;rft.edition=15th&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85229-529-8&amp;rft.aulast=inc&amp;rft.aufirst=Encyclopaedia+britannica%2C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/singapore-50-reasons">"Singapore's nicknames"</a>. CNN. 6 August 2015. <q>The Lion City. The Garden City. The Asian Tiger. The 'Fine' City. All venerable nicknames, but the longtime favorite is the 'Little Red Dot'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+nicknames&amp;rft.date=2015-08-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fsingapore-50-reasons&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/03/economist-explains-22">"How Singapore gained its independence"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 6 August 2015. <q>citizens of 'the little red dot'..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=How+Singapore+gained+its+independence&amp;rft.date=2015-08-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2015%2F03%2Feconomist-explains-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit">"A little red dot in a sea of green"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 16 July 2015. <q>..with a characteristic mixture of pride and paranoia, Singapore adopted 'little red dot' as a motto</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=A+little+red+dot+in+a+sea+of+green&amp;rft.date=2015-07-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21657610-sense-vulnerability-has-made-singapore-what-it-today-can-it-now-relax-bit&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/09/08/editorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html">"Editorial: The mighty red dot"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. 8 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+mighty+red+dot&amp;rft.date=2017-09-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2017%2F09%2F08%2Feditorial-the-mighty-red-dot.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valuewalk.com/2017/05/the-switzerland-of-asia/">"Singapore – The Switzerland of Asia"</a>. 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+The+Switzerland+of+Asia&amp;rft.date=2017-05-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valuewalk.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fthe-switzerland-of-asia%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hack, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426231828/http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/kahack/cc%202.3%20%28Little%20India%29.htm">"Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore"</a>. National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/kahack/cc%202.3%20(Little%20India).htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Records+of+Ancient+Links+between+India+and+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Education%2C+Singapore&amp;rft.aulast=Hack&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsse.nie.edu.sg%2Fstaff%2Fkahack%2Fcc%25202.3%2520%28Little%2520India%29.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-utexas-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utexas_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323095958/http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/Singapore/Singapore-History.html">"Singapore: History, Singapore 1994"</a>. Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/singapore/Singapore-History.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore%3A+History%2C+Singapore+1994&amp;rft.pub=Asian+Studies+%40+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finic.utexas.edu%2Fasnic%2Fcountries%2Fsingapore%2FSingapore-History.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Victor R. Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTOJAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA381#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p.&nbsp;381. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4484-74-9">978-981-4484-74-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+Street+Names%3A+A+Study+of+Toponymics&amp;rft.pages=381&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft.date=2013-06-15&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-4484-74-9&amp;rft.au=Victor+R.+Savage&amp;rft.au=Brenda+Yeoh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTOJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA381%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dr John Leyden and Sir Thomas Stamford Rffles (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA43"><i>Malay Annals</i></a>. p.&nbsp;43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Malay+Annals&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft.date=1821&amp;rft.au=Dr+John+Leyden+and+Sir+Thomas+Stamford+Rffles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9JAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA43&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John N. Miksic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA154#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800</i></a>. NUS Press. p.&nbsp;154. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3">978-9971-69-574-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300_1800&amp;rft.pages=154&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&amp;rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John N. Miksic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA184#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i></a>. NUS Press. pp.&nbsp;183–185. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3">978-9971-69-574-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&amp;rft.pages=183-185&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&amp;rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA184%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dixon-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert M.W. Dixon, Y. Alexandra (2004). <i>Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology </i>, p. 74, Oxford University Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920346-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920346-6">0-19-920346-6</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Matisoff1990-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matisoff1990_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoff1990" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/James_Matisoff" title="James Matisoff">Matisoff, James</a> (1990), "On Megalocomparison", <i>Language</i>, <b>66</b> (1): 106–120, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F415281">10.2307/415281</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/415281">415281</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Language&amp;rft.atitle=On+Megalocomparison&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=106-120&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F415281&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F415281&amp;rft.aulast=Matisoff&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Enfield-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enfield_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEnfield2005" class="citation">Enfield, N.J. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:57458/component/escidoc:57459/Enfield_2005_areal.pdf">"Areal Linguistics and Mainland Southeast Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Submitted manuscript)</span>, <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>, <b>34</b>: 181–206, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.34.081804.120406">10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120406</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C">11858/00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&amp;rft.atitle=Areal+Linguistics+and+Mainland+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=181-206&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0013-167B-C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.34.081804.120406&amp;rft.aulast=Enfield&amp;rft.aufirst=N.J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubman.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fescidoc%3A57458%2Fcomponent%2Fescidoc%3A57459%2FEnfield_2005_areal.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LaPolla-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaPolla_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RJ LaPolla, The Sino-Tibetan Languages, La Trobe University</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hal1985-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hal1985_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kenneth R. Hal (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ncqGAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=funan+mountain+kings&amp;dq=funan+mountain+kings"><i>Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p.&nbsp;63. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0843-3">978-0-8248-0843-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Maritime+Trade+and+State+Development+in+Early+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0843-3&amp;rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DncqGAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfunan%2Bmountain%2Bkings%26dq%3Dfunan%2Bmountain%2Bkings&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-academia_edu-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia_edu_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia_edu_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2635407">"As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation"</a>. academia edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=As+in+Heaven%2C+So+on+Earth%3A+The+Politics+of+Visnu+Siva+and+Harihara+Images+in+Preangkorian+Khmer+Civilisation&amp;rft.pub=academia+edu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2635407&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172419/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">"Results of the 1995–1996 Archaeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei, Cambodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Hawai'i-Manoa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/stark/pdfs/AP1999%20article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Results+of+the+1995%E2%80%931996+Archaeological+Field+Investigations+at+Angkor+Borei%2C+Cambodia&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i-Manoa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.hawaii.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fstark%2Fpdfs%2FAP1999%2520article.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre-Yves Manguin, "From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia", in <i>25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient,</i> Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59-82.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">John N. Miksic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA162#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800</i></a>. NUS Press. pp.&nbsp;155–163. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-574-3">978-9971-69-574-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931800&amp;rft.pages=155-163&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&amp;rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMt3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Borschbergp157-158-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borschbergp157-158_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Borschberg, P. (2010). <i>The Singapore and Melaka Straits. Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th century</i>. Singapore: NUS Press. pp.&nbsp;157–158. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-464-7">978-9971-69-464-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Singapore+and+Melaka+Straits.+Violence%2C+Security+and+Diplomacy+in+the+17th+century&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pages=157-158&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-464-7&amp;rft.aulast=Borschberg&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-country_studies-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-country_studies_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/3.htm">"Country Studies: Singapore: History"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Studies%3A+Singapore%3A+History&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F3.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-uslcFounding-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uslcFounding_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/4.htm">"Singapore – Founding and Early Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Founding+and+Early+Years&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F4.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jenny Ng (7 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/overview/the_early_years/v01n02b_history.html">"1819 – The February Documents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Defence (Singapore)">Ministry of Defence</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=1819+%E2%80%93+The+February+Documents&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&amp;rft.date=1997-02-07&amp;rft.au=Jenny+Ng&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindef.gov.sg%2Fimindef%2Fabout_us%2Fhistory%2Foverview%2Fthe_early_years%2Fv01n02b_history.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183512/http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39l">"Milestones in Singapore's Legal History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court, Singapore">Supreme Court, Singapore</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39l">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Milestones+in+Singapore%27s+Legal+History&amp;rft.pub=Supreme+Court%2C+Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.supremecourt.gov.sg%2Fdefault.aspx%3FpgID%3D39l&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=17">"East &amp; South-East Asia Titles: Straits Settlements Annual Reports (Singapore, Penang, Malacca, Labuan) 1855–1941"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=East+%26+South-East+Asia+Titles%3A+Straits+Settlements+Annual+Reports+%28Singapore%2C+Penang%2C+Malacca%2C+Labuan%29+1855%E2%80%931941&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiveeditions.co.uk%2Ftitledetails.asp%3Ftid%3D17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Malays-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Malays_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223000344/http://yesterday.sg/discover-more/communities-festivals/communities/the-malays/">"The Malays"</a>. National Heritage Board 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yesterday.sg/discover-more/communities-festivals/communities/the-malays/">the original</a> on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Malays&amp;rft.pub=National+Heritage+Board+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyesterday.sg%2Fdiscover-more%2Fcommunities-festivals%2Fcommunities%2Fthe-malays%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mrs Reginald Sanderson (1907). Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924023134368#page/n227/mode/2up"><i>Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources</i></a>. pp.&nbsp;220–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+British+Malaya%3A+its+history%2C+people%2C+commerce%2C+industries%2C+and+resources&amp;rft.pages=220-221&amp;rft.date=1907&amp;rft.au=Mrs+Reginald+Sanderson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924023134368%23page%2Fn227%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c">"First Rubber Trees are Planted in Singapore – 1877"</a>. <i>History SG</i>. National Library Board Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History+SG&amp;rft.atitle=First+Rubber+Trees+are+Planted+in+Singapore+%E2%80%93+1877&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fa8ceea4c-1c8b-4c9a-885c-b85038b39e4c&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kevin Tan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BH88kpvyrdYC&amp;pg=PA90"><i>Marshall of Singapore: A Biography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-878-8">978-981-230-878-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marshall+of+Singapore%3A+A+Biography&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-230-878-8&amp;rft.au=Kevin+Tan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBH88kpvyrdYC%26pg%3DPA90&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/15/newsid_3529000/3529447.stm">"On This Day&nbsp;– 15 February 1942: Singapore forced to surrender"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 February 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=On+This+Day+%E2%80%93+15+February+1942%3A+Singapore+forced+to+surrender&amp;rft.date=1942-02-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F15%2Fnewsid_3529000%2F3529447.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957382_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p.&nbsp;382.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-singapore">"Battle of Singapore"</a>. World History Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Battle+of+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=World+History+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fbattle-of-singapore&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELegg1965248-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELegg1965248_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLegg1965">Legg 1965</a>, p.&nbsp;248.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970277-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1970277_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToland1970">Toland 1970</a>, p.&nbsp;277.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abshire, Jean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&amp;lpg=PA83&amp;pg=PA104#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>The History of Singapore</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;104. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37743-3">978-0-313-37743-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Singapore&amp;rft.pages=104&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-37743-3&amp;rft.aulast=Abshire&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHF59oExO80C%26lpg%3DPA83%26pg%3DPA104%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Blackburn, Kevin; Hack, Karl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&amp;lpg=PA132&amp;pg=PA132#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><i>Did Singapore Have to Fall?: Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress</i></a>. Routledge. p.&nbsp;132. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40440-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40440-9">978-0-203-40440-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Did+Singapore+Have+to+Fall%3F%3A+Churchill+and+the+Impregnable+Fortress&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-203-40440-9&amp;rft.aulast=Blackburn&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin&amp;rft.au=Hack%2C+Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUC2qveu-b8C%26lpg%3DPA132%26pg%3DPA132%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0027)">"Singapore, Shonan: Light of the South"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%2C+Shonan%3A+Light+of+the+South&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Leitch+Lepoer&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bsg0027%29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose201018–20-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose201018%E2%80%9320_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose2010">Bose 2010</a>, pp.&nbsp;18–20.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2006556–557-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2006556%E2%80%93557_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p.&nbsp;556–557.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-uslcAftermathOfWar-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uslcAftermathOfWar_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uslcAftermathOfWar_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/9.htm">"Singapore – Aftermath of War"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Aftermath+of+War&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F9.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-micaSelfGovernment-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-micaSelfGovernment_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sg/explore/history_towards.htm">"Towards Self-government"</a>. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Towards+Self-government&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information%2C+Communications+and+the+Arts%2C+Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sg%2Fexplore%2Fhistory_towards.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082203/http://library.thinkquest.org/12405/19.htm">"Communism"</a>. <i>Thinkquest</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/12405/19.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Thinkquest&amp;rft.atitle=Communism&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F12405%2F19.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-countrystudies10-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies10_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/singapore/10.htm">"Country studies: Singapore: Road to Independence"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Country+studies%3A+Singapore%3A+Road+to+Independence&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsingapore%2F10.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-yewnyt-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yewnyt_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4DD123DF931A35751C1A966958260">"Headliners; Retiring, Semi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2 December 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Headliners%3B+Retiring%2C+Semi&amp;rft.date=1990-12-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE4DD123DF931A35751C1A966958260&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Law-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Law_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603225639/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html">"The Singapore Legal System"</a>. Singapore Academy of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Legal+System&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Academy+of+Law&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporelaw.sg%2Fcontent%2FLegalSyst1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lee, T. H (1996). <i>The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore, 1954–1966</i>. Singapore: South Seas Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Open+United+Front%3A+The+Communist+Struggle+in+Singapore%2C+1954%E2%80%931966&amp;rft.pub=Singapore%3A+South+Seas+Society&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+T.+H&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bloodworth, D (1986). <i>The Tiger and the Trojan Horse</i>. Singapore: Times Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tiger+and+the+Trojan+Horse&amp;rft.pub=Singapore%3A+Times+Books+International&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.au=Bloodworth%2C+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"MCA: Wipe out extremists". <i>Singapore Standard</i>. 18 February 1959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Singapore+Standard&amp;rft.atitle=MCA%3A+Wipe+out+extremists&amp;rft.date=1959-02-18&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620328-1.2.70.1?ST=1&amp;AT=advanced">"Appeal To Singapore"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 28 March 1962. p.&nbsp;10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Appeal+To+Singapore&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.date=1962-03-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19620328-1.2.70.1%3FST%3D1%26AT%3Dadvanced&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/1dab53ea-788c-461c-acfb-ca625b974c9c">"Singapore becomes part of Malaysia"</a>. HistorySG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+becomes+part+of+Malaysia&amp;rft.pub=HistorySG&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F1dab53ea-788c-461c-acfb-ca625b974c9c&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJamesSheil-Small1971" class="citation book">James, Harold; Sheil-Small, Denis (1971). <i>The Undeclared War: The Story of the Indonesian Confrontation 1962–1966</i>. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-074-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87471-074-8">978-0-87471-074-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Undeclared+War%3A+The+Story+of+the+Indonesian+Confrontation+1962%E2%80%931966&amp;rft.place=Totowa&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87471-074-8&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold&amp;rft.au=Sheil-Small%2C+Denis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFMackie1974" class="citation book">Mackie, J.A.C. (1974). <i>Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963–1966</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-638247-0">978-0-19-638247-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Konfrontasi%3A+The+Indonesia-Malaysia+Dispute+1963%E2%80%931966&amp;rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-638247-0&amp;rft.aulast=Mackie&amp;rft.aufirst=J.A.C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650516-1.2.85">"Record of the Wreckers"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 16 May 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Record+of+the+Wreckers&amp;rft.date=1965-05-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19650516-1.2.85&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650406-1.2.99">"Mac Donald House blast: Two for trial"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 6 April 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Mac+Donald+House+blast%3A+Two+for+trial&amp;rft.date=1965-04-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19650406-1.2.99&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tan Lay Yuan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215082844/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_62_2004-12-17.html">"MacDonald House bomb explosion"</a>. <i>Singapore Infopedia</i>. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infopedia&amp;rft.atitle=MacDonald+House+bomb+explosion&amp;rft.au=Tan+Lay+Yuan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfopedia.nl.sg%2Farticles%2FSIP_62_2004-12-17.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651009-1.2.46">"Mac Donald House suffered $250,000 bomb damage"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 9 October 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Mac+Donald+House+suffered+%24250%2C000+bomb+damage&amp;rft.date=1965-10-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19651009-1.2.46&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lau, A (2000). <i>A moment of anguish: Singapore in Malaysia and the politics of disengagement</i>. Singapore: Times Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+moment+of+anguish%3A+Singapore+in+Malaysia+and+the+politics+of+disengagement&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Times+Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Lau&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Road_to_Independence-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Road_to_Independence_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013002423/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html">"Road to Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AsiaOne" title="AsiaOne">AsiaOne</a>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/merger/merger.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Road+to+Independence&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourstory.asia1.com.sg%2Fmerger%2Fmerger.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LOC2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC2_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sg0033)">"Singapore as Part of Malaysia"</a>. <i>Library of Congress Country Studies</i>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+as+Part+of+Malaysia&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.aulast=Leitch+Lepoer&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bsg0033%29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529081759/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article7878">"A Summary of Malaysia-Singapore History"</a>. <i>europe-solidaire</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article7878">the original</a> on 29 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=europe-solidaire&amp;rft.atitle=A+Summary+of+Malaysia-Singapore+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe-solidaire.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle7878&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/dc1efe7a-8159-40b2-9244-cdb078755013#27">"Singapore separates from Malaysia and becomes independent – Singapore History"</a>. National Library Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Negotiations were, however, done in complete secrecy... (Tunku moved) a bill to amend the constitution that would provide for Singapore's departure from the Federation. Razak was also waiting for the fully signed separation agreement from Singapore to allay possible suggestions that Singapore was expelled from Malaysia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+separates+from+Malaysia+and+becomes+independent+%E2%80%93+Singapore+History&amp;rft.pub=National+Library+Board&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2Fdc1efe7a-8159-40b2-9244-cdb078755013%2327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldKwPQ2PyBAC&amp;pg=PA107"><i>Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.&nbsp;107. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-42-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-42-3">978-981-3035-42-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Management+of+Success%3A+The+Moulding+of+Modern+Singapore&amp;rft.pages=107&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-3035-42-3&amp;rft.aulast=Sandhu&amp;rft.aufirst=Kernial+Singh&amp;rft.au=Wheatley%2C+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DldKwPQ2PyBAC%26pg%3DPA107&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:Bangkok Declaration"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bangkok_Declaration"><i>Bangkok Declaration</i>&nbsp;</a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bangkok+Declaration&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014047/http://www.changiairport.com.sg/changi/en/about_us/history_changi.html">"History of Changi Airport"</a>. Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.changiairport.com.sg/changi/en/about_us/history_changi.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Changi+Airport&amp;rft.pub=Civil+Aviation+Authority+of+Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.changiairport.com.sg%2Fchangi%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2Fhistory_changi.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HoKhaiLeong-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoKhaiLeong_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ho Khai Leong (2003). <i>Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-Making in Singapore</i>. Eastern Univ Pr. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-218-8">978-981-210-218-8</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">hermesauto (28 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/ge2015-a-look-back-at-the-last-5-general-elections-from-1991-to-2011">"GE2015: A look back at the last 5 general elections from 1991 to 2011"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=GE2015%3A+A+look+back+at+the+last+5+general+elections+from+1991+to+2011&amp;rft.date=2015-08-28&amp;rft.au=hermesauto&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fge2015-a-look-back-at-the-last-5-general-elections-from-1991-to-2011&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611130556/http://www.istana.gov.sg/content/istana/thepresident.html">"The President"</a>. Singapore Government. 19 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istana.gov.sg/content/istana/thepresident.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+President&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Government&amp;rft.date=2010-12-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istana.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fistana%2Fthepresident.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/halimah-yacob-named-singapore-malay-president-170913073940319.html">"Halimah Yacob named Singapore's first female president"</a>. Al Jazeera. 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Halimah+Yacob+named+Singapore%27s+first+female+president&amp;rft.date=2017-09-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2Fhalimah-yacob-named-singapore-malay-president-170913073940319.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-parliament.gov.sg-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parliament.gov.sg_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417154628/http://www.parliament.gov.sg/members-parliament">"Members of Parliament"</a>. Government of Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.sg/members-parliament">the original</a> on 17 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Members+of+Parliament&amp;rft.pub=Government+of+Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.gov.sg%2Fmembers-parliament&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-freedomhouse-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;year=2010&amp;country=7915">"Freedom in the World 2010 – Singapore"</a>. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2010+%E2%80%93+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Freedom+House&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2010%26country%3D7915&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Singapore (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/policies-shaped-multiracial-nation">"The policies that shaped a multiracial nation"</a>. <i>TODAYonline</i>. Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TODAYonline&amp;rft.atitle=The+policies+that+shaped+a+multiracial+nation&amp;rft.date=2016-08-04&amp;rft.au=Singapore&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpolicies-shaped-multiracial-nation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BTresults-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BTresults_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lee, U-Wen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913023301/http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-general-election/pap-racks-up-landslide-win-takes-83-out-of-89-seats">"PAP racks up landslide win, takes 83 out of 89 seats"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Times_(Singapore)" title="Business Times (Singapore)">Business Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/singapore-general-election/pap-racks-up-landslide-win-takes-83-out-of-89-seats">the original</a> on 13 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Times&amp;rft.atitle=PAP+racks+up+landslide+win%2C+takes+83+out+of+89+seats&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=U-Wen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fgovernment-economy%2Fsingapore-general-election%2Fpap-racks-up-landslide-win-takes-83-out-of-89-seats&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/01/17/idINIndia-37501620090117">"Singapore to toughen protest laws ahead of APEC meet"</a>. Reuters. 17 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+to+toughen+protest+laws+ahead+of+APEC+meet&amp;rft.date=2009-01-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F17%2FidINIndia-37501620090117&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DFAT-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DFAT_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFAT_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfat.gov.au/geo/singapore/pages/singapore-country-brief.aspx">"Singapore country brief"</a>. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+country+brief&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfat.gov.au%2Fgeo%2Fsingapore%2Fpages%2Fsingapore-country-brief.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/missions/singapore_mission/mission_locator.html">"Singapore Missions Overseas"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+Missions+Overseas&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fmfa%2Fmissions%2Fsingapore_mission%2Fmission_locator.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.henleypassportindex.com/passport-index">"Global Ranking&nbsp;– Henley Passport Index 2018"</a>. Henley &amp; Partners<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Ranking+%E2%80%93+Henley+Passport+Index+2018&amp;rft.pub=Henley+%26+Partners&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.henleypassportindex.com%2Fpassport-index&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lee, Yen Nee (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/08/why-trump-and-kim-picked-singapore-for-meeting.html">"White House explains why it chose Singapore to host summit with North Korea"</a>. CNBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=White+House+explains+why+it+chose+Singapore+to+host+summit+with+North+Korea&amp;rft.pub=CNBC&amp;rft.date=2018-06-08&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Yen+Nee&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F06%2F08%2Fwhy-trump-and-kim-picked-singapore-for-meeting.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-kim-jong-un-meeting-summit/">"President Trump meets Kim Jong Un: Live updates"</a>. CNN. 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=President+Trump+meets+Kim+Jong+Un%3A+Live+updates&amp;rft.date=2018-06-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Ftrump-kim-jong-un-meeting-summit%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44435035">"Trump and Kim make history with a handshake"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trump+and+Kim+make+history+with+a+handshake&amp;rft.date=2018-06-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-44435035&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm">"Overview"</a>. ASEAN. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asean.org/64.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Overview&amp;rft.pub=ASEAN&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean.org%2F64.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/4ba73ec1-69e6-4951-b9ea-339878da2f6c">"APEC is established"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=APEC+is+established&amp;rft.pub=National+Library+Board&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F4ba73ec1-69e6-4951-b9ea-339878da2f6c&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm">"NAM Member States"</a>. The Non-Aligned Movement. 23 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NAM+Member+States&amp;rft.pub=The+Non-Aligned+Movement&amp;rft.date=2002-01-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.gov.za%2Fbackground%2Fmembers.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/">"Member States"</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Member+States&amp;rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2FInternal%2F142227%2Fmembers%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/international_organisation_initiatives/g20.html">"G20"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=G20&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fmfa%2Finternational_organisation_initiatives%2Fg20.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rocky-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rocky_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rocky_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gifford, Rob (18 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/174284.stm">"Malaysia and Singapore: A rocky relationship"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Malaysia+and+Singapore%3A+A+rocky+relationship&amp;rft.date=1998-09-18&amp;rft.aulast=Gifford&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F174284.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Disputes-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disputes_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disputes_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html">"World Factbook&nbsp;– Field Listing: International disputes"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Field+Listing%3A+International+disputes&amp;rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2070.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lloyd Parry, Richard (17 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1527751.ece">"Singapore accused of land grab as islands disappear by boatload"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+accused+of+land+grab+as+islands+disappear+by+boatload&amp;rft.date=2007-03-17&amp;rft.aulast=Lloyd+Parry&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle1527751.ece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7416473.stm">"Court awards islet to Singapore"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Court+awards+islet+to+Singapore&amp;rft.date=2008-05-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7416473.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Reading Room. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency-interchangeability-agreement-with-brunei.aspx">"Currency Interchangeability Agreement – Brunei Notes and Coins"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Currency+Interchangeability+Agreement+%E2%80%93+Brunei+Notes+and+Coins&amp;rft.au=Reading+Room&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mas.gov.sg%2Fcurrency%2Fcurrency-interchangeability-agreement-with-brunei.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090908043151/http://asean.fta.govt.nz/brunei-foreign-and-trade/">"Brunei Foreign and Trade Relations: ASEAN"</a>. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 14 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/brunei-foreign-and-trade">the original</a> on 8 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Brunei+Foreign+and+Trade+Relations%3A+ASEAN&amp;rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&amp;rft.date=2009-01-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean.fta.govt.nz%2Fbrunei-foreign-and-trade&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/sbf-to-lead-singapore-companies-taking-part-in-first-china-international-import">"Singapore Business Federation aims for over 100 local firms to take part in first China International Import Expo"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+Business+Federation+aims+for+over+100+local+firms+to+take+part+in+first+China+International+Import+Expo&amp;rft.date=2018-02-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fsbf-to-lead-singapore-companies-taking-part-in-first-china-international-import&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/spore-a-strong-supporter-of-chinas-peaceful-development">"Singapore a 'strong supporter' of China's peaceful development"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+a+%27strong+supporter%27+of+China%27s+peaceful+development&amp;rft.date=2017-05-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fspore-a-strong-supporter-of-chinas-peaceful-development&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Zhang Xuegang (20 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/6306042.html">"Opening 'window of opportunity' for China-Singapore cooperation"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. Beijing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Opening+%27window+of+opportunity%27+for+China-Singapore+cooperation&amp;rft.date=2007-11-20&amp;rft.au=Zhang+Xuegang&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90780%2F91342%2F6306042.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-janes-20100118-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janes-20100118_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-janes-20100118_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Moss, Trefor (18 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123194946/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100118_2_n.shtml">"Buying an advantage"</a>. <i>Jane's Defence Review</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100118_2_n.shtml">the original</a> on 23 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Defence+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Buying+an+advantage&amp;rft.date=2010-01-18&amp;rft.aulast=Moss&amp;rft.aufirst=Trefor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fjdw%2Fjdw100118_2_n.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/285586/1/.html">"SAF remains final guarantor of Singapore's independence"</a>. Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SAF+remains+final+guarantor+of+Singapore%27s+independence&amp;rft.date=2007-07-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporelocalnews%2Fview%2F285586%2F1%2F.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MindefApr2005-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MindefApr2005_163-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024173928/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html">"Lunch Talk on "Defending Singapore: Strategies for a Small State" by Minister for Defence Teo Chee Hean"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Defence. 21 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/news_and_events/nr/2005/apr/21apr05_nr2.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lunch+Talk+on+%22Defending+Singapore%3A+Strategies+for+a+Small+State%22+by+Minister+for+Defence+Teo+Chee+Hean&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&amp;rft.date=2005-04-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindef.gov.sg%2Fimindef%2Fnews_and_events%2Fnr%2F2005%2Fapr%2F21apr05_nr2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20080215-49929.html">"S'pore to boost expenditure, raise defence spending"</a>. <i>AsiaOne</i>. Singapore. 13 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AsiaOne&amp;rft.atitle=S%27pore+to+boost+expenditure%2C+raise+defence+spending&amp;rft.date=2011-10-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FAsiaOne%2BNews%2FSingapore%2FStory%2FA1Story20080215-49929.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cs.uwec-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs.uwec_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barzilai, Amnon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.uwec.edu/~tan/saf_israel.htm">"A Deep, Dark, Secret Love Affair"</a>. University of Wisconsin (originally published by <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, July 2004)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Deep%2C+Dark%2C+Secret+Love+Affair&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+%28originally+published+by+%27%27Haaretz%27%27%2C+July+2004%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barzilai&amp;rft.aufirst=Amnon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.uwec.edu%2F~tan%2Fsaf_israel.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-country-data-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-country-data_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-country-data_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11917.html">"Singapore&nbsp;– Recruitment and Training of Personnel"</a>. Country-data.com. December 1989<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+%E2%80%93+Recruitment+and+Training+of+Personnel&amp;rft.pub=Country-data.com&amp;rft.date=1989-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-11917.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/75-saf-soldiers-honoured-for-contributions-in-fight-against-isis">"75 SAF soldiers honoured for contributions in fight against ISIS"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=75+SAF+soldiers+honoured+for+contributions+in+fight+against+ISIS&amp;rft.date=2017-10-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2F75-saf-soldiers-honoured-for-contributions-in-fight-against-isis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.gov.au/bases/pearce.aspx">"RAAF Base Pearce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=RAAF+Base+Pearce&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Australian+Air+Force&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforce.gov.au%2Fbases%2Fpearce.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/singapore/rsaf-equipment-intro.htm">"Equipment&nbsp;– Republic of Singapore Air Force"</a>. GlobalSecurity. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Equipment+%E2%80%93+Republic+of+Singapore+Air+Force&amp;rft.pub=GlobalSecurity&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fsingapore%2Frsaf-equipment-intro.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Reif, Jasmine (23 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114033730/http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123178824">"Singapore celebrates Peace Carvin V partnership with U.S. Air Force"</a>. U.S. Air Combat Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123178824">the original</a> on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+celebrates+Peace+Carvin+V+partnership+with+U.S.+Air+Force&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Air+Combat+Command&amp;rft.date=2009-11-23&amp;rft.au=Reif%2C+Jasmine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acc.af.mil%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D123178824&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Chua Chin Hon (13 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130705185326/http://160.96.2.142/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/primeminister/2010/July/pm_gets_feel_of_rsafsnewjetatusbase.html">"PM gets feel of RSAF's new jet at US base"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://160.96.2.142/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/primeminister/2010/July/pm_gets_feel_of_rsafsnewjetatusbase.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=PM+gets+feel+of+RSAF%27s+new+jet+at+US+base&amp;rft.date=2010-07-13&amp;rft.au=Chua+Chin+Hon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F160.96.2.142%2Fcontent%2Fpmosite%2Fmediacentre%2Finthenews%2Fprimeminister%2F2010%2FJuly%2Fpm_gets_feel_of_rsafsnewjetatusbase.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/031027af.htm">"Singapore to send 192 military personnel to Iraq"</a>. <i>Singapore Window</i>. Agence France-Presse. 7 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Singapore+Window&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+to+send+192+military+personnel+to+Iraq&amp;rft.date=2003-10-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singapore-window.org%2Fsw03%2F031027af.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/276527/1/.html">"SAF to provide medical aid, set up dental clinic in Afghanistan"</a>. Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 16 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SAF+to+provide+medical+aid%2C+set+up+dental+clinic+in+Afghanistan&amp;rft.date=2007-05-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporelocalnews%2Fview%2F276527%2F1%2F.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025202249/http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/katrina.html">"Katrina Relief Operations"</a>. Ministry of Defence. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/topics/katrina.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Katrina+Relief+Operations&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindef.gov.sg%2Fimindef%2Fmindef_websites%2Ftopics%2Fkatrina.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S.A. (2004). <i>Toponymics: A Study of Singapore's Street Names</i>. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-364-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-364-2">978-981-210-364-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Toponymics%3A+A+Study+of+Singapore%27s+Street+Names&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Eastern+Universities+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-210-364-2&amp;rft.aulast=Savage&amp;rft.aufirst=Victor+R.&amp;rft.au=Yeoh%2C+Brenda+S.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409193851/http://www.nhb.gov.sg/NHBPortal/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page856.jspx?detContId=NHBSVRAPP61620001517">"Bukit Timah Hill"</a>. National Heritage Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhb.gov.sg/NHBPortal/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page856.jspx?detContId=NHBSVRAPP61620001517">the original</a> on 9 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bukit+Timah+Hill&amp;rft.pub=National+Heritage+Board&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhb.gov.sg%2FNHBPortal%2Ffaces%2Foracle%2Fwebcenter%2Fportalapp%2Fpagehierarchy%2FPage856.jspx%3FdetContId%3DNHBSVRAPP61620001517&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. Pgs. 133-134</span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580516.2.20.2.aspx">"All set for transfer"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 16 May 1958. p.&nbsp;2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=All+set+for+transfer&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=1958-05-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19580516.2.20.2.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bond, Sam (2 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=12078">"Singapore enveloped by Sumatran smog"</a>. <i>Edie newsroom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Edie+newsroom&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+enveloped+by+Sumatran+smog&amp;rft.date=2006-10-02&amp;rft.aulast=Bond&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edie.net%2Fnews%2Fnews_story.asp%3Fid%3D12078&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mok Ly Yng (22 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html">"Why is Singapore in the 'Wrong' Time Zone?"</a>. National University of Singapore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+is+Singapore+in+the+%27Wrong%27+Time+Zone%3F&amp;rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore&amp;rft.date=2010-09-22&amp;rft.au=Mok+Ly+Yng&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.nus.edu.sg%2Faslaksen%2Fteaching%2Ftimezone.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert/?Amount=1&amp;From=USD&amp;To=SGD">"Based on USD/SGD rate of 1.221"</a>. Xe.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Based+on+USD%2FSGD+rate+of+1.221&amp;rft.pub=Xe.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xe.com%2Fucc%2Fconvert%2F%3FAmount%3D1%26From%3DUSD%26To%3DSGD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salary.sg/2010/44-percent-of-workforce-are-non-citizens/">"44 Percent of Workforce Are Non-Citizens" (our estimate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221140252/http://www.salary.sg/2010/44-percent-of-workforce-are-non-citizens/">Archived</a> 21 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Your Salary in Singapore</i>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Seung-yoon Lee (9 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/09/ha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030.html">"Ha-Joon Chang: Economics Is A Political Argument"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=HuffPost&amp;rft.atitle=Ha-Joon+Chang%3A+Economics+Is+A+Political+Argument&amp;rft.date=2014-04-09&amp;rft.au=Seung-yoon+Lee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F04%2F09%2Fha-joon-chang-economics_n_5120030.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exportbritain.org.uk/market-snapshots/singapore.html">"Singapore"</a>. <i>Export Britain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Export+Britain&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexportbritain.org.uk%2Fmarket-snapshots%2Fsingapore.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Perspectives on the Security of Singapore: The First 50 Years</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4689-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4689-33-5">978-981-4689-33-5</a> p. 128</span>
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<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD/countries">"Gross Domestic Product Per Capita (US$)"</a>. World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+Per+Capita+%28US%24%29&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.CD%2Fcountries&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Currency_History-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Currency_History_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202075742/http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency_info/Heritage_Collection.html">"The Currency History of Singapore"</a> (Press release). Monetary Authority of Singapore. 9 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/currency_info/Heritage_Collection.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Currency+History+of+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Monetary+Authority+of+Singapore&amp;rft.date=2007-04-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mas.gov.sg%2Fcurrency%2Fcurrency_info%2FHeritage_Collection.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-13/this-central-bank-doesn-t-set-interest-rates">"This Central Bank Doesn't Set Interest Rates"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=This+Central+Bank+Doesn%27t+Set+Interest+Rates&amp;rft.date=2015-04-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-04-13%2Fthis-central-bank-doesn-t-set-interest-rates&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrew Heathcote (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130414232445/http://www.brw.com.au/p/brw-lounge/tax_havens_brett_blundy_latest_to_6FkTiljzKasO6SyVSMRWpM">"Tax havens: Brett Blundy latest to join the Singapore set"</a>. <i>Business Review Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brw.com.au/p/brw-lounge/tax_havens_brett_blundy_latest_to_6FkTiljzKasO6SyVSMRWpM">the original</a> on 14 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Review+Weekly&amp;rft.atitle=Tax+havens%3A+Brett+Blundy+latest+to+join+the+Singapore+set&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Heathcote&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brw.com.au%2Fp%2Fbrw-lounge%2Ftax_havens_brett_blundy_latest_to_6FkTiljzKasO6SyVSMRWpM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anshuman Daga; Joshua Franklin (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-scandal-falcon-idUSKCN12B03Y">"Singapore shuts Falcon bank unit, fines DBS and UBS over 1MDB"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+shuts+Falcon+bank+unit%2C+fines+DBS+and+UBS+over+1MDB&amp;rft.date=2016-10-11&amp;rft.au=Anshuman+Daga&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Franklin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-malaysia-scandal-falcon-idUSKCN12B03Y&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Unemployment-Summary-Table.aspx">"Unemployment"</a>. Ministry of Manpower. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Unemployment&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Manpower&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.mom.gov.sg%2FPages%2FUnemployment-Summary-Table.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026061435/http://app.msf.gov.sg/Assistance">"Assistance"</a>. Ministry of Social and Family Development. 26 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.msf.gov.sg/Assistance">the original</a> on 26 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Assistance&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Social+and+Family+Development&amp;rft.date=2014-10-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.msf.gov.sg%2FAssistance&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15524092">"The stingy nanny"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 16 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=The+stingy+nanny&amp;rft.date=2009-10-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15524092&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15541423">"Welfare in Singapore: Singapore government response"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. London. 17 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Welfare+in+Singapore%3A+Singapore+government+response&amp;rft.date=2010-02-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15541423&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623023323/http://www.todayonline.com/print/475546">"ActiveSG$100 for Singaporeans to play sport"</a>. <i>Today</i>. Singapore. 26 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayonline.com/print/475546">the original</a> on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Today&amp;rft.atitle=ActiveSG%24100+for+Singaporeans+to+play+sport&amp;rft.date=2014-04-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fprint%2F475546&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babybonus.msf.gov.sg/parent">"Baby Bonus"</a>. Ministry of Social &amp; Family Development<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Baby+Bonus&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Social+%26+Family+Development&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babybonus.msf.gov.sg%2Fparent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/07/07/worlds-best-airlines/">"The world's best airlines"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. New York. 7 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortune&amp;rft.atitle=The+world%27s+best+airlines&amp;rft.date=2015-07-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2015%2F07%2F07%2Fworlds-best-airlines%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/opinion/lee-kuan-yew-dies/lee-kuan-yew-truly-the-father-of-changi-airport">"Lee Kuan Yew, truly the father of Changi airport"</a>. <i>The Business Times</i>. Singapore. 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Business+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Lee+Kuan+Yew%2C+truly+the+father+of+Changi+airport&amp;rft.date=2015-09-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fopinion%2Flee-kuan-yew-dies%2Flee-kuan-yew-truly-the-father-of-changi-airport&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-singstat2017tourism-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat2017tourism_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stb.gov.sg/news-and-publications/lists/newsroom/dispform.aspx?ID=744">"Singapore tourism sector performance breaks record for the second year running in 2017"</a>. Singapore Tourism Board. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+tourism+sector+performance+breaks+record+for+the+second+year+running+in+2017&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Tourism+Board&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stb.gov.sg%2Fnews-and-publications%2Flists%2Fnewsroom%2Fdispform.aspx%3FID%3D744&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023215241/http://www.eahep.org/asiahigher-education/asian-policy-drivers/127-developing-asian-education-hubs.html">"Developing Asian education hubs"</a>. EU-Asia Higher Education Platform. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eahep.org/asiahigher-education/asian-policy-drivers/127-developing-asian-education-hubs.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Developing+Asian+education+hubs&amp;rft.pub=EU-Asia+Higher+Education+Platform&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eahep.org%2Fasiahigher-education%2Fasian-policy-drivers%2F127-developing-asian-education-hubs.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaring.general.narkive.com/l1ulIlar/the-long-long-ride">"The long, long ride"</a>. <i>New Straits Times</i>. Kuala Lumpur. 7 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/new-straits-times/mi_8016/is_20060507/ride/ai_n44321524/">the original</a> on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+long%2C+long+ride&amp;rft.date=2006-05-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Fnews-articles%2Fnew-straits-times%2Fmi_8016%2Fis_20060507%2Fride%2Fai_n44321524%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sandfort-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandfort_280-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandfort_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Sandfort, Sandy (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1993/04/sandfort/">"The Intelligent Island"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=The+Intelligent+Island&amp;rft.date=1993-04&amp;rft.aulast=Sandfort&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1993%2F04%2Fsandfort%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Gibson, William (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1993/04/gibson-2/">"Disneyland with the Death Penalty"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Disneyland+with+the+Death+Penalty&amp;rft.date=1993-04&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1993%2F04%2Fgibson-2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/smartphone-penetration-singapore-highest-globally-survey">"Smartphone penetration in Singapore the highest globally: Survey"</a>. <i>TODAYonline</i>. 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TODAYonline&amp;rft.atitle=Smartphone+penetration+in+Singapore+the+highest+globally%3A+Survey&amp;rft.date=2015-02-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fsingapore%2Fsmartphone-penetration-singapore-highest-globally-survey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cervero" title="Robert Cervero">Cervero, Robert</a> (1998). <i>The Transit Metropolis</i>. Washington DC: Island Press. p.&nbsp;169. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-591-2">978-1-55963-591-2</a>. Chapter 6/The Master Planned Transit Metropolis: Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Transit+Metropolis&amp;rft.place=Washington+DC&amp;rft.pages=169&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55963-591-2&amp;rft.aulast=Cervero&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410143342/http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/index_motoring_erp.htm">"Electronic Road Pricing"</a>. Land Transport Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lta.gov.sg/motoring_matters/index_motoring_erp.htm">the original</a> on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Electronic+Road+Pricing&amp;rft.pub=Land+Transport+Authority&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lta.gov.sg%2Fmotoring_matters%2Findex_motoring_erp.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/e-scooter-registration-to-begin-on-jan-2-2019">"Mandatory registration of e-scooters in Singapore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mandatory+registration+of+e-scooters+in+Singapore&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Ftransport%2Fe-scooter-registration-to-begin-on-jan-2-2019&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/FactsandFigures/taxi_info_2015.pdf">"Taxi info"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Land Transport Authority. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Taxi+info&amp;rft.pub=Land+Transport+Authority&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lta.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fltaweb%2Fcorp%2FPublicationsResearch%2Ffiles%2FFactsandFigures%2Ftaxi_info_2015.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231160516/http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards-2006/AirportYear-2006.htm">"2006 Airport of the Year result"</a>. World Airport Awards. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldairportawards.com/Awards-2006/AirportYear-2006.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2006+Airport+of+the+Year+result&amp;rft.pub=World+Airport+Awards&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldairportawards.com%2FAwards-2006%2FAirportYear-2006.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yap, Jimmy (30 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/201303/BRAND-HEALTH-CHECK-Singapore-airlines---Turbulence-ahead-Singapore-flag-carrier/">"Turbulence ahead for Singapore flag carrier"</a>. <i>Brand Republic</i>. London: Haymarket Business Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Brand+Republic&amp;rft.atitle=Turbulence+ahead+for+Singapore+flag+carrier&amp;rft.date=2004-01-30&amp;rft.aulast=Yap&amp;rft.aufirst=Jimmy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandrepublic.com%2Fnews%2F201303%2FBRAND-HEALTH-CHECK-Singapore-airlines---Turbulence-ahead-Singapore-flag-carrier%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Luan-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luan_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ivy Ong Bee Luan (2010). "Singapore Water Management Policies and Practices". <i>International Journal of Water Resources Development</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 65–80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F07900620903392190">10.1080/07900620903392190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Water+Resources+Development&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+Water+Management+Policies+and+Practices&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=65-80&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07900620903392190&amp;rft.au=Ivy+Ong+Bee+Luan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Poh Onn Lee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cloud2.gdnet.org/~research_papers/The%20water%20issue%20between%20Singapore%20and%20Malaysia:%20No%20solution%20in%20sight">"The water issue between Singapore and Malaysia: No solution in sight"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+water+issue+between+Singapore+and+Malaysia%3A+No+solution+in+sight&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Poh+Onn+Lee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcloud2.gdnet.org%2F~research_papers%2FThe%2520water%2520issue%2520between%2520Singapore%2520and%2520Malaysia%3A%2520No%2520solution%2520in%2520sight&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bloomberg interview with Chew Men Leong, chief executive of PUB (30 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-29/singapore-to-meet-water-target-before-deadline-southeast-asia.html">"Singapore To Meet Water Target Before Deadline: Southeast Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805212635/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-29/singapore-to-meet-water-target-before-deadline-southeast-asia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+To+Meet+Water+Target+Before+Deadline%3A+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.date=2012-07-30&amp;rft.au=Bloomberg+interview+with+Chew+Men+Leong%2C+chief+executive+of+PUB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-07-29%2Fsingapore-to-meet-water-target-before-deadline-southeast-asia.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">PUB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/default.aspx">"Four National Taps Provide Water for All"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730063932/http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Four+National+Taps+Provide+Water+for+All&amp;rft.au=PUB&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pub.gov.sg%2Fwater%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.sg/factually/content/why-increase-water-prices">"Why increase water prices?"</a>. <i>www.gov.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.gov.sg&amp;rft.atitle=Why+increase+water+prices%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.sg%2Ffactually%2Fcontent%2Fwhy-increase-water-prices&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">PUB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pub.gov.sg/">"PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency"</a>. <i>PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PUB%2C+Singapore%27s+National+Water+Agency&amp;rft.atitle=PUB%2C+Singapore%27s+National+Water+Agency&amp;rft.au=PUB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pub.gov.sg%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2010census-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010census_313-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010census_313-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68v15isAU?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf">"Census of population (pages 13 to 16 of the pdf file)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore Department of Statistics. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Census+of+population+%28pages+13+to+16+of+the+pdf+file%29&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fc2010acr.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2010censuspercentage-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010censuspercentage_322-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124160522/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf">"Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). Singapore Statistics. 12 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Census+of+population+2010%3A+Statistical+Release+1+on+Demographic+Characteristics%2C+Education%2C+Language+and+Religion&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2011-01-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fpress12012011.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/global-religious-diversity/">"Global Religious Diversity"</a>. Pew Research. 4 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Religious+Diversity&amp;rft.pub=Pew+Research&amp;rft.date=2014-04-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F04%2F04%2Fglobal-religious-diversity%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pew-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pew_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/singapore/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=2010">Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project: Singapore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Oi, Mariko (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22088852">"Is Singapore's stance on homosexuality changing?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Singapore%27s+stance+on+homosexuality+changing%3F&amp;rft.date=2013-04-23&amp;rft.aulast=Oi&amp;rft.aufirst=Mariko&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-22088852&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Khun Eng Kuah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=GBdX2ELnkXQC&amp;pg=PR8"><i>State, society, and religious engineering: toward a reformist Buddhism in Singapore</i></a>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-865-8">978-981-230-865-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=State%2C+society%2C+and+religious+engineering%3A+toward+a+reformist+Buddhism+in+Singapore&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-230-865-8&amp;rft.au=Khun+Eng+Kuah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGBdX2ELnkXQC%26pg%3DPR8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a789141932">"Modernity in south-east Asia"</a>. Informaworld. 2 December 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Modernity+in+south-east+Asia&amp;rft.pub=Informaworld&amp;rft.date=1995-12-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Fsmpp%2Fcontent~db%3Dall~content%3Da789141932&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tan Hwee Hwee (22 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020729-322685,00.html">"A war of words is brewing over Singlish"</a>. <i>Time</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=A+war+of+words+is+brewing+over+Singlish&amp;rft.date=2002-07-22&amp;rft.au=Tan+Hwee+Hwee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C501020729-322685%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Oi, Mariko (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11468401">"Singapore's booming appetite to study Mandarin"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+booming+appetite+to+study+Mandarin&amp;rft.date=2010-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=Oi&amp;rft.aufirst=Mariko&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-11468401&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-singstat.gov.sg-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat.gov.sg_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68v13p3aH?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf">"Chapter 2 Education and Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Household Survey 2005, Statistical Release 1: Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics</i>. Singapore Statistics. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/ghsr1/chap2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=General+Household+Survey+2005%2C+Statistical+Release+1%3A+Socio-Demographic+and+Economic+Characteristics&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+2+Education+and+Language&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fghsr1%2Fchap2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fagao Zhou (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NEzEo5Y8B3oC"><i>Papers in Chinese Linguistics and Epigraphy</i></a>. Chinese University Press. p.&nbsp;56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-201-317-9">978-962-201-317-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Papers+in+Chinese+Linguistics+and+Epigraphy&amp;rft.pages=56&amp;rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-962-201-317-9&amp;rft.au=Fagao+Zhou&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNEzEo5Y8B3oC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fromthirdworldtofirst-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fromthirdworldtofirst_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lee Kuan Yew (2000). <i>From Third World to First</i>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Third+World+to+First&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Lee+Kuan+Yew&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Afendras, Evangelos A.; Kuo, Eddie C.Y. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=CQgjrpgdU6gC&amp;pg=PA42"><i>Language and society in Singapore</i></a>. Singapore University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-016-8">978-9971-69-016-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Language+and+society+in+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-016-8&amp;rft.aulast=Afendras&amp;rft.aufirst=Evangelos+A.&amp;rft.au=Kuo%2C+Eddie+C.Y.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCQgjrpgdU6gC%26pg%3DPA42&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&amp;pg=PA2018"><i>Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society</i></a>. <b>3</b>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018418-1">978-3-11-018418-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sociolinguistics%3A+An+international+handbook+of+the+science+of+language+and+society&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-11-018418-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ammon&amp;rft.aufirst=Ulrich&amp;rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Norbert&amp;rft.au=Mattheier%2C+Klaus+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLMZm0w0k1c4C%26pg%3DPA2018&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A45c4d722-79df-418c-a0d0-5ff4863e0938%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0">Cap.&nbsp;296, 1985&nbsp;Rev. Ed.</a>)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5oFD4Gdnx?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000adr-literacy.pdf">"Literacy and Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/papers/people/c2000adr-literacy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Language&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Statistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpapers%2Fpeople%2Fc2000adr-literacy.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cook, Vivian; Bassetti, Benedetta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDLVaYJkyHUC"><i>Second Language Writing Systems</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. p.&nbsp;359. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-793-0">978-1-85359-793-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Second+Language+Writing+Systems&amp;rft.pages=359&amp;rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85359-793-0&amp;rft.aulast=Cook&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivian&amp;rft.au=Bassetti%2C+Benedetta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDLVaYJkyHUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202101218/https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140">"Update Change of Name in IC"</a>. Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.gov.sg/page.aspx?pageid=140">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Update+Change+of+Name+in+IC&amp;rft.pub=Immigration+and+Checkpoints+Authority&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.gov.sg%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpageid%3D140&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408195106/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/returning-singaporeans/mother-tongue-policy/">"Returning Singaporeans&nbsp;– Mother-Tongue Language Policy"</a>. Ministry of Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/admissions/returning-singaporeans/mother-tongue-policy/">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Returning+Singaporeans+%E2%80%93+Mother-Tongue+Language+Policy&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fadmissions%2Freturning-singaporeans%2Fmother-tongue-policy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/13/singapore-tops-oecds-global-school-ranking-us-placed-28th.html">"Singapore tops OECD's global school ranking, US placed 28th"</a>. CNBC. 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+tops+OECD%27s+global+school+ranking%2C+US+placed+28th&amp;rft.date=2015-05-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2015%2F05%2F13%2Fsingapore-tops-oecds-global-school-ranking-us-placed-28th.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/singapore-tops-biggest-global-education-rankings-published-by-oecd">"Singapore tops biggest global education rankings published by OECD"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+tops+biggest+global+education+rankings+published+by+OECD&amp;rft.date=2015-05-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Feducation%2Fsingapore-tops-biggest-global-education-rankings-published-by-oecd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-38212070">"Pisa tests: Singapore top in global education rankings"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Pisa+tests%3A+Singapore+top+in+global+education+rankings&amp;rft.date=2016-12-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-38212070&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nylander, Johan (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/article/singaporeans-among-top-english-speakers-hong-kong-slides/">"Singaporeans among top English speakers; Hong Kong slides"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Hong Kong<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&amp;rft.atitle=Singaporeans+among+top+English+speakers%3B+Hong+Kong+slides&amp;rft.date=2016-11-14&amp;rft.aulast=Nylander&amp;rft.aufirst=Johan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Farticle%2Fsingaporeans-among-top-english-speakers-hong-kong-slides%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808041145/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/dutch-pass-danes-become-worlds-080000181.html">"Dutch Pass Danes to Become World's Best English Speakers"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. 15 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/dutch-pass-danes-become-worlds-080000181.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&amp;rft.atitle=Dutch+Pass+Danes+to+Become+World%27s+Best+English+Speakers&amp;rft.date=2016-11-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fdutch-pass-danes-become-worlds-080000181.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nordic.businessinsider.com/the-nordics-have-the-highest-english-proficiency-in-the-world---and-its-boosting-their-tech-and-innovation-2016-11">"The Nordics have the highest English proficiency in the world – and it's boosting their tech and innovation"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nordics+have+the+highest+English+proficiency+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+boosting+their+tech+and+innovation&amp;rft.date=2016-11-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnordic.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-nordics-have-the-highest-english-proficiency-in-the-world---and-its-boosting-their-tech-and-innovation-2016-11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Primary-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Primary_374-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Primary_374-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/">"Primary Education"</a>. Ministry of Education. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Primary+Education&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fprimary%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407095703/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/curriculum/">"Primary School Curriculum"</a>. Ministry of Education. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/primary/curriculum/">the original</a> on 7 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Primary+School+Curriculum&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fprimary%2Fcurriculum%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Secondary-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secondary_376-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secondary_376-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/">"Secondary Education"</a>. Ministry of Education. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Secondary+Education&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fsecondary%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407202048/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/express/">"Special/Express Courses Curriculum"</a>. Ministry of Education. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/express/">the original</a> on 7 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Special%2FExpress+Courses+Curriculum&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fsecondary%2Fexpress%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pre-university-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pre-university_378-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405194544/http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/pre-u/">"Pre-University Education"</a>. Ministry of Education. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/pre-u/">the original</a> on 5 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pre-University+Education&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fpre-u%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/how-singapores-six-public-universities-differ">"How Singapore's six public universities differ"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 3 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=How+Singapore%27s+six+public+universities+differ&amp;rft.date=2015-03-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Feducation%2Fhow-singapores-six-public-universities-differ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015">"QS World University Rankings 2015/16"</a>. QS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+2015%2F16&amp;rft.pub=QS&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2015&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary">"Secondary"</a>. Ministry of Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Secondary&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Feducation%2Fsecondary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/21566430-where-be-born-2013-lottery-life">"The lottery of life"</a>. <i>The Economist</i> (London). 21 November 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf">"The World Health Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Health Organization. 2000. p.&nbsp;66<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Health+Report&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2000%2Fen%2Fwhr00_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm">"Core Health Indicators Singapore"</a>. World Health Organisation. May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Core+Health+Indicators+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&amp;rft.date=2008-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fwhosis%2Fdatabase%2Fcore%2Fcore_select_process.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-singapore21-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singapore21_391-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singapore21_391-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210223621/http://www.singapore21.org.sg/speeches_050599.html">"Speech by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on Singapore 21 Debate in Parliament"</a>. singapore21. 5 May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singapore21.org.sg/speeches_050599.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Speech+by+Prime+Minister+Goh+Chok+Tong+on+Singapore+21+Debate+in+Parliament&amp;rft.pub=singapore21&amp;rft.date=1999-05-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singapore21.org.sg%2Fspeeches_050599.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/443304/1/.html">"MM Lee says Singapore needs to do more to achieve nationhood"</a>. Singapore: Channel NewsAsia. 5 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MM+Lee+says+Singapore+needs+to+do+more+to+achieve+nationhood&amp;rft.date=2009-05-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fstories%2Fsingaporelocalnews%2Fview%2F443304%2F1%2F.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-singstat_a-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singstat_a_393-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5wdAICz5j?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010sr1/findings.pdf">"Findings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore Statistics. 5 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010sr1/findings.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Findings&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2010-05-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fc2010sr1%2Ffindings.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/63V8fYL8f?url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap4.pdf">"Literacy and language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore Statistics. 5 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2000adr/chap4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Literacy+and+language&amp;rft.pub=Singapore+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2010-05-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fc2000adr%2Fchap4.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-396"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_396-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_396-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Singapore&nbsp;: the making of a nation-state 1300–1975. Secondary Two, [Textbook]</i>. Singapore. Curriculum Planning &amp; Development Division. Singapore. 2015. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4448-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4448-45-1">978-981-4448-45-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/903000193">903000193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+%3A+the+making+of+a+nation-state+1300%E2%80%931975.+Secondary+Two%2C+%5BTextbook%5D&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903000193&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-4448-45-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Siddique, Sharon (1981). "Some Aspects of Malay-Muslim Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia". <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 76–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25797648">25797648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia&amp;rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Malay-Muslim+Ethnicity+in+Peninsular+Malaysia&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=76-87&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25797648&amp;rft.aulast=Siddique&amp;rft.aufirst=Sharon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Prystay, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules">"Bit of Malay Culture Is Now Vanishing Under Muslim Rules"</a>. <i>Yale GlobalOnline</i>. Yale University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yale+GlobalOnline&amp;rft.atitle=Bit+of+Malay+Culture+Is+Now+Vanishing+Under+Muslim+Rules&amp;rft.aulast=Prystay&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fbit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Prystay, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/bit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules">"Bit of Malay Culture Is Now Vanishing Under Muslim Rules"</a>. <i>YaleGlobal Online</i>. Yale Universal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=YaleGlobal+Online&amp;rft.atitle=Bit+of+Malay+Culture+Is+Now+Vanishing+Under+Muslim+Rules&amp;rft.aulast=Prystay&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaleglobal.yale.edu%2Fcontent%2Fbit-malay-culture-now-vanishing-under-muslim-rules&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/ministry-of-manpower-issues-response-on-debate-over-thaipusam-public-holiday">"Ministry of Manpower issues response on debate over Thaipusam public holiday"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. Singapore. 13 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Manpower+issues+response+on+debate+over+Thaipusam+public+holiday&amp;rft.date=2015-02-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fministry-of-manpower-issues-response-on-debate-over-thaipusam-public-holiday&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Harding, Andrew (16 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3861209.stm">"Singapore slings a little caution to the wind"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+slings+a+little+caution+to+the+wind&amp;rft.date=2004-08-16&amp;rft.aulast=Harding&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F3861209.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Arnold, Wayne (16 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23casino.html?pagewanted=all">"The Nanny State Places a Bet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Nanny+State+Places+a+Bet&amp;rft.date=2004-08-16&amp;rft.aulast=Arnold&amp;rft.aufirst=Wayne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F23casino.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812071843/http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/ministermentor/2009/April/old_and_new_citizensgetequalchancesaysmmlee.html">"Old and new citizens get equal chance, says MM Lee"</a> (Press release). Prime Minister's Office. 5 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmo.gov.sg/content/pmosite/mediacentre/inthenews/ministermentor/2009/April/old_and_new_citizensgetequalchancesaysmmlee.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Old+and+new+citizens+get+equal+chance%2C+says+MM+Lee&amp;rft.pub=Prime+Minister%27s+Office&amp;rft.date=2010-05-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmo.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fpmosite%2Fmediacentre%2Finthenews%2Fministermentor%2F2009%2FApril%2Fold_and_new_citizensgetequalchancesaysmmlee.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">NN, Soorya Kiran (29 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/painting-our-own-canvas">"Painting our own canvas"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Painting+our+own+canvas&amp;rft.date=2015-11-29&amp;rft.aulast=NN&amp;rft.aufirst=Soorya+Kiran&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpainting-our-own-canvas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Faizah bte Zakaria (7 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1827_2011-08-05.html">"Esplanade-Theatres on the bay"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Esplanade-Theatres+on+the+bay&amp;rft.date=2016-07-07&amp;rft.au=Faizah+bte+Zakaria&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_1827_2011-08-05.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CNA1-409"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNA1_409-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNA1_409-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wintle, Angela (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singlish-cultural-diversity-and-hawker-food-essential-in-forging-8226060">"Singlish, cultural diversity and hawker food essential in forging a national identity, say celebs"</a>. Channel NewsAsia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Singlish%2C+cultural+diversity+and+hawker+food+essential+in+forging+a+national+identity%2C+say+celebs&amp;rft.date=2016-02-05&amp;rft.aulast=Wintle&amp;rft.aufirst=Angela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fsingapore%2Fsinglish-cultural-diversity-and-hawker-food-essential-in-forging-8226060&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-410"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/snyo/">"Singapore National Youth Orchestra"</a>. <i>Ministry of Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009101537/http://www.moe.gov.sg/snyo/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+National+Youth+Orchestra&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Fsnyo%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-411"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Steven Ang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/music/feature/adrian-tan-new-music-director-braddell-heights-symphony-orchestra">"Music director Adrian Tan ushers in new era for Braddell Heights Symphony Orchestra"</a>. <i>Time Out Singapore</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150746/http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/music/feature/adrian-tan-new-music-director-braddell-heights-symphony-orchestra">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Time+Out+Singapore&amp;rft.atitle=Music+director+Adrian+Tan+ushers+in+new+era+for+Braddell+Heights+Symphony+Orchestra&amp;rft.au=Steven+Ang&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeoutsingapore.com%2Fmusic%2Ffeature%2Fadrian-tan-new-music-director-braddell-heights-symphony-orchestra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-garland-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garland_412-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lee Tong Soon (2008). "Singapore". In Terry Miller, Sean Williams. <i>The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96075-5">978-0-415-96075-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore&amp;rft.btitle=The+Garland+Handbook+of+Southeast+Asian+Music&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-96075-5&amp;rft.au=Lee+Tong+Soon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter">link</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">NN, Soorya Kiran (20 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/entertainment/heres-why-stefanie-suns-singapore-icon">"Here's why Stefanie Sun's a Singapore icon"</a>. <i>AsiaOne</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AsiaOne&amp;rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+Stefanie+Sun%27s+a+Singapore+icon&amp;rft.date=2017-08-20&amp;rft.aulast=NN&amp;rft.aufirst=Soorya+Kiran&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2Fentertainment%2Fheres-why-stefanie-suns-singapore-icon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"An A-Z of the nation's iconic talents". <i>The Sunday Times</i>. 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&amp;rft.atitle=An+A-Z+of+the+nation%27s+iconic+talents&amp;rft.date=2019-02-17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wintle, Angela (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/singapore/articles/Tom-Kerridges-Singapore-My-Kind-of-Town/">"Tom Kerridge's Singapore: 'Dining is the country's national pastime<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&amp;rft.atitle=Tom+Kerridge%27s+Singapore%3A+%27Dining+is+the+country%27s+national+pastime%27&amp;rft.date=2016-02-05&amp;rft.aulast=Wintle&amp;rft.aufirst=Angela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fsingapore%2Farticles%2FTom-Kerridges-Singapore-My-Kind-of-Town%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Foodways-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foodways_416-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foodways_416-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wu, David Y.H.; Chee Beng Tan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=p5Mw_WTLhiYC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA161&amp;dq=singapore*+cuisine"><i>Changing Chinese foodways in Asia</i></a>. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp.&nbsp;161 ff. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-914-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-201-914-0">978-962-201-914-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Changing+Chinese+foodways+in+Asia&amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;rft.pages=161+ff&amp;rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-962-201-914-0&amp;rft.au=Wu%2C+David+Y.H.&amp;rft.au=Chee+Beng+Tan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3Dp5Mw_WTLhiYC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA161%26dq%3Dsingapore%2A%2Bcuisine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-farleyBBC6nov2015-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farleyBBC6nov2015_417-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Farley, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20151105-the-singapore-dish-worth-a-15-hour-flight">"The Dish Worth the 15-Hour Flight"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Dish+Worth+the+15-Hour+Flight&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.aulast=Farley&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20151105-the-singapore-dish-worth-a-15-hour-flight&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lingCNN14apr2010-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lingCNN14apr2010_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ling, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/singapore/none/40-singapore-foods-we-cant-live-without-810208/">"40 Singapore foods we can't live without"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=40+Singapore+foods+we+can%27t+live+without&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft.aulast=Ling&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fsingapore%2Fnone%2F40-singapore-foods-we-cant-live-without-810208%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-streetfood-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-streetfood_419-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-streetfood_419-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Michaels, Rowena (20 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/10204790/Singapores-best-street-food-...-just-dont-order-frog-porridge.html">"Singapore's best street food ... just don't order frog porridge"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+best+street+food+...+just+don%27t+order+frog+porridge&amp;rft.date=2013-07-20&amp;rft.aulast=Michaels&amp;rft.aufirst=Rowena&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2Fexpatlife%2F10204790%2FSingapores-best-street-food-...-just-dont-order-frog-porridge.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbr.com.sg/food-beverage/news/two-new-restaurants-open-daily-in-singapore-acra">"Two new restaurants open daily in Singapore: ACRA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Two+new+restaurants+open+daily+in+Singapore%3A+ACRA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbr.com.sg%2Ffood-beverage%2Fnews%2Ftwo-new-restaurants-open-daily-in-singapore-acra&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/food/celebrity-chefs-opening-restaurants-in-singapore-three-more-to-look-out-for">"The top celebrity chef restaurants to visit in Singapore"</a>. <i>sg.asia-city.com</i>. Singapore. 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=sg.asia-city.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+top+celebrity+chef+restaurants+to+visit+in+Singapore&amp;rft.date=2015-06-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2Fcelebrity-chefs-opening-restaurants-in-singapore-three-more-to-look-out-for&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fodor-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fodor_422-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fieldmar, James (19 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodors.com/news/street-food-in-singapore-6276.html">"Singapore's Street Food 101"</a>. <i>Fodor's</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fodor%27s&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+Street+Food+101&amp;rft.date=2012-12-19&amp;rft.aulast=Fieldmar&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodors.com%2Fnews%2Fstreet-food-in-singapore-6276.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hawker2007-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawker2007_423-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawker2007_423-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kong, Lily (2007). <i>Singapore Hawker Centres&nbsp;: People, Places, Food</i>. Singapore: SNP. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-248-149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-248-149-8">978-981-248-149-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+Hawker+Centres+%3A+People%2C+Places%2C+Food&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=SNP&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-248-149-8&amp;rft.aulast=Kong&amp;rft.aufirst=Lily&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Han, Kirsten (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/aug/04/michelin-star-for-singapore-noodle-stall-where-lunch-is-half-the-price-of-a-big-mac">"Michelin star for Singapore noodle stall where lunch is half the price of a Big Mac"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Michelin+star+for+Singapore+noodle+stall+where+lunch+is+half+the+price+of+a+Big+Mac&amp;rft.date=2016-08-04&amp;rft.aulast=Han&amp;rft.aufirst=Kirsten&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Faug%2F04%2Fmichelin-star-for-singapore-noodle-stall-where-lunch-is-half-the-price-of-a-big-mac&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsingapore.gov.sg/sports-education/history-of-singapore-sports">"History of Singapore Sports"</a>. <i>Sport Singapore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sport+Singapore&amp;rft.atitle=History+of+Singapore+Sports&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsingapore.gov.sg%2Fsports-education%2Fhistory-of-singapore-sports&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schooling-Rio-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schooling-Rio_426-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schooling-Rio_426-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="London" class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/13/michael-phelps-taught-a-lesson-for-once-by-singapores-joseph-schooling">"Michael Phelps taught a lesson for once – by Joseph Schooling | Andy Bull"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Michael+Phelps+taught+a+lesson+for+once+%E2%80%93+by+Joseph+Schooling+%7C+Andy+Bull&amp;rft.date=2016-08-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2016%2Faug%2F13%2Fmichael-phelps-taught-a-lesson-for-once-by-singapores-joseph-schooling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-427">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">NN, Soorya Kiran (20 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/sea-games-singapore-win-mens-27th-water-polo-gold-to-keep-countrys-longest-sporting-streak">"SEA Games: Singapore capture men's 27th water polo gold to keep country's longest sports winning streak alive"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=SEA+Games%3A+Singapore+capture+men%27s+27th+water+polo+gold+to+keep+country%27s+longest+sports+winning+streak+alive&amp;rft.date=2017-08-20&amp;rft.aulast=NN&amp;rft.aufirst=Soorya+Kiran&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsport%2Fsea-games-singapore-win-mens-27th-water-polo-gold-to-keep-countrys-longest-sporting-streak&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sleague.com/competitions/s-league/overview">"S.League.com – Overview"</a>. S.League. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=S.League.com+%E2%80%93+Overview&amp;rft.pub=S.League&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sleague.com%2Fcompetitions%2Fs-league%2Foverview&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/arti.asp?newsid=29263">"ASEAN Basketball League takes off"</a>. <i>FIBA Asia</i>. 20 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=FIBA+Asia&amp;rft.atitle=ASEAN+Basketball+League+takes+off&amp;rft.date=2009-01-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.com%2Fpages%2Feng%2Ffc%2Fnews%2FlateNews%2Farti.asp%3Fnewsid%3D29263&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-News_–_Singapore_confirms_2008_night_race-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-News_%E2%80%93_Singapore_confirms_2008_night_race_430-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613015932/http://www.formula1.com/news/6063.html">"Singapore confirms 2008 night race"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. 11 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/news/6063.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+confirms+2008+night+race&amp;rft.pub=Formula+One&amp;rft.date=2007-05-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fnews%2F6063.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-1stStreet-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1stStreet_431-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118105330/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/11/7101.html">"SingTel to sponsor first Singapore Grand Prix"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. 16 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2007/11/7101.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SingTel+to+sponsor+first+Singapore+Grand+Prix&amp;rft.pub=Formula+One&amp;rft.date=2007-11-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2F2007%2F11%2F7101.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Oi, Mariko (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/sports/big-read-keep-roaring-spore-f1-needs-raise-its-game">"The Big Read: To keep roaring for S'pore, F1 needs to raise its game"</a>. <i>TODAYonline</i>. Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TODAYonline&amp;rft.atitle=The+Big+Read%3A+To+keep+roaring+for+S%E2%80%99pore%2C+F1+needs+to+raise+its+game&amp;rft.date=2013-04-23&amp;rft.aulast=Oi&amp;rft.aufirst=Mariko&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fsports%2Fbig-read-keep-roaring-spore-f1-needs-raise-its-game&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Singapore_to_host_first_edition_of_the_Youth_Olympic_Games_in_2010-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_to_host_first_edition_of_the_Youth_Olympic_Games_in_2010_433-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311003132/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/media_centre/press_release_uk.asp?release=2492">"Singapore to host first edition of the Youth Olympic Games in 2010"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>. 21 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/media_centre/press_release_uk.asp?release=2492">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+to+host+first+edition+of+the+Youth+Olympic+Games+in+2010&amp;rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&amp;rft.date=2008-02-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fuk%2Fnews%2Fmedia_centre%2Fpress_release_uk.asp%3Frelease%3D2492&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-03-11/news/sns-rt-mixed-martial-artsonefc-pixl3n0c308o-20130310_1_manila-ufc-heavyweight-champions-main-event">"Mixed martial arts-ONE FC returning to Manila in May"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mixed+martial+arts-ONE+FC+returning+to+Manila+in+May&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2013-03-11%2Fnews%2Fsns-rt-mixed-martial-artsonefc-pixl3n0c308o-20130310_1_manila-ufc-heavyweight-champions-main-event&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-freedomhouse_a-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse_a_435-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse_a_435-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&amp;country=7915&amp;year=2010">"Country Report 2010 Edition"</a>. Freedom House. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Report+2010+Edition&amp;rft.pub=Freedom+House&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26country%3D7915%26year%3D2010&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009125256/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/silverlight-tv-guide.aspx">"TV listings"</a>. XIN MSN. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/silverlight-tv-guide.aspx">the original</a> on 9 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TV+listings&amp;rft.pub=XIN+MSN&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.xin.msn.com%2Fen%2Ftv%2Fsilverlight-tv-guide.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714155808/http://www.mda.gov.sg/Policies/PoliciesandContentGuidelines/TV/Pages/CableTV.aspx">"Cable Television"</a>. XIN MSN. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/TV/Pages/CableTV.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cable+Television&amp;rft.pub=XIN+MSN&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mda.gov.sg%2FPOLICIES%2FPOLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES%2FTV%2FPages%2FCableTV.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714144133/http://www.mda.gov.sg/Policies/PoliciesandContentGuidelines/TV/Pages/IPTV.aspx">"Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)"</a>. XIN MSN. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mda.gov.sg/POLICIES/POLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES/TV/Pages/IPTV.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol+Television+%28IPTV%29&amp;rft.pub=XIN+MSN&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mda.gov.sg%2FPOLICIES%2FPOLICIESANDCONTENTGUIDELINES%2FTV%2FPages%2FIPTV.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC_Media-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Media_440-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1143240.stm">"Singapore country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Singapore+country+profile&amp;rft.date=2010-11-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1143240.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details">"2015 World Press Freedom Index"</a>. Reporters Without Borders. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2015+World+Press+Freedom+Index&amp;rft.pub=Reporters+Without+Borders&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findex.rsf.org%2F%23%21%2Findex-details&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mica-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mica_442-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910233826/http://www.mica.gov.sg/mica_business/b_media.html">"Media: Overview"</a>. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. 16 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mica.gov.sg/mica_business/b_media.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Media%3A+Overview&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information%2C+Communications+and+the+Arts&amp;rft.date=2005-03-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mica.gov.sg%2Fmica_business%2Fb_media.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/">"Internet Users by Country (July 2016 estimate)"</a>. <i>Internet Live States</i>. July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>. <q>Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Population Division, Internet &amp; Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), World Bank.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Live+States&amp;rft.atitle=Internet+Users+by+Country+%28July+2016+estimate%29&amp;rft.date=2016-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetlivestats.com%2Finternet-users-by-country%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl><ul><li><i>This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/">Singapore Department of Statistics</a></span>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.</i></li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
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<li><cite class="citation book">King, Rodney (2008). <i>The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality</i>. Insight Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9775567-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9775567-0-0">978-0-9775567-0-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Miracle%2C+Myth+and+Reality&amp;rft.pub=Insight+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9775567-0-0&amp;rft.aulast=King&amp;rft.aufirst=Rodney&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, R.S. (2002). <i>Singapore Politics: Under the People's Action Party</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24653-8">978-0-415-24653-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Singapore+Politics%3A+Under+the+People%27s+Action+Party&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-24653-8&amp;rft.au=Mauzy%2C+Diane+K.&amp;rft.au=Milne%2C+R.S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Tan, Kenneth Paul (2007). <i>Renaissance Singapore? Economy, Culture, and Politics</i>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-377-0">978-9971-69-377-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+Singapore%3F+Economy%2C+Culture%2C+and+Politics&amp;rft.pub=NUS+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-9971-69-377-0&amp;rft.au=Tan%2C+Kenneth+Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li>Lee Kuan Yew (2000). <i>From Third World To First: The Singapore Story: 1965–2000</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019776-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019776-5">0-06-019776-5</a>.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Worthington, Ross (2002). <i>Governance in Singapore</i>. Routledge/Curzon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1474-2">978-0-7007-1474-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Governance+in+Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Routledge%2FCurzon&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1474-2&amp;rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ross&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Leow Bee Geok (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127000711/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf"><i>Census of Population (2000)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Singapore: Department of Statistics. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6158-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-04-6158-4">978-981-04-6158-4</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/cop2000admin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+%282000%29&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-04-6158-4&amp;rft.au=Leow+Bee+Geok&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fpubn%2Fpopn%2Fcop2000admin.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mot.gov.sg/">"Key Facts &amp; Figures"</a>. <i>Ministry of Transport, Singapore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Transport%2C+Singapore&amp;rft.atitle=Key+Facts+%26+Figures&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mot.gov.sg%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421003417/http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx">"Nation's History"</a>. <i>Singapore Infomap</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app.www.sg/who/4/Our-History.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infomap&amp;rft.atitle=Nation%27s+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.www.sg%2Fwho%2F4%2FOur-History.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823024237/http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm">"MOE-PRIME"</a>. <i>Programme For Rebuilding and Improving Existing schools (PRIME)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/prime/prime.htm">the original</a> on 23 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Programme+For+Rebuilding+and+Improving+Existing+schools+%28PRIME%29&amp;rft.atitle=MOE-PRIME&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Fprime%2Fprime.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216012051/http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm">"Eight More Schools to Benefit from Upgrading"</a> (Press release). Ministry of Education. 14 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.sg/press/2007/pr20070214.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Eight+More+Schools+to+Benefit+from+Upgrading&amp;rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education&amp;rft.date=2007-02-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.sg%2Fpress%2F2007%2Fpr20070214.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingapore" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_bottom pagelib_collapse_table_icon" style="display: none;">Close</div></div></div></div><div id="section_heading_and_content_block_35"><div class="pagelib_edit_section_header" id="External_links"><h2 class="pagelib_edit_section_title" data-id="35">External links</h2><span class="pagelib_edit_section_link_container"><a href="WMFEditPencil" data-id="35" data-action="edit_section" class="pagelib_edit_section_link"></a></span></div><div id="content_block_35" class="content_block"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_container"><div class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapsed_container pagelib_collapse_table_expanded" style="display: block;"><strong>More information</strong><span class="pagelib_collapse_table_collapse_text">: External links …</span></div><table style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; display: none;"><tbody><tr><th>External links</th></tr><tr><td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
<div style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Singapore</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a>
</div>
<ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Singapore">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Singapore">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Singapore">News</a> from Wikinews</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Singapore">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Singapore">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Singapore">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Singapore#Q334" class="extiw" title="voy:Singapore">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Singapore" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Singapore">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334" class="extiw" title="d:Q334">Data</a> from Wikidata</span>
</li>
</ul></div>
<dl><dt>Government</dt></dl><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.sg/">Singapore Government Online Portal</a></li></ul><dl><dt>General information</dt></dl><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085722/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/singapore.htm">Singapore</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Singapore">Singapore</a> at <a href="/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15961759">Singapore profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545725">Singapore</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Singapore" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Singapore">Wikimedia Atlas of Singapore</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="wmfapp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-srcset-disabled="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" class="pagelib_theme_image_presumes_white_background"> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/536780">Singapore</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=1345015&amp;x=103819427&amp;z=11&amp;l=0&amp;m=a">WikiSatellite view of Singapore at WikiMapia</a></li></ul>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Singapore&amp;params=1.3_N_103.8_E_type:country_dim:60km_region:SG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°18′N</span> <span class="longitude">103°48′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.3°N 103.8°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.3; 103.8</span></span></span></a></span></span></span>
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