<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none" about="#mwt4" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[129,186,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"short description","href":"./Template:Short_description"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"44th president of the United States"}},"i":0}}]}'>44th president of the United States</div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description" about="#mwt4" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Category:Articles_with_short_description"},"sa":{"href":"Category:articles with short description"}}'/>
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#FFF">This article is part of <br/>a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama"><span style="color:
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Electoral history</a></li></ul>
<hr/>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois State Senator</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senator from Illinois</a></li></ul>
<hr/>
<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">44th President of the United States</div>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Foreign trips</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Barack_Obama#Personnel" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judges</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Campaign for the Presidency</a>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 general election</a></li>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">1st inauguration</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama's_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq">Iraq Withdrawal</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><ul><li>Timeline: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)">'09</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2010)">'10</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2011)">'11</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2012)">'12</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 general election</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2nd inauguration</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immigration_reform_in_the_United_States#Obama's_executive_actions_of_November_2014" title="Immigration reform in the United States">Immigration executive action</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran deal</a></li>
<ul><li><ul><li>Timeline: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2013)">'13</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2014)">'14</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2015)">'15</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2016)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2016)">'16</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama_(2017)" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2017)">'17</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Coalition_for_a_Democratic_Majority" title="Coalition for a Democratic Majority">Coalition for a Democratic Majority</a></li>
<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE OBAMA'S NAME. --><p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[2182,2767,0,0]}'><b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[2182,2211,3,3]}'>Barack Hussein Obama II</b> (<span class="nowrap" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[2213,2306,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"audio","named":true},{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"},{"k":"3"},{"k":"4"},{"k":"5"},{"k":"6"},{"k":"7"},{"k":"8"},{"k":"9"},{"k":"10"},{"k":"11"},{"k":"12"},{"k":"13"},{"k":"14"},{"k":"15"},{"k":"16"},{"k":"17"},{"k":"18"},{"k":"19"},{"k":"20"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPAc-en","href":"./Template:IPAc-en"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"b"},"2":{"wt":"ə"},"3":{"wt":"ˈ"},"4":{"wt":"r"},"5":{"wt":"ɑː"},"6":{"wt":"k"},"7":{"wt":"_"},"8":{"wt":"h"},"9":{"wt":"uː"},"10":{"wt":"ˈ"},"11":{"wt":"s"},"12":{"wt":"eɪ"},"13":{"wt":"n"},"14":{"wt":"_"},"15":{"wt":"oʊ"},"16":{"wt":"ˈ"},"17":{"wt":"b"},"18":{"wt":"ɑː"},"19":{"wt":"m"},"20":{"wt":"ə"},"audio":{"wt":"En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg"}},"i":0}}]}'><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span> <wbr/><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span> <wbr/><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><figure-inline typeof="mw:Image" data-mw='{"caption":"About this sound"}'><a href="./File:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg"><img resource="./File:Loudspeaker.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" data-file-type="drawing" height="11" width="11"/></a></figure-inline></span><a rel="mw:MediaLink" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" resource="./Media:En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg" title="En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg">listen</a></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats"/></span>)</span></span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations_(English)" about="#mwt12" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations_(English)"},"sa":{"href":"Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations (English)"}}'/>;<sup about="#mwt152" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[2307,2408,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[1]</span></a></sup> born August 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./President_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"president of the United States"},"dsr":[2492,2526,2,2]}'>president of the United States</a> from 2009 to 2017. A member of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic Party (United States)"},"dsr":[2562,2615,35,2]}'>Democratic Party</a>, he was the first <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./African_American" title="African American" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./African_American"},"sa":{"href":"African American"},"dsr":[2634,2654,2,2]}'>African American</a> to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./U.S._senator" title="U.S. senator" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./U.S._senator"},"sa":{"href":"U.S. senator"},"dsr":[2714,2730,2,2]}'>U.S. senator</a> from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois" title="Illinois" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Illinois"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois"},"dsr":[2736,2748,2,2]}'>Illinois</a> from 2005 to 2008.</p><!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE FROM "AFRICAN AMERICAN", per consensus. See discussions and FAQ (Q2) on the talk page. -->
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[2885,4338,0,0]}'>Obama was born in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Honolulu" title="Honolulu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Honolulu"},"sa":{"href":"Honolulu"},"dsr":[2903,2915,2,2]}'>Honolulu</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hawaii" title="Hawaii" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hawaii"},"sa":{"href":"Hawaii"},"dsr":[2917,2927,2,2]}'>Hawaii</a>. After graduating from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Columbia_University" title="Columbia University" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Columbia_University"},"sa":{"href":"Columbia University"},"dsr":[2951,2974,2,2]}'>Columbia University</a> in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago" title="Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago"},"dsr":[3022,3033,2,2]}'>Chicago</a>. In 1988, he enrolled in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harvard_Law_School"},"sa":{"href":"Harvard Law School"},"dsr":[3059,3081,2,2]}'>Harvard Law School</a>, where he was the first black president of the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[3129,3155,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harvard_Law_Review"},"sa":{"href":"Harvard Law Review"},"dsr":[3131,3153,2,2]}'>Harvard Law Review</a></i>. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Chicago_Law_School"},"sa":{"href":"University of Chicago Law School"},"dsr":[3261,3297,2,2]}'>University of Chicago Law School</a> from 1992 to 2004. He <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[3320,3408,41,2]}'>represented the 13th district for three terms</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Illinois_Senate"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois Senate"},"dsr":[3416,3435,2,2]}'>Illinois Senate</a> from 1997 to 2004, when he <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004"},"dsr":[3463,3538,50,2]}'>ran for the U.S. Senate</a>. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2004_Democratic_National_Convention"},"sa":{"href":"2004 Democratic National Convention"},"dsr":[3630,3700,38,2]}'>Democratic National Convention</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address"},"sa":{"href":"2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address"},"dsr":[3701,3772,54,2]}'>keynote address</a>, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2008" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008"},"dsr":[3878,3935,43,2]}'>his campaign</a> began and after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008"},"dsr":[3952,4026,48,2]}'>a close primary campaign</a> against <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hillary_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Hillary Clinton"},"dsr":[4035,4054,2,2]}'>Hillary Clinton</a>. He was <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_presidential_election,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"United States presidential election, 2008"},"dsr":[4063,4116,44,2]}'>elected</a> over <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Republican_Party_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Republican Party (United States)"},"dsr":[4122,4169,35,2]}'>Republican</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_McCain" title="John McCain" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./John_McCain"},"sa":{"href":"John McCain"},"dsr":[4170,4185,2,2]}'>John McCain</a> and was <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"First inauguration of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[4194,4244,37,2]}'>inaugurated</a> on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize"},"sa":{"href":"2009 Nobel Peace Prize"},"dsr":[4302,4328,2,2]}'>2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate.</p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[4340,5723,0,0]}'>During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills into law. The main reforms were the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},"dsr":[4447,4493,2,2]}'>Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (often referred to as "Obamacare", shortened as the "Affordable Care Act"), the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dodd–Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dodd–Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act"},"dsr":[4574,4635,2,2]}'>Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>, and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010"},"dsr":[4645,4689,2,2]}'>Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>. The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},"sa":{"href":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009"},"dsr":[4695,4745,2,2]}'>American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010"},"dsr":[4750,4834,2,2]}'>Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> served as economic stimulus amidst the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Great_Recession" title="Great Recession" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Great_Recession"},"sa":{"href":"Great Recession"},"dsr":[4874,4893,2,2]}'>Great Recession</a>. After a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, he signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Budget_Control_Act_of_2011"},"sa":{"href":"Budget Control Act of 2011"},"dsr":[4962,5007,29,2]}'>Budget Control</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012"},"sa":{"href":"American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012"},"dsr":[5016,5086,39,2]}'>American Taxpayer Relief Acts</a>. In foreign policy, he increased U.S. troop levels in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–14)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–14)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–14)"},"sa":{"href":"War in Afghanistan (2001–14)"},"dsr":[5141,5185,31,2]}'>Afghanistan</a>, reduced nuclear weapons with the United States–Russia <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./New_START" title="New START" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./New_START"},"sa":{"href":"New START"},"dsr":[5241,5254,2,2]}'>New START</a> treaty, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq"},"sa":{"href":"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq"},"dsr":[5267,5333,38,2]}'>ended military involvement</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Iraq_War"},"sa":{"href":"Iraq War"},"dsr":[5341,5353,2,2]}'>Iraq War</a>. He ordered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"},"sa":{"href":"2011 military intervention in Libya"},"dsr":[5366,5435,38,2]}'>military involvement in Libya</a> in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi; Gaddafi was <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi"},"sa":{"href":"Death of Muammar Gaddafi"},"dsr":[5482,5541,27,2]}'>killed by NATO-assisted forces</a>. He also ordered the military operations that resulted in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},"sa":{"href":"death of Osama bin Laden"},"dsr":[5600,5658,27,2]}'>the deaths of Osama bin Laden</a> and suspected Yemeni <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Al-Qaeda"},"sa":{"href":"Al-Qaeda"},"dsr":[5680,5692,2,2]}'>Al-Qaeda</a> operative <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Anwar_al-Awlaki"},"sa":{"href":"Anwar al-Awlaki"},"dsr":[5703,5722,2,2]}'>Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.</p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[5725,7935,0,0]}'>After winning <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_presidential_election,_2012"},"sa":{"href":"United States presidential election, 2012"},"dsr":[5739,5796,44,2]}'>re-election</a> by defeating Republican opponent <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mitt_Romney"},"sa":{"href":"Mitt Romney"},"dsr":[5830,5845,2,2]}'>Mitt Romney</a>, Obama was <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"Second inauguration of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[5857,5923,38,2]}'>sworn in for a second term</a> in 2013. During this term, he promoted inclusiveness for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LGBT_American" title="LGBT American" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./LGBT_American"},"sa":{"href":"LGBT American"},"dsr":[5981,5999,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>LGBT Americans</a>. His administration filed briefs that urged the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Supreme Court of the United States"},"dsr":[6048,6100,37,2]}'>Supreme Court</a> to strike down <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Same-sex marriage in the United States"},"dsr":[6116,6176,41,2]}'>same-sex marriage</a> bans as unconstitutional (<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[6203,6235,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_v._Windsor"},"sa":{"href":"United States v. Windsor"},"dsr":[6205,6233,2,2]}'>United States v. Windsor</a></i> and <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[6240,6268,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Obergefell_v._Hodges"},"sa":{"href":"Obergefell v. Hodges"},"dsr":[6242,6266,2,2]}'>Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>); same-sex marriage was fully <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Same-sex marriage in the United States"},"dsr":[6299,6351,41,2]}'>legalized</a> in 2015 after the Court ruled that a same-sex marriage ban was unconstitutional in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[6435,6474,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Obergefell_v._Hodges"},"sa":{"href":"Obergefell v. Hodges"},"dsr":[6437,6472,23,2]}'>Obergefell</a></i>. He advocated for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Gun politics in the United States"},"dsr":[6493,6542,36,2]}'>gun control</a> in response to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"},"sa":{"href":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"},"dsr":[6562,6603,2,2]}'>Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, indicating support for a ban on assault weapons, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Climate_change" title="Climate change" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Climate_change"},"sa":{"href":"climate change"},"dsr":[6707,6725,2,2]}'>climate change</a> and immigration. In foreign policy, he ordered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)"},"sa":{"href":"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)"},"dsr":[6773,6855,51,2]}'>military intervention in Iraq</a> in response to gains made by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ISIL" title="ISIL" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./ISIL"},"sa":{"href":"ISIL"},"dsr":[6885,6893,2,2]}'>ISIL</a> after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Afghanistan"},"sa":{"href":"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan"},"dsr":[6956,7047,45,2]}'>ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan</a> in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Paris_Agreement"},"sa":{"href":"Paris Agreement"},"dsr":[7099,7118,2,2]}'>Paris Agreement</a> on global climate change, initiated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis" title="International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis"},"sa":{"href":"International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis"},"dsr":[7155,7235,54,2]}'>sanctions against Russia</a> following the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014–present)" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014–present)"},"sa":{"href":"Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)"},"dsr":[7250,7329,58,2]}'>invasion in Ukraine</a> and again after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"},"sa":{"href":"Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections"},"dsr":[7346,7406,2,2]}'>Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections</a>, brokered a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action"},"dsr":[7419,7480,37,2]}'>nuclear deal with Iran</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States–Cuban_Thaw" title="United States–Cuban Thaw" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States–Cuban_Thaw"},"sa":{"href":"United States–Cuban Thaw"},"dsr":[7486,7550,27,2]}'>normalized U.S. relations with Cuba</a>. During his term in office, America's reputation in global polling significantly improved.<sup about="#mwt561" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7641,7935,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-2"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-2" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 2;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[2]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7938,9185,0,0]}'>Evaluations of his presidency among historians and the general public place him among <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys"},"sa":{"href":"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#Notable scholar surveys"},"dsr":[8024,8121,81,2]}'>the upper tier</a> of American presidents. Obama left office and retired in January 2017 and currently resides in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C." data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Washington,_D.C."},"sa":{"href":"Washington, D.C."},"dsr":[8217,8237,2,2]}'>Washington, D.C.</a><sup about="#mwt566" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8237,8520,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-3" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 3;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[3]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt22" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8520,8601,81,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 4;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[4]</span></a></sup> A December 2018 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gallup's_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll" title="Gallup's most admired man and woman poll" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Gallup's_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll"},"sa":{"href":"Gallup's most admired man and woman poll"},"dsr":[8618,8674,43,2]}'>Gallup poll</a> found Obama to be the most admired man in America for an unprecedented 11th consecutive year, although <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},"sa":{"href":"Dwight D. Eisenhower"},"dsr":[8778,8802,2,2]}'>Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was selected most admired in twelve non-consecutive years.<sup about="#mwt585" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8861,9185,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-5"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-5" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 5;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[5]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2 id="Early_life_and_career" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9204,9231,2,2]}'>Early life and career</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt24" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[9232,9278,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Early life and career of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9279,14937,0,0]}'>Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<sup about="#mwt598" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-biography_6-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9312,9679,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"biography"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-biography-6"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-biography-6" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 6;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[6]</span></a></sup> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" title="Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children"},"sa":{"href":"Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children"},"dsr":[9683,9734,2,2]}'>Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Honolulu" title="Honolulu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Honolulu"},"sa":{"href":"Honolulu"},"dsr":[9738,9750,2,2]}'>Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.<sup about="#mwt44" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-birth-certificate_7-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9759,9791,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"birth-certificate"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 7;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[7]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt594" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-maraniss_8-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9791,10144,21,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"maraniss"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-maraniss-8"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-maraniss-8" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 8;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[8]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt614" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[10144,10442,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-9"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-9" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 9;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[9]</span></a></sup> He is the only president who was born outside of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Contiguous_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"contiguous United States"},"dsr":[10496,10545,27,2]}'>contiguous 48 states</a>.<sup about="#mwt619" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_10-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[10546,10902,32,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BarretoO'Bryant2013"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 10;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[10]</span></a></sup> He was born to a white mother and a black father. His mother, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ann_Dunham"},"sa":{"href":"Ann Dunham"},"dsr":[10965,10979,2,2]}'>Ann Dunham</a> (1942–1995), was born in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Wichita,_Kansas"},"sa":{"href":"Wichita, Kansas"},"dsr":[11005,11024,2,2]}'>Wichita, Kansas</a>; she was mostly of English descent,<sup about="#mwt57" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[11060,11097,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-11" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 11;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[11]</span></a></sup> with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh ancestry.<sup about="#mwt754" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[11159,13540,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-12" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 12;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[12]</span></a></sup> His father, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr." data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_Sr."},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama Sr."},"dsr":[13553,13573,2,2]}'>Barack Obama Sr.</a> (1936–1982), was a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania" title="Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Luo_people_of_Kenya_and_Tanzania"},"sa":{"href":"Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania"},"dsr":[13593,13640,35,2]}'>Luo Kenyan</a> man from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nyang'oma_Kogelo" title="Nyang'oma Kogelo" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nyang'oma_Kogelo"},"sa":{"href":"Nyang'oma Kogelo"},"dsr":[13650,13670,2,2]}'>Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russian_language" title="Russian language" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Russian_language"},"sa":{"href":"Russian language"},"dsr":[13705,13725,2,2]}'>Russian language</a> class at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa" title="University of Hawaii at Manoa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa"},"sa":{"href":"University of Hawaii at Manoa"},"dsr":[13739,13772,2,2]}'>University of Hawaii at Manoa</a>, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.<sup about="#mwt636" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Jones_2007_13-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[13830,14311,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Jones 2007"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Jones_2007-13"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Jones_2007-13" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 13;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[13]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt71" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14311,14474,39,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 14;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[14]</span></a></sup> The couple married in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Wailuku,_Hawaii" title="Wailuku, Hawaii" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Wailuku,_Hawaii"},"sa":{"href":"Wailuku, Hawaii"},"dsr":[14497,14516,2,2]}'>Wailuku, Hawaii</a>, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<sup about="#mwt632" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Ripley_2008_15-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14572,14844,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Ripley 2008"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ripley_2008-15"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Ripley_2008-15" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 15;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[15]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt66" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14844,14937,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-16"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-16" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 16;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[16]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14939,17684,0,0]}'>In late August 1961 (only a few weeks after he was born), Barack and his mother moved to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Washington"},"sa":{"href":"University of Washington"},"dsr":[15032,15060,2,2]}'>University of Washington</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Seattle" title="Seattle" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Seattle"},"sa":{"href":"Seattle"},"dsr":[15064,15075,2,2]}'>Seattle</a>, where they lived for a year. During that time, the elder Obama completed his undergraduate degree in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Economics" title="Economics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Economics"},"sa":{"href":"economics"},"dsr":[15178,15191,2,2]}'>economics</a> in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He then left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_University" title="Harvard University" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harvard_University"},"sa":{"href":"Harvard University"},"dsr":[15287,15309,2,2]}'>Harvard University</a>, where he earned an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Master_of_Arts"},"sa":{"href":"Master of Arts"},"dsr":[15330,15353,17,2]}'>M.A.</a> in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<sup about="#mwt73" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15407,15531,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-17" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 17;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[17]</span></a></sup> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.<sup about="#mwt63" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-18" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15698,15770,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-18"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-18" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 18;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[18]</span></a></sup> He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas time in 1971,<sup about="#mwt75" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-19" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15837,15963,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-19" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 19;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[19]</span></a></sup> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<sup about="#mwt659" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-20" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[16048,16818,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-20" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 20;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[20]</span></a></sup> Recalling his early childhood, Obama said, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind."<sup about="#mwt55" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_14-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[17005,17046,41,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 14;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[14]</span></a></sup> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<sup about="#mwt701" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-21" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[17151,17684,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-21"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-21" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 21;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[21]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[17686,18433,0,0]}'>In 1963, Dunham met <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Lolo_Soetoro"},"sa":{"href":"Lolo Soetoro"},"dsr":[17706,17722,2,2]}'>Lolo Soetoro</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Hawaii" title="University of Hawaii" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Hawaii"},"sa":{"href":"University of Hawaii"},"dsr":[17730,17754,2,2]}'>University of Hawaii</a>; he was an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Native_Indonesian" title="Native Indonesian" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Native_Indonesian"},"sa":{"href":"Native Indonesian"},"dsr":[17766,17798,20,2]}'>Indonesian</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./East–West_Center" title="East–West Center" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./East–West_Center"},"sa":{"href":"East–West Center"},"dsr":[17799,17819,2,2]}'>East–West Center</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Graduate_student" title="Graduate student" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Graduate_student"},"sa":{"href":"graduate student"},"dsr":[17820,17840,2,2]}'>graduate student</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Geography" title="Geography" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Geography"},"sa":{"href":"geography"},"dsr":[17844,17857,2,2]}'>geography</a>. The couple married on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Molokai" title="Molokai" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Molokai"},"sa":{"href":"Molokai"},"dsr":[17881,17892,2,2]}'>Molokai</a> on March 15, 1965.<sup about="#mwt77" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-22" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[17911,17988,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-22" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 22;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[22]</span></a></sup> After two one-year extensions of his <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./J-1_visa" title="J-1 visa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./J-1_visa"},"sa":{"href":"J-1 visa"},"dsr":[18026,18038,2,2]}'>J-1 visa</a>, Lolo returned to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Indonesia" title="Indonesia" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Indonesia"},"sa":{"href":"Indonesia"},"dsr":[18057,18070,2,2]}'>Indonesia</a> in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tebet,_South_Jakarta" title="Tebet, South Jakarta" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Tebet,_South_Jakarta"},"sa":{"href":"Tebet, South Jakarta"},"dsr":[18206,18236,23,2]}'>Tebet</a> subdistrict of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./South_Jakarta"},"sa":{"href":"south Jakarta"},"dsr":[18252,18269,2,2]}'>south Jakarta</a>. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Menteng" title="Menteng" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Menteng"},"sa":{"href":"Menteng"},"dsr":[18328,18339,2,2]}'>Menteng</a> subdistrict of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Central_Jakarta"},"sa":{"href":"central Jakarta"},"dsr":[18355,18374,2,2]}'>central Jakarta</a>.<sup about="#mwt68" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-23" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18375,18433,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-23"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-23" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 23;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[23]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18453,20496,0,0]}'>Obama started out in St. Francis Pre-Education from age three to five. From age six to ten, he then attended local <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Indonesian_Language" title="Indonesian Language" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Indonesian_Language"},"sa":{"href":"Indonesian Language"},"dsr":[18569,18612,22,2]}'>Indonesian-language</a> schools: <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18622,18670,2,2]}'>Sekolah Dasar Katolik Santo Fransiskus Asisi</i> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./St._Francis_of_Assisi" title="St. Francis of Assisi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./St._Francis_of_Assisi"},"sa":{"href":"St. Francis of Assisi"},"dsr":[18672,18697,2,2]}'>St. Francis of Assisi</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Catholic" title="Catholic" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Catholic"},"sa":{"href":"Catholic"},"dsr":[18698,18710,2,2]}'>Catholic</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Elementary_School" title="Elementary School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Elementary_School"},"sa":{"href":"Elementary School"},"dsr":[18711,18732,2,2]}'>Elementary School</a>) for two years and <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18752,18787,2,2]}'>Sekolah Dasar Negeri Menteng 01</i> (State Elementary School Menteng 01/<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Besuki_Public_School" title="Besuki Public School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Besuki_Public_School"},"sa":{"href":"Besuki Public School"},"dsr":[18824,18848,2,2]}'>Besuki Public School</a>) for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Calvert_School" title="Calvert School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Calvert_School"},"sa":{"href":"Calvert School"},"dsr":[18909,18927,2,2]}'>Calvert School</a> homeschooling by his mother.<sup about="#mwt103" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-24" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18956,19011,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-24"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-24" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 24;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[24]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt748" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-25" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19011,19277,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-25" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 25;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[25]</span></a></sup> As a result of those four years in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jakarta" title="Jakarta" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jakarta"},"sa":{"href":"Jakarta"},"dsr":[19313,19324,2,2]}'>Jakarta</a>, he was able to speak <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Indonesian_language"},"sa":{"href":"Indonesian language"},"dsr":[19347,19381,22,2]}'>Indonesian</a> fluently as a child.<sup about="#mwt768" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-26" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19402,19609,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-26"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-26" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 26;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[26]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt90" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-in_Jakarta_27-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19609,19634,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"in Jakarta"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-27" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[27]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt762" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-in_Jakarta2_28-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19634,19931,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"in Jakarta2"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-in_Jakarta2-28"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta2-28" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 28;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[28]</span></a></sup> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<sup about="#mwt775" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-29" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20078,20496,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-29"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-29" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 29;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[29]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20498,22600,0,0]}'>In 1971, Obama returned to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Honolulu" title="Honolulu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Honolulu"},"sa":{"href":"Honolulu"},"dsr":[20525,20537,2,2]}'>Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal grandparents, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Madelyn_Dunham"},"sa":{"href":"Madelyn Dunham"},"dsr":[20578,20604,17,2]}'>Madelyn</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Stanley_Armour_Dunham"},"sa":{"href":"Stanley Armour Dunham"},"dsr":[20609,20649,24,2]}'>Stanley Dunham</a>. He attended <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Punahou_School" title="Punahou School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Punahou_School"},"sa":{"href":"Punahou School"},"dsr":[20663,20681,2,2]}'>Punahou School</a>— a private <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University-preparatory_school" title="University-preparatory school" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./University-preparatory_school"},"sa":{"href":"University-preparatory school"},"dsr":[20693,20753,32,2]}'>college preparatory school</a>— with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until he graduated from high school in 1979.<sup about="#mwt792" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-30" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20846,21461,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-30"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-30" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 30;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[30]</span></a></sup> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".<sup about="#mwt788" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-31" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21511,21739,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-31" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 31;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[31]</span></a></sup> Obama lived with his mother and half-sister, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Maya_Soetoro-Ng"},"sa":{"href":"Maya Soetoro-Ng"},"dsr":[21785,21817,18,2]}'>Maya Soetoro</a>, in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Anthropology" title="Anthropology" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Anthropology"},"sa":{"href":"anthropology"},"dsr":[21906,21922,2,2]}'>anthropology</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Hawaii" title="University of Hawaii" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Hawaii"},"sa":{"href":"University of Hawaii"},"dsr":[21930,21954,2,2]}'>University of Hawaii</a>.<sup about="#mwt142" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-32" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21955,22024,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-32"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-32" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 32;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[32]</span></a></sup> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Punahou_School" title="Punahou School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Punahou_School"},"sa":{"href":"Punahou School"},"dsr":[22096,22122,17,2]}'>Punahou</a> when his mother and half-sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<sup about="#mwt144" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-33" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22235,22313,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-33"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-33" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 33;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[33]</span></a></sup> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PhD" title="PhD" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./PhD"},"sa":{"href":"PhD"},"dsr":[22411,22418,2,2]}'>PhD</a> degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Ovarian_cancer"},"sa":{"href":"ovarian cancer"},"dsr":[22503,22529,17,2]}'>ovarian</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Uterine_cancer"},"sa":{"href":"uterine cancer"},"dsr":[22534,22552,2,2]}'>uterine cancer</a>.<sup about="#mwt116" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-34" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22553,22600,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-34"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-34" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 34;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[34]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22602,25755,0,0]}'>Obama later reflected on his years in Honolulu and wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered – to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect – became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<sup about="#mwt781" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-35" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22860,23287,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-35"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-35" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 35;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[35]</span></a></sup> Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Marijuana" title="Marijuana" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Marijuana"},"sa":{"href":"marijuana"},"dsr":[23343,23356,2,2]}'>marijuana</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cocaine" title="Cocaine" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cocaine"},"sa":{"href":"cocaine"},"dsr":[23362,23373,2,2]}'>cocaine</a> during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<sup about="#mwt812" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-36" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[23447,23948,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-36"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-36" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 36;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[36]</span></a></sup> Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<sup about="#mwt910" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-37" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24083,25578,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-37"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-37" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 37;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[37]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt817" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-38" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[25578,25755,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-38"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-38" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 38;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[38]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[25757,29700,0,0]}'>After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Occidental_College" title="Occidental College" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Occidental_College"},"sa":{"href":"Occidental College"},"dsr":[25837,25859,2,2]}'>Occidental College</a>. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Disinvestment_from_South_Africa"},"sa":{"href":"disinvestment from South Africa"},"dsr":[25960,25995,2,2]}'>disinvestment from South Africa</a> in response to that nation's policy of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Apartheid" title="Apartheid" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Apartheid"},"sa":{"href":"apartheid"},"dsr":[26035,26048,2,2]}'>apartheid</a>.<sup about="#mwt137" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Occidental_39-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[26049,26074,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Occidental"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-39" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 39;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[39]</span></a></sup> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.<sup about="#mwt139" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Occidental_39-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[26240,26265,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Occidental"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-39" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 39;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[39]</span></a></sup> Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Columbia_College,_Columbia_University"},"sa":{"href":"Columbia College, Columbia University"},"dsr":[26311,26372,40,2]}'>Columbia University</a> in New York City, where he majored in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Political_science" title="Political science" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Political_science"},"sa":{"href":"political science"},"dsr":[26411,26432,2,2]}'>political science</a> with a specialty in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_relations" title="International relations" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./International_relations"},"sa":{"href":"international relations"},"dsr":[26453,26480,2,2]}'>international relations</a><sup about="#mwt825" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-40" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[26480,26912,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-40"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-40" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 40;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[40]</span></a></sup> and in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./English_literature" title="English literature" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./English_literature"},"sa":{"href":"English literature"},"dsr":[26920,26942,2,2]}'>English literature</a><sup about="#mwt848" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-41" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[26942,27167,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-41"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-41" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 41;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[41]</span></a></sup> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<sup about="#mwt859" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[27210,27380,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-42"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-42" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 42;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[42]</span></a></sup> He graduated with a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Bachelor_of_Arts"},"sa":{"href":"Bachelor of Arts"},"dsr":[27401,27424,19,2]}'>BA</a> degree in 1983 and worked for about a year at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Business_International_Corporation" title="Business International Corporation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Business_International_Corporation"},"sa":{"href":"Business International Corporation"},"dsr":[27475,27513,2,2]}'>Business International Corporation</a>, where he was a financial researcher and writer,<sup about="#mwt832" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-43" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[27562,27808,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-43"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-43" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 43;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[43]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt924" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-44" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[27808,28724,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-44"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-44" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 44;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[44]</span></a></sup> then as a project coordinator for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="New York Public Interest Research Group" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./New_York_Public_Interest_Research_Group"},"sa":{"href":"New York Public Interest Research Group"},"dsr":[28763,28806,2,2]}'>New York Public Interest Research Group</a> on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./City_College_of_New_York"},"sa":{"href":"City College of New York"},"dsr":[28814,28842,2,2]}'>City College of New York</a> campus for three months in 1985.<sup about="#mwt881" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-45" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[28875,29219,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-45"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-45" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 45;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[45]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt871" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29219,29438,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Who's Who 2008"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 46;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[46]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt894" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-47" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29438,29700,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-47"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-47" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 47;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[47]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3 id="Family_and_personal_life" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29702,29734,3,3]}'>Family and personal life</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt154" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[29735,29766,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Family of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family of Barack Obama</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama posing in the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009"}],"dsr":[29767,29959,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg/220px-Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama_family_portrait_in_the_Green_Room.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,29957,null,null]}'>Obama posing in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Green_Room_(White_House)"},"sa":{"href":"Green Room (White House)"},"dsr":[29844,29883,27,2]}'>Green Room</a> of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29960,34478,0,0]}'>In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Family_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"family of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[30016,30062,25,2]}'>his extended family</a>: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bernie_Mac" title="Bernie Mac" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bernie_Mac"},"sa":{"href":"Bernie Mac"},"dsr":[30149,30163,2,2]}'>Bernie Mac</a>, and I've got relatives who look like <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Margaret_Thatcher"},"sa":{"href":"Margaret Thatcher"},"dsr":[30202,30223,2,2]}'>Margaret Thatcher</a>."<sup about="#mwt661" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-48" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[30225,30468,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-48"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-48" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 48;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[48]</span></a></sup> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Maya_Soetoro-Ng"},"sa":{"href":"Maya Soetoro-Ng"},"dsr":[30518,30537,2,2]}'>Maya Soetoro-Ng</a>, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<sup about="#mwt717" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-49" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[30676,31455,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-49"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-49" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 49;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[49]</span></a></sup> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Madelyn_Dunham"},"sa":{"href":"Madelyn Dunham"},"dsr":[31511,31529,2,2]}'>Madelyn Dunham</a>,<sup about="#mwt677" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-50" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[31530,31973,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-50"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-50" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 50;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[50]</span></a></sup> until her death on November 2, 2008,<sup about="#mwt675" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-51" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32010,32405,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-51"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-51" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 51;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[51]</span></a></sup> two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Moneygall" title="Moneygall" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Moneygall"},"sa":{"href":"Moneygall"},"dsr":[32520,32533,2,2]}'>Moneygall</a> in May 2011.<sup about="#mwt719" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-52" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32546,32795,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-52"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-52" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 52;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[52]</span></a></sup> In <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32799,32824,2,2]}'>Dreams from My Father</i>, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jefferson_Davis"},"sa":{"href":"Jefferson Davis"},"dsr":[32928,32947,2,2]}'>Jefferson Davis</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},"sa":{"href":"President of the Confederate States of America"},"dsr":[32949,32999,2,2]}'>President of the Confederate States of America</a> during the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./American_Civil_War"},"sa":{"href":"American Civil War"},"dsr":[33011,33033,2,2]}'>American Civil War</a>. He also shares distant ancestors in common with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George W. Bush"},"dsr":[33083,33101,2,2]}'>George W. Bush</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dick_Cheney"},"sa":{"href":"Dick Cheney"},"dsr":[33106,33121,2,2]}'>Dick Cheney</a>, among others.<sup about="#mwt721" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-53" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[33136,34478,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-53"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-53" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 53;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[53]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama with [[Jonathan Toews]] and the [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[Chicago Blackhawks]], 2010"}],"dsr":[34480,34615,2,2]}'><a href="./File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg/220px-BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" data-file-type="bitmap" height="142" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg","height":"142","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,34613,null,null]}'>Obama with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jonathan_Toews" title="Jonathan Toews" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jonathan_Toews"},"sa":{"href":"Jonathan Toews"},"dsr":[34533,34551,2,2]}'>Jonathan Toews</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Stanley_Cup"},"sa":{"href":"Stanley Cup"},"dsr":[34560,34575,2,2]}'>Stanley Cup</a> champion <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Blackhawks"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Blackhawks"},"dsr":[34585,34607,2,2]}'>Chicago Blackhawks</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[34616,38336,0,0]}'>Obama is a supporter of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_White_Sox"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago White Sox"},"dsr":[34644,34665,2,2]}'>Chicago White Sox</a>, and he threw out the first pitch at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2005_American_League_Championship_Series" title="2005 American League Championship Series" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2005_American_League_Championship_Series"},"sa":{"href":"2005 American League Championship Series"},"dsr":[34707,34761,43,2]}'>2005 ALCS</a> when he was still a senator.<sup about="#mwt740" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-54" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[34790,35218,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-54"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-54" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 54;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[54]</span></a></sup> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2009_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},"sa":{"href":"2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game"},"dsr":[35275,35333,43,2]}'>All-Star Game</a> while wearing a White Sox jacket.<sup about="#mwt738" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-55" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[35367,35688,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-55"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-55" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 55;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[55]</span></a></sup> He is also primarily a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Bears"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Bears"},"dsr":[35712,35729,2,2]}'>Chicago Bears</a> football fan in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Football_League" title="National Football League" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./National_Football_League"},"sa":{"href":"National Football League"},"dsr":[35750,35782,27,2]}'>NFL</a>, but in his childhood and adolescence was a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Steeler_Nation" title="Steeler Nation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Steeler_Nation"},"sa":{"href":"Steeler Nation"},"dsr":[35827,35876,17,2]}'>fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers</a>, and rooted for them ahead of their victory in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Super_Bowl_XLIII"},"sa":{"href":"Super Bowl XLIII"},"dsr":[35924,35944,2,2]}'>Super Bowl XLIII</a> 12 days after he took office as president.<sup about="#mwt736" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Steelers_56-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[35987,36350,21,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Steelers"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Steelers-56"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Steelers-56" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 56;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[56]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Obama invited the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1985_Chicago_Bears_season" title="1985 Chicago Bears season" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./1985_Chicago_Bears_season"},"sa":{"href":"1985 Chicago Bears season"},"dsr":[36378,36426,28,2]}'>1985 Chicago Bears</a> to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Super_Bowl_XX"},"sa":{"href":"Super Bowl XX"},"dsr":[36500,36532,16,2]}'>Super Bowl win</a> in 1986 due to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"},"sa":{"href":"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"},"dsr":[36552,36589,2,2]}'>Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a>.<sup about="#mwt734" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-57" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[36590,37161,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-57"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-57" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 57;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[57]</span></a></sup> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team,<sup about="#mwt756" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-58" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[37256,37980,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-58"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-58" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 58;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[58]</span></a></sup> and he is left-handed.<sup about="#mwt770" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-59" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[38003,38336,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-59"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-59" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 59;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[59]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama."},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama taking a left-handed [[Jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]] during a [[pickup game]] on the White House basketball court, 2009"}],"dsr":[38338,38699,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama." resource="./File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg/170px-Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="3500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="255" width="170" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_playing_basketball_with_members_of_Congress_and_Cabinet_secretaries_2.jpg","height":"255","width":"170"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama playing basketball with members of Congress and Cabinet secretaries 2.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,38697,null,null]}'>Obama taking a left-handed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jump_shot_(basketball)" title="Jump shot (basketball)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Jump_shot_(basketball)"},"sa":{"href":"Jump shot (basketball)"},"dsr":[38594,38630,25,2]}'>jump shot</a> during a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pickup_game" title="Pickup game" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pickup_game"},"sa":{"href":"pickup game"},"dsr":[38640,38655,2,2]}'>pickup game</a> on the White House basketball court, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[38701,39836,0,0]}'>Obama lived with anthropologist <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager"},"sa":{"href":"Sheila Miyoshi Jager"},"dsr":[38733,38757,2,2]}'>Sheila Miyoshi Jager</a> while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<sup about="#mwt850" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_60-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[38817,39205,41,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"theindependentbeforemichelle"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 60;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[60]</span></a></sup> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<sup about="#mwt192" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_60-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39279,39322,43,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"theindependentbeforemichelle"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 60;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[60]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt873" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_61-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39322,39690,42,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 61;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[61]</span></a></sup> The relationship was only made public in May 2017, several months after Obama's presidency had ended.<sup about="#mwt194" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_61-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39792,39836,44,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 61;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[61]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39838,43316,0,0]}'>In June 1989, Obama met <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Michelle_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"Michelle Obama"},"dsr":[39862,39898,17,2]}'>Michelle Robinson</a> when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sidley_Austin"},"sa":{"href":"Sidley Austin"},"dsr":[39969,39986,2,2]}'>Sidley Austin</a>.<sup about="#mwt852" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-62" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[39987,40404,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-62"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-62" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 62;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[62]</span></a></sup> Robinson was assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, and she joined him at several group social functions but declined his initial requests to date.<sup about="#mwt212" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-63" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[40571,40603,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-63"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-63" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 63;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[63]</span></a></sup> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<sup about="#mwt854" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-64" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[40701,41119,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-64"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-64" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 64;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[64]</span></a></sup> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,<sup about="#mwt896" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-65" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[41177,41595,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-65"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-65" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 65;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[65]</span></a></sup> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.<sup about="#mwt926" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-66" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[41654,41916,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-66"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-66" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 66;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[66]</span></a></sup> The Obama daughters attended the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools"},"sa":{"href":"University of Chicago Laboratory Schools"},"dsr":[41950,41994,2,2]}'>University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sidwell_Friends_School" title="Sidwell Friends School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sidwell_Friends_School"},"sa":{"href":"Sidwell Friends School"},"dsr":[42075,42101,2,2]}'>Sidwell Friends School</a>.<sup about="#mwt928" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-67" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[42102,42495,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-67"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-67" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 67;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[67]</span></a></sup> The Obamas have two <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Portuguese_Water_Dog" title="Portuguese Water Dog" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Portuguese_Water_Dog"},"sa":{"href":"Portuguese Water Dog"},"dsr":[42516,42541,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>Portuguese Water Dogs</a>; the first, a male named <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Bo_(dog)"},"sa":{"href":"Bo (dog)"},"dsr":[42567,42582,11,2]}'>Bo</a>, was a gift from Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ted_Kennedy"},"sa":{"href":"Ted Kennedy"},"dsr":[42608,42623,2,2]}'>Ted Kennedy</a>.<sup about="#mwt914" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-68" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[42624,42882,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-68"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-68" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 68;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[68]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Bo was joined by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Sunny_(dog)"},"sa":{"href":"Sunny (dog)"},"dsr":[42909,42930,14,2]}'>Sunny</a>, a female.<sup about="#mwt912" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Feldmann_69-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[42941,43316,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Feldmann"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Feldmann-69"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Feldmann-69" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 69;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[69]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the [[LBJ Presidential Library]], 2014"}],"dsr":[43318,43454,2,2]}'><a href="./File:DIG13623-230.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:DIG13623-230.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DIG13623-230.jpg/170px-DIG13623-230.jpg" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="3137" data-file-type="bitmap" height="189" width="170" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:DIG13623-230.jpg","height":"189","width":"170"},"sa":{"resource":"File:DIG13623-230.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,43452,null,null]}'>Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LBJ_Presidential_Library" title="LBJ Presidential Library" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./LBJ_Presidential_Library"},"sa":{"href":"LBJ Presidential Library"},"dsr":[43418,43446,2,2]}'>LBJ Presidential Library</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[43455,44467,0,0]}'>In 2005, the family applied the proceeds of a book deal and moved from a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hyde_Park,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Hyde Park, Chicago"},"dsr":[43528,43550,2,2]}'>Hyde Park, Chicago</a> condominium to a $1.6<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[43572,43578,null,null]}'> </span>million house (equivalent to $<span about="#mwt216" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"},{"k":"3"},{"k":"r","named":true}]],"dsr":[43608,43637,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Inflation","href":"./Template:Inflation"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"US"},"2":{"wt":"1.6"},"3":{"wt":"2005"},"r":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}'>2.1</span><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[43637,43643,null,null]}'> </span>million in <span about="#mwt217" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]],"dsr":[43654,43675,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Inflation-year","href":"./Template:Inflation-year"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"US"}},"i":0}}]}'>2018</span>) in neighboring <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Kenwood,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Kenwood, Chicago"},"dsr":[43692,43712,2,2]}'>Kenwood, Chicago</a>.<sup about="#mwt935" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-70" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[43713,44159,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-70"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-70" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 70;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[70]</span></a></sup> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tony_Rezko" title="Tony Rezko" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tony_Rezko"},"sa":{"href":"Tony Rezko"},"dsr":[44276,44290,2,2]}'>Tony Rezko</a>—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<sup about="#mwt220" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-corruption_charges_71-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[44434,44467,33,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"corruption charges"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-71" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 71;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[71]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[44469,47993,0,0]}'>In December 2007, <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[44487,44526,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Money_(magazine)" title="Money (magazine)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Money_(magazine)"},"sa":{"href":"Money (magazine)"},"dsr":[44489,44524,19,2]}'>Money Magazine</a></i> estimated Obama's net worth at $1.3<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[44562,44568,null,null]}'> </span>million (equivalent to $<span about="#mwt228" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"},{"k":"3"},{"k":"r","named":true}]],"dsr":[44592,44621,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Inflation","href":"./Template:Inflation"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"US"},"2":{"wt":"1.3"},"3":{"wt":"2007"},"r":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}'>1.6</span><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[44621,44627,null,null]}'> </span>million in <span about="#mwt229" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]],"dsr":[44638,44659,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Inflation-year","href":"./Template:Inflation-year"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"US"}},"i":0}}]}'>2018</span>) .<sup about="#mwt1022" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-72" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[44662,45385,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-72"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-72" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 72;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[72]</span></a></sup> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[45441,45447,null,null]}'> </span>million—up from about $4.2<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[45473,45479,null,null]}'> </span>million in 2007 and $1.6<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[45503,45509,null,null]}'> </span>million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<sup about="#mwt1050" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-73" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[45556,45995,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-73"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-73" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 73;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[73]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1048" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-74" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[45995,46341,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-74"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-74" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 74;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[74]</span></a></sup> On his 2010 income of $1.7<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[46368,46374,null,null]}'> </span>million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fisher_House_Foundation" title="Fisher House Foundation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Fisher_House_Foundation"},"sa":{"href":"Fisher House Foundation"},"dsr":[46446,46473,2,2]}'>Fisher House Foundation</a>, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<sup about="#mwt1098" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-75" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[46602,47051,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-75"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-75" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 75;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[75]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1100" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-76" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47051,47613,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-76"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-76" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 76;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[76]</span></a></sup> Per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[47682,47688,null,null]}'> </span>million.<sup about="#mwt1113" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-networth12_77-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47696,47993,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"networth12"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-networth12-77"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-networth12-77" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 77;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[77]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47995,48553,0,0]}'>In early 2010, Michelle spoke about her husband's smoking habit and said that Barack had quit smoking.<sup about="#mwt248" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-reuters-smoking_78-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[48097,48337,28,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"reuters-smoking"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-reuters-smoking-78"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-reuters-smoking-78" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 78;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[78]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt250" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-79" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[48337,48553,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-79"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-79" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 79;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[79]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[48555,49660,0,0]}'>On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Glamour_(magazine)"},"sa":{"href":"Glamour (magazine)"},"dsr":[48618,48652,21,2]}'><i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[48639,48650,2,2]}'>Glamour</i></a>, in which he described how his daughters and the presidency have made him a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Feminist" title="Feminist" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Feminist"},"sa":{"href":"feminist"},"dsr":[48729,48741,2,2]}'>feminist</a>.<sup about="#mwt1120" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-80" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[48742,49061,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-80"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-80" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 80;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[80]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1127" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-81" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[49061,49318,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-81"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-81" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 81;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[81]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1141" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-82" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[49318,49660,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-82"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-82" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 82;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[82]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[49688,50489,0,0]}'>Obama is a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Protestant" title="Protestant" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Protestant"},"sa":{"href":"Protestant"},"dsr":[49699,49713,2,2]}'>Protestant</a> Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life.<sup about="#mwt261" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Christian_83-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[49774,49798,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Christian"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-83" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 83;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[83]</span></a></sup> He wrote in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[49811,49839,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_Audacity_of_Hope"},"sa":{"href":"The Audacity of Hope"},"dsr":[49813,49837,2,2]}'>The Audacity of Hope</a></i> that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He described his father as a "confirmed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Atheism" title="Atheism" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Atheism"},"sa":{"href":"Atheism"},"dsr":[50102,50121,10,2]}'>atheist</a>" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Black_church" title="Black church" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Black_church"},"sa":{"href":"black church"},"dsr":[50269,50287,2,4],"tail":"es"}'>black churches</a> as a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Community_organizing" title="Community organizing" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Community_organizing"},"sa":{"href":"Community organizing"},"dsr":[50293,50337,23,2]}'>community organizer</a> while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<sup about="#mwt263" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-social_change_84-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[50461,50489,28,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"social change"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-84" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 84;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[84]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"The Obamas worship at [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in Washington, D.C., January 2013"}],"dsr":[50491,50646,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2675" data-file-type="bitmap" height="146" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obamas_at_church_on_Inauguration_Day_2013.jpg","height":"146","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obamas at church on Inauguration Day 2013.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,50644,null,null]}'>The Obamas worship at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},"sa":{"href":"African Methodist Episcopal Church"},"dsr":[50572,50610,2,2]}'>African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in Washington, D.C., January 2013</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[50647,52607,0,0]}'>In January 2008, Obama told <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[50675,50701,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Christianity_Today"},"sa":{"href":"Christianity Today"},"dsr":[50677,50699,2,2]}'>Christianity Today</a></i>: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Redeemer_(Christianity)"},"sa":{"href":"Redeemer (Christianity)"},"dsr":[50768,50812,26,2]}'>redemptive death</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Resurrection_of_Jesus"},"sa":{"href":"resurrection of Jesus"},"dsr":[50817,50842,2,2]}'>resurrection of Jesus</a> Christ. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<sup about="#mwt1158" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-85" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[50933,51215,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-85"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-85" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 85;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[85]</span></a></sup> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying, "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't – frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead – being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Golden_Rule"},"sa":{"href":"Golden Rule"},"dsr":[51716,51770,14,2]}'>treating others as they would treat me</a>."<sup about="#mwt1133" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-APbychoice_86-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[51772,52263,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"APbychoice"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-APbychoice-86"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-APbychoice-86" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 86;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[86]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1151" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_87-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52263,52607,29,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ABCVideobychoice"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-87"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-87" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 87;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[87]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52609,54389,0,0]}'>Obama met <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ" title="Trinity United Church of Christ" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Trinity_United_Church_of_Christ"},"sa":{"href":"Trinity United Church of Christ"},"dsr":[52619,52654,2,2]}'>Trinity United Church of Christ</a> pastor Rev. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jeremiah_Wright" title="Jeremiah Wright" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jeremiah_Wright"},"sa":{"href":"Jeremiah Wright"},"dsr":[52667,52686,2,2]}'>Jeremiah Wright</a> in October 1987 and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<sup about="#mwt280" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Trinity_88-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52742,52764,22,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Trinity"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-88" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 88;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[88]</span></a></sup> During Obama's first presidential campaign in May 2008, he resigned from Trinity after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Jeremiah_Wright_controversy"},"sa":{"href":"Jeremiah Wright controversy"},"dsr":[52852,52927,30,2]}'>some of Wright's statements were criticized</a>.<sup about="#mwt1149" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-89" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[52928,53157,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-89"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-89" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 89;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[89]</span></a></sup> Since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, the Obama family has attended several Protestant churches, including <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Shiloh_Baptist_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)"},"sa":{"href":"Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)"},"dsr":[53270,53336,43,2]}'>Shiloh Baptist Church</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./St._John's_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./St._John's_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square"},"sa":{"href":"St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square"},"dsr":[53341,53418,48,2]}'>St. John's Episcopal Church</a>, as well as Evergreen Chapel at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Camp_David" title="Camp David" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Camp_David"},"sa":{"href":"Camp David"},"dsr":[53451,53465,2,2]}'>Camp David</a>, but the members of the family do not attend church on a regular basis.<sup about="#mwt282" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-90" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[53537,53827,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-90"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-90" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 90;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[90]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt284" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-91" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[53827,54150,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-91"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-91" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 91;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[91]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt286" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-92" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54150,54389,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-92"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-92" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 92;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[92]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Community_organizer_and_Harvard_Law_School" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54411,54463,4,4]}'>Community organizer and Harvard Law School</h4>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54464,58240,0,0]}'>Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was back in Chicago when he was hired as director of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Developing_Communities_Project" title="Developing Communities Project" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Developing_Communities_Project"},"sa":{"href":"Developing Communities Project"},"dsr":[54569,54603,2,2]}'>Developing Communities Project</a>, a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Roseland,_Chicago" title="Roseland, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Roseland,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Roseland, Chicago"},"dsr":[54692,54722,20,2]}'>Roseland</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./West_Pullman,_Chicago" title="West Pullman, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./West_Pullman,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"West Pullman, Chicago"},"dsr":[54724,54762,24,2]}'>West Pullman</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Riverdale,_Chicago" title="Riverdale, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Riverdale,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Riverdale, Chicago"},"dsr":[54768,54800,21,2]}'>Riverdale</a> on Chicago's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./South_Side,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"South Side, Chicago"},"dsr":[54814,54848,22,2]}'>South Side</a>. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<sup about="#mwt299" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54918,54947,29,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Who's Who 2008"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 46;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[46]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1279" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-93" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54947,55825,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-93"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-93" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 93;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[93]</span></a></sup> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)" title="Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Altgeld_Gardens_Homes_(Chicago,_Illinois)"},"sa":{"href":"Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)"},"dsr":[55945,56006,44,2]}'>Altgeld Gardens</a>.<sup about="#mwt1303" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_94-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[56007,57001,30,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 1990a"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-94"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-94" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 94;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[94]</span></a></sup> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gamaliel_Foundation" title="Gamaliel Foundation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Gamaliel_Foundation"},"sa":{"href":"Gamaliel Foundation"},"dsr":[57059,57082,2,2]}'>Gamaliel Foundation</a>, a community organizing institute.<sup about="#mwt1241" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-95" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[57117,57721,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-95"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-95" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 95;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[95]</span></a></sup> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations" title="Family of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Family_of_Barack_Obama#Paternal_relations"},"sa":{"href":"Family of Barack Obama#Paternal relations"},"dsr":[57851,57915,44,2]}'>paternal relatives</a> for the first time.<sup about="#mwt1231" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Obama_2012_96-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[57935,58165,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Obama 2012"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Obama_2012-96"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Obama_2012-96" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 96;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[96]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt306" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-97" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[58165,58240,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-97"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-97" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 97;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[97]</span></a></sup></p>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em" about="#mwt304" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[58241,58875,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"float","named":true,"spc":[" "," "," "," "]},{"k":"video1","named":true,"spc":[" "," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"external media ","href":"./Template:External_media"},"params":{"float":{"wt":"right"},"video1":{"wt":"[http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|Boston TV Digital Archive]]<ref name=\"wgbh\">[http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N \"Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard\"], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] (WGBH and the [[Library of Congress]]), Boston and Washington, D.C.. Retrieved September 23, 2016.</ref> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25."}},"i":0}}]}'><caption>External video</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><figure-inline typeof="mw:Image"><span><img alt="" resource="./File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" data-file-type="drawing" height="16" width="16"/></span></figure-inline> <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N">Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard</a>, April 24, 1990, 11:34, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">Boston TV Digital Archive</a><sup about="#mwt1277" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-wgbh_98-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"wgbh"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-wgbh-98"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-wgbh-98" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 98;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[98]</span></a></sup> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[58877,63975,0,0]}'>Obama entered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harvard_Law_School"},"sa":{"href":"Harvard Law School"},"dsr":[58891,58913,2,2]}'>Harvard Law School</a> in the fall of 1988, living in nearby <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Somerville,_Massachusetts"},"sa":{"href":"Somerville, Massachusetts"},"dsr":[58952,58981,2,2]}'>Somerville, Massachusetts</a>.<sup about="#mwt1297" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-99" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[58982,59350,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-99"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-99" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 99;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[99]</span></a></sup> He was selected as an editor of the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59387,59413,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harvard_Law_Review"},"sa":{"href":"Harvard Law Review"},"dsr":[59389,59411,2,2]}'>Harvard Law Review</a></i> at the end of his first year,<sup about="#mwt1332" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_100-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59443,60337,29,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 2007"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-100"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-100" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 100;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[100]</span></a></sup> president of the journal in his second year,<sup about="#mwt326" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_94-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[60382,60414,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 1990a"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-94" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 94;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[94]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1433" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_101-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[60414,62421,30,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 1990b"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-101"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-101" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 101;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[101]</span></a></sup> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Laurence_Tribe"},"sa":{"href":"Laurence Tribe"},"dsr":[62475,62493,2,2]}'>Laurence Tribe</a> while at Harvard for two years.<sup about="#mwt1330" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-102" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[62525,62559,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-102"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-102" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 102;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[102]</span></a></sup> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Associate_attorney" title="Associate attorney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Associate_attorney"},"sa":{"href":"Associate attorney"},"dsr":[62626,62658,21,2]}'>associate</a> at the law firms of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sidley_Austin" title="Sidley Austin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sidley_Austin"},"sa":{"href":"Sidley Austin"},"dsr":[62679,62696,2,2]}'>Sidley Austin</a> in 1989 and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hopkins_&_Sutter" title="Hopkins & Sutter" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hopkins_&_Sutter"},"sa":{"href":"Hopkins & Sutter"},"dsr":[62709,62729,2,2]}'>Hopkins & Sutter</a> in 1990.<sup about="#mwt1340" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-103" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[62738,63060,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-103"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-103" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 103;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[103]</span></a></sup> After graduating with a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Juris_Doctor"},"sa":{"href":"Juris Doctor"},"dsr":[63085,63104,15,2]}'>JD</a> degree <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63112,63135,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Magna_cum_laude" title="Magna cum laude" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Magna_cum_laude"},"sa":{"href":"magna cum laude"},"dsr":[63114,63133,2,2]}'>magna cum laude</a></i><sup about="#mwt328" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Juris_Doctor_104-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63135,63162,27,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Juris Doctor"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-104" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 104;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[104]</span></a></sup> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<sup about="#mwt330" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_2007_100-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63208,63239,31,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 2007"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_2007-100" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 100;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[100]</span></a></sup> Obama's election as the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_African-American_firsts" title="List of African-American firsts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./List_of_African-American_firsts"},"sa":{"href":"List of African-American firsts"},"dsr":[63264,63351,34,2]}'>first black president of the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63327,63349,2,2]}'>Harvard Law Review</i></a> gained national media attention<sup about="#mwt332" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990a_94-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63383,63415,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 1990a"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-94" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 94;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[94]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt334" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Harvard_Law_1990b_101-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63415,63447,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Harvard Law 1990b"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-101" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 101;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[101]</span></a></sup> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<sup about="#mwt1338" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_105-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63525,63836,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Scott 2008a"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Scott_2008a-105"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-105" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 105;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[105]</span></a></sup> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63919,63948,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dreams_from_My_Father"},"sa":{"href":"Dreams from My Father"},"dsr":[63921,63946,2,2]}'>Dreams from My Father</a></i>.<sup about="#mwt336" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_105-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63949,63975,26,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Scott 2008a"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-105" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 105;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[105]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Chicago_Law_School_and_civil_rights_attorney" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[63977,64031,4,4]}'>Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney</h4>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[64032,65305,0,0]}'>In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Chicago_Law_School"},"sa":{"href":"University of Chicago Law School"},"dsr":[64121,64157,2,2]}'>University of Chicago Law School</a> to work on his first book.<sup about="#mwt350" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Scott_2008a_105-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[64184,64210,26,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Scott 2008a"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott_2008a-105" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 105;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[105]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt352" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Fellow_106-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[64210,64231,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Fellow"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-106" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 106;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[106]</span></a></sup> He then taught <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Constitutional_law"},"sa":{"href":"constitutional law"},"dsr":[64247,64269,2,2]}'>constitutional law</a> at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lecturer" title="Lecturer" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Lecturer"},"sa":{"href":"lecturer"},"dsr":[64339,64351,2,2]}'>lecturer</a> from 1992 to 1996, and then as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<sup about="#mwt1442" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-107" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[64419,65305,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-107"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-107" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 107;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[107]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[65307,65696,0,0]}'>From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Project_Vote" title="Project Vote" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Project_Vote"},"sa":{"href":"Project Vote"},"dsr":[65361,65377,2,2]}'>Project Vote</a>, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Voter_registration_campaign" title="Voter registration campaign" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Voter_registration_campaign"},"sa":{"href":"voter registration campaign"},"dsr":[65381,65412,2,2]}'>voter registration campaign</a> with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[65579,65611,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Crain's_Chicago_Business" title="Crain's Chicago Business" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Crain's_Chicago_Business"},"sa":{"href":"Crain's Chicago Business"},"dsr":[65581,65609,2,2]}'>Crain's Chicago Business</a></i> to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<sup about="#mwt358" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Forty_108-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[65676,65696,20,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Forty"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-108" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 108;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[108]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[65698,67945,0,0]}'>He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Of_counsel" title="Of counsel" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Of_counsel"},"sa":{"href":"of counsel"},"dsr":[65910,65924,2,2]}'>of counsel</a> from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[65992,66038,2,2]}'>Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank</i>, 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<sup about="#mwt1444" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-109" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[66062,66391,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-109"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-109" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 109;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[109]</span></a></sup> This <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Class-action_lawsuit" title="Class-action lawsuit" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Class-action_lawsuit"},"sa":{"href":"Class-action lawsuit"},"dsr":[66397,66442,23,2]}'>class action lawsuit</a> was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Equal Credit Opportunity Act"},"dsr":[66598,66630,2,2]}'>Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fair_Housing_Act" title="Fair Housing Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Fair_Housing_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Fair Housing Act"},"dsr":[66639,66659,2,2]}'>Fair Housing Act</a>.<sup about="#mwt1466" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-110" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[66660,66895,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-110"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-110" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 110;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[110]</span></a></sup> The case was settled out of court.<sup about="#mwt1453" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-111" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[66930,67231,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-111"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-111" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 111;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[111]</span></a></sup> Final judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<sup about="#mwt1468" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-112" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[67340,67654,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-112"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-112" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 112;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[112]</span></a></sup> His law license became inactive in 2007.<sup about="#mwt1501" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-113" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[67695,67920,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-113"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-113" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 113;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[113]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt373" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-DavisMiner_114-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[67920,67945,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"DavisMiner"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-114" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 114;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[114]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[67947,68390,0,0]}'>From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Woods_Fund_of_Chicago" title="Woods Fund of Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Woods_Fund_of_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Woods Fund of Chicago"},"dsr":[68013,68038,2,2]}'>Woods Fund of Chicago</a>—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joyce_Foundation" title="Joyce Foundation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joyce_Foundation"},"sa":{"href":"Joyce Foundation"},"dsr":[68137,68157,2,2]}'>Joyce Foundation</a>.<sup about="#mwt378" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[68158,68187,29,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Who's Who 2008"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 46;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[46]</span></a></sup> He served on the board of directors of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge" title="Chicago Annenberg Challenge" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Annenberg_Challenge"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Annenberg Challenge"},"dsr":[68231,68262,2,2]}'>Chicago Annenberg Challenge</a> from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<sup about="#mwt380" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[68361,68390,29,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Who's Who 2008"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 46;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[46]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Illinois_State_Senator_(1997–2004)" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[68420,68464,4,4]}'><span id="Illinois_State_Senator_.281997.E2.80.932004.29" typeof="mw:FallbackId" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[68424,68424]}'></span>Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt382" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[68465,68512,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"right","ak":"right"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after [[ShoreBank]] co-founder Milton Davis in 1998"}],"dsr":[68513,68682,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Obamamiltondavis1.jpg/220px-Obamamiltondavis1.jpg" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="450" data-file-type="bitmap" height="202" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg","height":"202","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,68680,null,null]}'>State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ShoreBank" title="ShoreBank" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./ShoreBank"},"sa":{"href":"ShoreBank"},"dsr":[68635,68648,2,2]}'>ShoreBank</a> co-founder Milton Davis in 1998</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[68683,73381,0,0]}'>Obama was elected to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Illinois_Senate"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois Senate"},"dsr":[68708,68727,2,2]}'>Illinois Senate</a> in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alice_Palmer_(politician)" title="Alice Palmer (politician)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Alice_Palmer_(politician)"},"sa":{"href":"Alice Palmer (politician)"},"dsr":[68773,68815,28,2]}'>Alice Palmer</a> from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hyde_Park,_Chicago" title="Hyde Park, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Hyde_Park,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Hyde Park, Chicago"},"dsr":[68914,68946,21,2]}'>Hyde Park</a>–<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kenwood,_Chicago" title="Kenwood, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Kenwood,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Kenwood, Chicago"},"dsr":[68947,68975,19,2]}'>Kenwood</a> south to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./South_Shore,_Chicago" title="South Shore, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./South_Shore,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"South Shore, Chicago"},"dsr":[68985,69021,23,2]}'>South Shore</a> and west to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago" title="Chicago Lawn, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Lawn,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Lawn, Chicago"},"dsr":[69034,69072,24,2]}'>Chicago Lawn</a>.<sup about="#mwt1615" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-115" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[69073,70371,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-115"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-115" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 115;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[115]</span></a></sup> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<sup about="#mwt1538" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-116" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[70476,71605,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-116"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-116" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 116;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[116]</span></a></sup> He sponsored a law that increased <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tax_credit" title="Tax credit" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tax_credit"},"sa":{"href":"tax credit"},"dsr":[71640,71655,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>tax credits</a> for low-income workers, negotiated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Welfare_reform"},"sa":{"href":"welfare reform"},"dsr":[71691,71709,2,2]}'>welfare reform</a>, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<sup about="#mwt1540" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Scott20070730_117-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[71758,72194,26,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Scott20070730"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Scott20070730-117"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-117" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 117;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[117]</span></a></sup> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Payday_loan" title="Payday loan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Payday_loan"},"sa":{"href":"payday loan"},"dsr":[72321,72336,2,2]}'>payday loan</a> regulations and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Predatory_lending"},"sa":{"href":"Predatory lending"},"dsr":[72353,72401,20,2]}'>predatory mortgage lending</a> regulations aimed at averting home <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Foreclosure"},"sa":{"href":"foreclosure"},"dsr":[72437,72453,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>foreclosures</a>.<sup about="#mwt1631" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-118" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[72454,73381,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-118"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-118" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 118;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[118]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[73383,74514,0,0]}'>He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was re-elected again in 2002.<sup about="#mwt1629" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-119" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[73525,74220,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-119"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-119" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 119;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[119]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he lost a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois's_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Illinois's_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000"},"dsr":[74240,74320,55,2]}'>Democratic primary race</a> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois's_1st_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Illinois's_1st_congressional_district"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois's 1st congressional district"},"dsr":[74325,74366,2,2]}'>Illinois's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_House_of_Representatives"},"sa":{"href":"United States House of Representatives"},"dsr":[74374,74416,2,2]}'>United States House of Representatives</a> to four-term incumbent <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bobby_Rush"},"sa":{"href":"Bobby Rush"},"dsr":[74440,74454,2,2]}'>Bobby Rush</a> by a margin of two to one.<sup about="#mwt401" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Democratic_primary_120-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[74481,74514,33,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Democratic primary"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-120" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 120;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[120]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[74516,78466,0,0]}'>In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<sup about="#mwt1657" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-121" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[74684,75159,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-121"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-121" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 121;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[121]</span></a></sup> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Racial_profiling"},"sa":{"href":"racial profiling"},"dsr":[75237,75257,2,2]}'>racial profiling</a> by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<sup about="#mwt415" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Scott20070730_117-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[75421,75449,28,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Scott20070730"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Scott20070730-117" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 117;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[117]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1675" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-122" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[75449,76970,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-122"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-122" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 122;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[122]</span></a></sup> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Capital punishment in the United States"},"dsr":[77136,77193,42,2]}'>death penalty</a> reforms.<sup about="#mwt1670" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-123" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[77202,77970,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-123"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-123" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 123;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[123]</span></a></sup> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<sup about="#mwt1686" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-124" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[78070,78466,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-124"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-124" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 124;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[124]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="2004_U.S._Senate_campaign" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[78468,78503,4,4]}'>2004 U.S. Senate campaign</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt422" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[78504,78559,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"2004 United States Senate election in Illinois"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004 United States Senate election in Illinois</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright=.5"},{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue."}],"dsr":[78560,78727,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County,_2004.svg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County,_2004.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg/110px-Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County%2C_2004.svg.png" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="337" data-file-type="drawing" height="198" width="110" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Illinois_Senate_Election_Results_by_County,_2004.svg","height":"198","width":"110"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Illinois Senate Election Results by County, 2004.svg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,78725,null,null]}'>County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue.</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[78728,79345,0,0]}'>In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)"},"sa":{"href":"David Axelrod (political consultant)"},"dsr":[78913,78967,39,2]}'>David Axelrod</a> by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<sup about="#mwt1733" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-125" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[79039,79345,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-125"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-125" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 125;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[125]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[79347,80343,0,0]}'>Obama was an early opponent of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George W. Bush"},"dsr":[79382,79400,2,2]}'>George W. Bush</a> administration's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},"sa":{"href":"2003 invasion of Iraq"},"dsr":[79418,79443,2,2]}'>2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<sup about="#mwt1772" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-126" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[79444,79857,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-126"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-126" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 126;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[126]</span></a></sup> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_Resolution" title="Iraq Resolution" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Iraq_Resolution"},"sa":{"href":"Iraq Resolution"},"dsr":[79928,79964,18,2]}'>joint resolution</a> authorizing the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Iraq_War"},"sa":{"href":"Iraq War"},"dsr":[79981,79993,2,2]}'>Iraq War</a>,<sup about="#mwt432" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Rose_Garden_127-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[79994,80020,26,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Rose Garden"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-127" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 127;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[127]</span></a></sup> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Protests_against_the_Iraq_War"},"sa":{"href":"Protests against the Iraq War"},"dsr":[80068,80121,32,2]}'>anti-Iraq War rally</a>,<sup about="#mwt434" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Federal_Plaza_128-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[80122,80150,28,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Federal Plaza"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-128" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 128;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[128]</span></a></sup> and spoke out against the war.<sup about="#mwt436" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-spoke_out_129-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[80181,80205,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"spoke out"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-129" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[129]</span></a></sup> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.<sup about="#mwt438" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-stop_the_war_130-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[80316,80343,27,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"stop the war"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-130" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 130;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[130]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[80345,81838,0,0]}'>Decisions by Republican incumbent <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Peter Fitzgerald (politician)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Peter_Fitzgerald_(politician)"},"sa":{"href":"Peter Fitzgerald (politician)"},"dsr":[80379,80429,32,2]}'>Peter Fitzgerald</a> and his Democratic predecessor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Carol_Moseley_Braun"},"sa":{"href":"Carol Moseley Braun"},"dsr":[80461,80484,2,2]}'>Carol Moseley Braun</a> to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving 15 candidates.<sup about="#mwt1892" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-131" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[80609,81065,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-131"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-131" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 131;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[131]</span></a></sup> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Democratic_National_Committee"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic National Committee"},"dsr":[81189,81248,32,2]}'>national Democratic Party</a>, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81337,81362,2,2]}'>Dreams from My Father</i>.<sup about="#mwt446" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-future_132-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81363,81384,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"future"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-132" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 132;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[132]</span></a></sup> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2004_Democratic_National_Convention"},"sa":{"href":"2004 Democratic National Convention"},"dsr":[81442,81481,2,2]}'>2004 Democratic National Convention</a>,<sup about="#mwt1778" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-133" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81482,81701,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-133"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-133" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 133;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[133]</span></a></sup> seen by 9.1<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[81713,81719,null,null]}'> </span>million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<sup about="#mwt448" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-status_134-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81817,81838,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"status"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-134" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 134;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[134]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81840,82786,0,0]}'>Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jack_Ryan_(politician)" title="Jack Ryan (politician)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Jack_Ryan_(politician)"},"sa":{"href":"Jack Ryan (politician)"},"dsr":[81917,81953,25,2]}'>Jack Ryan</a>, withdrew from the race in June 2004.<sup about="#mwt1782" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-135" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81991,82222,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-135"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-135" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 135;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[135]</span></a></sup> Six weeks later, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Alan_Keyes"},"sa":{"href":"Alan Keyes"},"dsr":[82240,82254,2,2]}'>Alan Keyes</a> accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<sup about="#mwt1809" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-136" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[82306,82642,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-136"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-136" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 136;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[136]</span></a></sup> In the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004"},"dsr":[82650,82732,50,2]}'>November 2004 general election</a>, Obama won with 70% of the vote.<sup about="#mwt455" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-margin_137-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[82765,82786,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"margin"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-137" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 137;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[137]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_(2005–08)" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[82788,82834,4,4]}'><span id="U.S._Senator_from_Illinois_.282005.E2.80.9308.29" typeof="mw:FallbackId" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[82792,82792]}'></span>U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt456" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[82835,82887,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"United States Senate career of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">United States Senate career of Barack Obama</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate"}],"dsr":[82888,83010,2,2]}'><a href="./File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BarackObamaportrait.jpg/170px-BarackObamaportrait.jpg" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" data-file-type="bitmap" height="213" width="170" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg","height":"213","width":"170"},"sa":{"resource":"File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,83008,null,null]}'>The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83011,83941,0,0]}'>Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<sup about="#mwt1824" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-138" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83062,83123,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-138"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-138" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 138;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[138]</span></a></sup> becoming the only Senate member of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Congressional_Black_Caucus"},"sa":{"href":"Congressional Black Caucus"},"dsr":[83163,83193,2,2]}'>Congressional Black Caucus</a>.<sup about="#mwt1822" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-139" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83194,83505,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-139"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-139" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 139;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[139]</span></a></sup> <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83506,83547,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Congressional_Quarterly"},"sa":{"href":"Congressional Quarterly"},"dsr":[83508,83545,26,2]}'>CQ Weekly</a></i> characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate"},"sa":{"href":"resignation from the United States Senate"},"dsr":[83697,83765,44,2]}'>resign his Senate seat</a> on November 16, 2008, before the start of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Lame_duck_(politics)"},"sa":{"href":"lame duck (politics)"},"dsr":[83812,83846,23,2]}'>lame-duck</a> session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<sup about="#mwt463" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-transition_period_140-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83909,83941,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"transition period"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-140" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 140;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[140]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[83943,84814,0,0]}'>A photo has emerged of then-Senator Obama standing with controversial <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nation_of_Islam"},"sa":{"href":"Nation of Islam"},"dsr":[84013,84032,2,2]}'>Nation of Islam</a> leader <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Louis_Farrakhan"},"sa":{"href":"Louis Farrakhan"},"dsr":[84040,84059,2,2]}'>Louis Farrakhan</a> during a 2005 Congressional Black Caucus meeting on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Capitol_Hill"},"sa":{"href":"Capitol Hill"},"dsr":[84112,84128,2,2]}'>Capitol Hill</a>.<sup about="#mwt468" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-141" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[84129,84324,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-141"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-141" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 141;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[141]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Farrakhan endorsed Obama's candidacy for President.<sup about="#mwt470" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-142" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[84385,84650,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-142"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-142" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 142;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[142]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt472" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-143" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[84650,84814,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-143"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-143" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 143;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[143]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt473" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[84840,84920,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_bills_sponsored_by_Barack_Obama_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate">List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[84921,87821,0,0]}'>Obama <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Sponsor_(legislative)"},"sa":{"href":"Sponsor (legislative)"},"dsr":[84927,84964,24,2]}'>cosponsored</a> the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act"},"dsr":[84969,85015,2,2]}'>Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act</a>.<sup about="#mwt1826" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-144" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[85016,85323,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-144"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-144" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 144;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[144]</span></a></sup> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nunn–Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nunn–Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction"},"sa":{"href":"Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction"},"dsr":[85406,85449,2,2]}'>Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> concept to conventional weapons;<sup about="#mwt2119" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-145" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[85482,86182,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-145"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-145" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 145;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[145]</span></a></sup> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" title="Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006"},"dsr":[86191,86254,2,2]}'>Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a>, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<sup about="#mwt1846" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-146" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[86351,87329,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-146"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-146" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 146;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[146]</span></a></sup> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tom_Carper"},"sa":{"href":"Tom Carper"},"dsr":[87381,87395,2,2]}'>Tom Carper</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tom_Coburn" title="Tom Coburn" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tom_Coburn"},"sa":{"href":"Tom Coburn"},"dsr":[87397,87411,2,2]}'>Tom Coburn</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_McCain" title="John McCain" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./John_McCain"},"sa":{"href":"John McCain"},"dsr":[87417,87432,2,2]}'>John McCain</a>—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<sup about="#mwt1904" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-147" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[87545,87821,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-147"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-147" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 147;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[147]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[87823,89111,0,0]}'>Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<sup about="#mwt1940" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-148" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[88046,88470,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-148"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-148" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 148;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[148]</span></a></sup> Regarding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tort_reform" title="Tort reform" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tort_reform"},"sa":{"href":"tort reform"},"dsr":[88481,88496,2,2]}'>tort reform</a>, Obama voted for the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005" title="Class Action Fairness Act of 2005" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Class_Action_Fairness_Act_of_2005"},"sa":{"href":"Class Action Fairness Act of 2005"},"dsr":[88518,88555,2,2]}'>Class Action Fairness Act of 2005</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008"},"sa":{"href":"Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008"},"dsr":[88564,88664,71,2]}'>FISA Amendments Act of 2008</a>, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001–07)" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001–07)"},"sa":{"href":"NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)"},"dsr":[88756,88826,41,2]}'>NSA warrantless wiretapping</a> operations.<sup about="#mwt1990" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Fisher_149-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[88838,89111,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Fisher"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Fisher-149"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fisher-149" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 149;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[149]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder."},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama and U.S. Senator [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<ref>{{cite web |title = Nunn–Lugar Report |date = August 2005 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |url = http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archivedate = May 1, 2008 |accessdate = April 30, 2008 }}</ref>"}],"dsr":[89112,89760,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Lugar-Obama.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder." resource="./File:Lugar-Obama.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="369" data-file-type="bitmap" height="164" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Lugar-Obama.jpg","height":"164","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Lugar-Obama.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,89758,null,null]}'>Obama and U.S. Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Richard_Lugar"},"sa":{"href":"Richard Lugar"},"dsr":[89308,89325,2,2]}'>Richard Lugar</a> (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<sup about="#mwt1988" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-150" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[89403,89758,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-150"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-150" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 150;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[150]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[89762,93752,0,0]}'>In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},"dsr":[89815,89851,2,2]}'>Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<sup about="#mwt2013" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-151" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[89985,90734,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-151"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-151" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 151;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[151]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act" title="Honest Leadership and Open Government Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Honest_Leadership_and_Open_Government_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Honest Leadership and Open Government Act"},"dsr":[90823,90868,2,2]}'>Honest Leadership and Open Government Act</a>, which was signed into law in September 2007.<sup about="#mwt2011" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-152" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[90914,92298,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-152"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-152" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 152;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[152]</span></a></sup> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act" title="Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Deceptive_Practices_and_Voter_Intimidation_Prevention_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act"},"dsr":[92349,92410,2,2]}'>Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act</a> to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<sup about="#mwt2024" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-153" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[92467,93411,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-153"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-153" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 153;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[153]</span></a></sup> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007" title="Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Iraq_War_De-Escalation_Act_of_2007"},"sa":{"href":"Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007"},"dsr":[93420,93458,2,2]}'>Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007</a>.<sup about="#mwt2030" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-154" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[93459,93752,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-154"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-154" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 154;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[154]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[93754,96125,0,0]}'>Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<sup about="#mwt2069" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-155" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[93894,94470,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-155"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-155" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 155;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[155]</span></a></sup> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<sup about="#mwt2067" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-156" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[94531,94903,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-156"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-156" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 156;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[156]</span></a></sup> He sponsored the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Disinvestment_from_Iran" title="Disinvestment from Iran" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Disinvestment_from_Iran"},"sa":{"href":"Disinvestment from Iran"},"dsr":[94921,94976,26,2]}'>Iran Sanctions Enabling Act</a> supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010"},"dsr":[95110,95186,2,2]}'>Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010</a>;<sup about="#mwt2079" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-157" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[95187,95382,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-157"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-157" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 157;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[157]</span></a></sup> and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<sup about="#mwt520" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nuclear_terrorism_158-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[95449,95481,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nuclear terrorism"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-158" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 158;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[158]</span></a></sup> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./State_Children's_Health_Insurance_Program" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./State_Children's_Health_Insurance_Program"},"sa":{"href":"State Children's Health Insurance Program"},"dsr":[95529,95574,2,2]}'>State Children's Health Insurance Program</a>, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<sup about="#mwt2089" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-159" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[95681,96125,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-159"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-159" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 159;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[159]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006"}],"dsr":[96150,96245,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" data-file-type="bitmap" height="146" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_Iraq_2006.jpg","height":"146","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama Iraq 2006.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,96243,null,null]}'>Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[96246,98498,0,0]}'>Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations"},"dsr":[96298,96371,54,2]}'>Foreign Relations</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works"},"dsr":[96373,96468,65,2]}'>Environment and Public Works</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans'_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans'_Affairs"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs"},"dsr":[96473,96546,54,2]}'>Veterans' Affairs</a> through December 2006.<sup about="#mwt2084" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-160" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[96569,96891,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-160"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-160" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 160;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[160]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions"},"dsr":[96997,97110,74,2]}'>Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs"},"dsr":[97115,97238,79,2]}'>Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>.<sup about="#mwt2097" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-161" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[97239,97638,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-161"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-161" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 161;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[161]</span></a></sup> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation" title="United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Subcommittee_on_Europe_and_Regional_Security_Cooperation"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation"},"dsr":[97695,97811,98,2]}'>European Affairs</a>.<sup about="#mwt2099" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-162" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[97812,98118,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-162"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-162" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 162;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[162]</span></a></sup> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mahmoud_Abbas"},"sa":{"href":"Mahmoud Abbas"},"dsr":[98273,98290,2,2]}'>Mahmoud Abbas</a> before Abbas became <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority"},"sa":{"href":"President of the Palestinian National Authority"},"dsr":[98311,98362,2,2]}'>President of the Palestinian National Authority</a>, and gave a speech at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Nairobi"},"sa":{"href":"University of Nairobi"},"dsr":[98389,98414,2,2]}'>University of Nairobi</a> in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<sup about="#mwt532" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Kenyan_163-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[98477,98498,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Kenyan"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-163" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 163;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[163]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Photograph"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in [[Springfield, Illinois]], February 10, 2007"}],"dsr":[98684,98895,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Photograph" resource="./File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="671" data-file-type="bitmap" height="115" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg","height":"115","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Flickr Obama Springfield 01.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,98893,null,null]}'>Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Springfield,_Illinois"},"sa":{"href":"Springfield, Illinois"},"dsr":[98849,98874,2,2]}'>Springfield, Illinois</a>, February 10, 2007</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[98897,102335,0,0]}'>On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)" title="Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Old_State_Capitol_State_Historic_Site_(Illinois)"},"sa":{"href":"Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)"},"dsr":[99000,99070,51,2]}'>Old State Capitol</a> building in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Springfield,_Illinois"},"sa":{"href":"Springfield, Illinois"},"dsr":[99083,99108,2,2]}'>Springfield, Illinois</a>.<sup about="#mwt2104" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_164-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[99109,99622,44,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-164"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-164" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 164;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[164]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2109" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BBC20070210_165-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[99622,99992,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BBC20070210"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BBC20070210-165"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-BBC20070210-165" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 165;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[165]</span></a></sup> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Abraham_Lincoln"},"sa":{"href":"Abraham Lincoln"},"dsr":[100078,100097,2,2]}'>Abraham Lincoln</a> delivered his historic <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lincoln's_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Lincoln's_House_Divided_Speech"},"sa":{"href":"Lincoln's House Divided Speech"},"dsr":[100121,100171,33,2]}'>"House Divided"</a> speech in 1858.<sup about="#mwt548" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210_164-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[100187,100233,46,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210-164" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 164;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[164]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2114" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210_166-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[100233,100704,43,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-166"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210-166" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 166;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[166]</span></a></sup> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_War" title="Iraq War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Iraq_War"},"sa":{"href":"Iraq War"},"dsr":[100751,100763,2,2]}'>Iraq War</a>, increasing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Energy_policy_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Energy policy of the United States"},"dsr":[100776,100834,37,2]}'>energy independence</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Health care reform in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Health care reform in the United States"},"dsr":[100840,100916,42,2]}'>reforming the health care system</a>,<sup about="#mwt2140" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-167" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[100917,101809,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-167"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-167" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 167;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[167]</span></a></sup> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<sup about="#mwt2130" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-168" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[101865,102335,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-168"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-168" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 168;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[168]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[102337,103238,0,0]}'>Numerous candidates entered the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008"},"dsr":[102369,102458,48,2]}'>Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hillary_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Hillary Clinton"},"dsr":[102515,102534,2,2]}'>Hillary Clinton</a> after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Delegate_(American_politics)"},"sa":{"href":"Delegate (American politics)"},"dsr":[102666,102708,31,3],"tail":"s"}'>delegates</a> due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Caucus" title="Caucus" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Caucus"},"sa":{"href":"caucus"},"dsr":[102789,102799,2,2]}'>caucus</a> states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<sup about="#mwt555" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-allocation_169-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[102861,102886,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"allocation"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-169" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 169;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[169]</span></a></sup> On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<sup about="#mwt2135" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-170" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[102950,103238,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-170"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-170" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 170;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[170]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Photograph"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Outgoing President [[George W. Bush]] meets with President-elect Obama in the [[Oval Office]] on November 10, 2008"}],"dsr":[103240,103455,2,2]}'><a href="./File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Photograph" resource="./File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="460" data-file-type="bitmap" height="197" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Barack_Obama_meet_in_Oval_Office.jpg","height":"197","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:President George W. Bush and Barack Obama meet in Oval Office.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,103453,null,null]}'>Outgoing President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George W. Bush"},"dsr":[103358,103376,2,2]}'>George W. Bush</a> meets with President-elect Obama in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Oval_Office" title="Oval Office" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Oval_Office"},"sa":{"href":"Oval Office"},"dsr":[103417,103432,2,2]}'>Oval Office</a> on November 10, 2008</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[103457,105301,0,0]}'>On August 23, Obama announced his selection of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Delaware" title="Delaware" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Delaware"},"sa":{"href":"Delaware"},"dsr":[103504,103516,2,2]}'>Delaware</a> Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joe_Biden"},"sa":{"href":"Joe Biden"},"dsr":[103525,103538,2,2]}'>Joe Biden</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<sup about="#mwt2145" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nagourney_171-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[103577,104032,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nagourney"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nagourney-171"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-171" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 171;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[171]</span></a></sup> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Evan_Bayh"},"sa":{"href":"Evan Bayh"},"dsr":[104125,104138,2,2]}'>Evan Bayh</a> and Virginia Governor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tim_Kaine"},"sa":{"href":"Tim Kaine"},"dsr":[104161,104174,2,2]}'>Tim Kaine</a>.<sup about="#mwt577" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nagourney_171-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[104175,104196,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nagourney"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nagourney-171" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 171;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[171]</span></a></sup> At the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2008_Democratic_National_Convention"},"sa":{"href":"2008 Democratic National Convention"},"dsr":[104204,104274,38,2]}'>Democratic National Convention</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Denver" title="Denver" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Denver"},"sa":{"href":"Denver"},"dsr":[104278,104288,2,2]}'>Denver</a>, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bill_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Bill Clinton"},"dsr":[104372,104388,2,2]}'>Bill Clinton</a> gave convention speeches in his support.<sup about="#mwt579" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-delegates_172-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[104429,104453,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"delegates"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-172" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 172;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[172]</span></a></sup> Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High" title="Invesco Field at Mile High" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Invesco_Field_at_Mile_High"},"sa":{"href":"Invesco Field at Mile High"},"dsr":[104569,104599,2,2]}'>Invesco Field at Mile High</a> to a crowd of approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[104675,104681,null,null]}'> </span>million people worldwide.<sup about="#mwt2151" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-npr1409_173-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[104706,104998,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"npr1409"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-npr1409-173"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-npr1409-173" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 173;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[173]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt581" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-acceptance_174-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[104998,105023,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"acceptance"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-174" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 174;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[174]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2161" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-175" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[105023,105301,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-175"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-175" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 175;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[175]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[105303,106070,0,0]}'>During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<sup about="#mwt590" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-small_donations_176-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[105460,105490,30,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"small donations"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-176" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 176;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[176]</span></a></sup> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns" title="Campaign finance in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States#Public_financing_of_campaigns"},"sa":{"href":"Campaign finance in the United States#Public financing of campaigns"},"dsr":[105580,105668,70,2]}'>public financing</a> in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<sup about="#mwt2168" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619_177-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[105730,106070,38,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Bloomberg_Salant_20080619"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-177"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg_Salant_20080619-177" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 177;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[177]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[106154,109086,0,0]}'>John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sarah_Palin"},"sa":{"href":"Sarah Palin"},"dsr":[106225,106240,2,2]}'>Sarah Palin</a> as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election_debates" title="United States presidential election debates" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_presidential_election_debates"},"sa":{"href":"United States presidential election debates"},"dsr":[106298,106366,46,2]}'>presidential debates</a> in September and October 2008.<sup about="#mwt608" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-presidential_debates_178-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[106397,106432,35,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"presidential debates"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-178" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 178;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[178]</span></a></sup> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Electoral_College_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Electoral College (United States)"},"dsr":[106482,106535,36,2]}'>electoral votes</a> to 173 received by McCain.<sup about="#mwt610" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-electoral_votes_179-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[106562,106592,30,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"electoral votes"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-179" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 179;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[179]</span></a></sup> Obama won 52.9% of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Election" title="Election" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Election"},"sa":{"href":"Election"},"dsr":[106616,106641,11,2]}'>popular vote</a> to McCain's 45.7%.<sup about="#mwt2156" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-180" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[106660,107109,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-180"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-180" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 180;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[180]</span></a></sup> He became the first African American to be elected president.<sup about="#mwt2181" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-181" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[107171,108365,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-181"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-181" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 181;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[181]</span></a></sup> Obama delivered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" title="Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008"},"dsr":[108382,108447,45,2]}'>his victory speech</a> before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Grant_Park_(Chicago)" title="Grant Park (Chicago)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Grant_Park_(Chicago)"},"sa":{"href":"Grant Park (Chicago)"},"dsr":[108504,108539,23,2]}'>Grant Park</a>.<sup about="#mwt2173" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-independent1_182-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[108540,109086,25,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"independent1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-independent1-182"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-independent1-182" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 182;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[182]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama greets former Governor [[Mitt Romney]] in the [[Oval Office]] on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney"}],"dsr":[109193,109457,2,2]}'><a href="./File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg/220px-P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="660" data-file-type="bitmap" height="175" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:P112912PS-0444_-_President_Barack_Obama_and_Mitt_Romney_in_the_Oval_Office_-_crop.jpg","height":"175","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:P112912PS-0444 - President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the Oval Office - crop.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,109455,null,null]}'>Obama greets former Governor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mitt_Romney"},"sa":{"href":"Mitt Romney"},"dsr":[109326,109341,2,2]}'>Mitt Romney</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Oval_Office" title="Oval Office" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Oval_Office"},"sa":{"href":"Oval Office"},"dsr":[109349,109364,2,2]}'>Oval Office</a> on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[109459,111946,0,0]}'>On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_Election_Commission"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Election Commission"},"dsr":[109629,109660,2,2]}'>Federal Election Commission</a>.<sup about="#mwt2201" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-183" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[109661,110147,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-183"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-183" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 183;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[183]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2191" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-184" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[110147,110578,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-184"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-184" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 184;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[184]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2186" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-185" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[110578,111053,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-185"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-185" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 185;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[185]</span></a></sup> As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2012"},"sa":{"href":"Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012"},"dsr":[111115,111204,48,2]}'>Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>,<sup about="#mwt2196" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CNN-clinch1_186-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[111205,111529,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CNN-clinch1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CNN-clinch1-186"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch1-186" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 186;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[186]</span></a></sup> and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2012_Democratic_National_Convention"},"sa":{"href":"2012 Democratic National Convention"},"dsr":[111579,111629,38,2]}'>convention</a> delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<sup about="#mwt2206" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CNN-clinch2_187-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[111680,111946,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CNN-clinch2"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CNN-clinch2-187"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN-clinch2-187" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 187;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[187]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[112030,112738,0,0]}'>At the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2012_Democratic_National_Convention"},"sa":{"href":"2012 Democratic National Convention"},"dsr":[112037,112107,38,2]}'>Democratic National Convention</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},"sa":{"href":"Charlotte, North Carolina"},"dsr":[112111,112140,2,2]}'>Charlotte, North Carolina</a>, Obama and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joe_Biden"},"sa":{"href":"Joe Biden"},"dsr":[112152,112165,2,2]}'>Joe Biden</a> were formally nominated by former President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bill_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Bill Clinton"},"dsr":[112210,112226,2,2]}'>Bill Clinton</a> as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mitt_Romney"},"sa":{"href":"Mitt Romney"},"dsr":[112358,112373,2,2]}'>Mitt Romney</a>, the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Paul_Ryan"},"sa":{"href":"Paul Ryan"},"dsr":[112432,112445,2,2]}'>Paul Ryan</a> of Wisconsin.<sup about="#mwt2211" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-188" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[112459,112738,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-188"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-188" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 188;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[188]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[112740,116574,0,0]}'>On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Electoral_College_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Electoral College (United States)"},"dsr":[112775,112828,36,2]}'>electoral votes</a>, exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<sup about="#mwt2216" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-189" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[112894,113370,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-189"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-189" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 189;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[189]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2232" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-190" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[113370,113739,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-190"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-190" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 190;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[190]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2221" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-191" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[113739,114077,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-191"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-191" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 191;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[191]</span></a></sup> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<sup about="#mwt2226" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-FEC_192-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[114109,114431,16,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"FEC"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-FEC-192"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-FEC-192" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 192;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[192]</span></a></sup> Obama became the first Democratic president since <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},"sa":{"href":"Franklin D. Roosevelt"},"dsr":[114482,114507,2,2]}'>Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to win the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin"},"sa":{"href":"List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin"},"dsr":[114519,114619,70,2]}'>majority of the popular vote</a> twice.<sup about="#mwt2241" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-193" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[114626,115230,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-193"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-193" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 193;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[193]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2246" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-194" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[115230,115541,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-194"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-194" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 194;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[194]</span></a></sup> President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./McCormick_Place" title="McCormick Place" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./McCormick_Place"},"sa":{"href":"McCormick Place"},"dsr":[115607,115626,2,2]}'>McCormick Place</a> after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<sup about="#mwt2237" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-195" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[115875,116268,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-195"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-195" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 195;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[195]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2251" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT20130121_196-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[116268,116574,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT20130121"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT20130121-196"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-196" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 196;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[196]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt741" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[116605,116640,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Presidency of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt757" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[116641,116700,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"for timeline","href":"./Template:For_timeline"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>For a chronological guide to this subject, see <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama">Timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt771" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[116701,116815,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet"},"2":{"wt":"List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama's_Cabinet" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt782" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[116840,116892,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama's_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Barack Obama takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts|John G. Roberts Jr.]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2009"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Photograph"}],"dsr":[116893,117250,2,2]}'><a href="./File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Photograph" resource="./File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg/220px-US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" data-file-type="bitmap" height="157" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:US_President_Barack_Obama_taking_his_Oath_of_Office_-_2009Jan20.jpg","height":"157","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,117248,null,null]}'>Barack Obama takes <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Oath of office of the President of the United States"},"dsr":[116993,117068,55,2]}'>the oath of office</a> administered by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Chief Justice of the United States"},"dsr":[117085,117137,37,2]}'>Chief Justice</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Roberts" title="John Roberts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./John_Roberts"},"sa":{"href":"John Roberts"},"dsr":[117138,117174,15,2]}'>John G. Roberts Jr.</a> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Capitol"},"sa":{"href":"United States Capitol"},"dsr":[117178,117215,24,2]}'>the Capitol</a>, January 20, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[117252,121716,0,0]}'>The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"First inauguration of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[117256,117323,37,2]}'>inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executive_order" title="Executive order" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Executive_order"},"sa":{"href":"executive order"},"dsr":[117424,117444,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>executive orders</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidential_memorandum" title="Presidential memorandum" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Presidential_memorandum"},"sa":{"href":"Presidential memorandum"},"dsr":[117449,117499,26,2]}'>presidential memoranda</a> directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<sup about="#mwt2256" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-197" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[117574,117808,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-197"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-197" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 197;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[197]</span></a></sup> He ordered the closing of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},"sa":{"href":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp"},"dsr":[117839,117872,2,2]}'>Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<sup about="#mwt2261" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-198" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[117873,118281,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-198"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-198" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 198;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[198]</span></a></sup> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<sup about="#mwt2266" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-199" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[118362,118620,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-199"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-199" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 199;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[199]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2276" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-200" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[118620,119215,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-200"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-200" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 200;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[200]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2272" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-201" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[119215,119510,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-201"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-201" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 201;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[201]</span></a></sup> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<sup about="#mwt2289" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-202" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[119593,119885,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-202"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-202" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 202;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[202]</span></a></sup> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<sup about="#mwt2281" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-203" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[119942,120309,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-203"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-203" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 203;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[203]</span></a></sup> He also revoked President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George W. Bush"},"dsr":[120336,120354,2,2]}'>George W. Bush</a>'s restoration of President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ronald_Reagan"},"sa":{"href":"Ronald Reagan"},"dsr":[120382,120399,2,2]}'>Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mexico_City_Policy" title="Mexico City Policy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mexico_City_Policy"},"sa":{"href":"Mexico City Policy"},"dsr":[120402,120424,2,2]}'>Mexico City Policy</a> prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<sup about="#mwt2312" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-204" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[120546,121716,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-204"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-204" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 204;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[204]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt821" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[121742,121803,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Social policy of the Barack Obama administration"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[121804,123389,0,0]}'>The first bill signed into law by Obama was the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009"},"sa":{"href":"Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009"},"dsr":[121852,121892,2,2]}'>Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a>, relaxing the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Statute_of_limitations"},"sa":{"href":"statute of limitations"},"dsr":[121907,121933,2,2]}'>statute of limitations</a> for equal-pay lawsuits.<sup about="#mwt2305" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-205" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[121957,122211,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-205"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-205" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 205;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[205]</span></a></sup> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./State_Children's_Health_Insurance_Program" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./State_Children's_Health_Insurance_Program"},"sa":{"href":"State Children's Health Insurance Program"},"dsr":[122266,122311,2,2]}'>State Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[122344,122350,null,null]}'> </span>million uninsured children.<sup about="#mwt2297" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-206" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[122377,122848,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-206"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-206" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 206;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[206]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Embryonic_stem_cell"},"sa":{"href":"embryonic stem cell"},"dsr":[122925,122948,2,2]}'>embryonic stem cell</a> research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<sup about="#mwt2307" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-207" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[123017,123389,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-207"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-207" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 207;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[207]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama delivering a [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009|speech at joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on February 24, 2009"}],"dsr":[123391,123745,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="314" data-file-type="bitmap" height="129" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_addresses_joint_session_of_Congress_2009-02-24.jpg","height":"129","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,123743,null,null]}'>Obama delivering a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_February_2009"},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009"},"dsr":[123492,123595,66,2]}'>speech at joint session of Congress</a> with Vice President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joe_Biden"},"sa":{"href":"Joe Biden"},"dsr":[123616,123629,2,2]}'>Joe Biden</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},"sa":{"href":"Speaker of the United States House of Representatives"},"dsr":[123634,123705,56,2]}'>House Speaker</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nancy_Pelosi"},"sa":{"href":"Nancy Pelosi"},"dsr":[123706,123722,2,2]}'>Nancy Pelosi</a> on February 24, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[123747,125049,0,0]}'>Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sonia_Sotomayor"},"sa":{"href":"Sonia Sotomayor"},"dsr":[123858,123877,2,2]}'>Sonia Sotomayor</a> on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"},"dsr":[123914,123995,62,2]}'>Associate Justice</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Souter" title="David Souter" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./David_Souter"},"sa":{"href":"David Souter"},"dsr":[123996,124012,2,2]}'>David Souter</a>; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<sup about="#mwt2327" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-208" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[124050,124260,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-208"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-208" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 208;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[208]</span></a></sup> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hispanic" title="Hispanic" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hispanic"},"sa":{"href":"Hispanic"},"dsr":[124305,124317,2,2]}'>Hispanic</a> descent.<sup about="#mwt2317" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-209" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[124326,124507,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-209"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-209" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 209;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[209]</span></a></sup> Obama nominated <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Elena_Kagan"},"sa":{"href":"Elena Kagan"},"dsr":[124524,124539,2,2]}'>Elena Kagan</a> on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./John_Paul_Stevens"},"sa":{"href":"John Paul Stevens"},"dsr":[124594,124615,2,2]}'>John Paul Stevens</a>. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history.<sup about="#mwt2322" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-210" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[124776,125049,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-210"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-210" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 210;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[210]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[125051,126188,0,0]}'>On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010"},"dsr":[125087,125188,55,2]}'>Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a>, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)"},"sa":{"href":"Reconciliation (United States Congress)"},"dsr":[125192,125255,42,2]}'>reconciliation bill</a> that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pell_Grant" title="Pell Grant" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pell_Grant"},"sa":{"href":"Pell Grant"},"dsr":[125390,125404,2,2]}'>Pell Grant</a> scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<sup about="#mwt2332" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-211" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[125491,125930,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-211"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-211" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 211;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[211]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2337" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-212" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[125930,126188,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-212"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-212" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 212;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[212]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama meets with the [[Cabinet of the United States]], November 23, 2009"}],"dsr":[126190,126311,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg/220px-Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama_cabinet_meeting_2009-11.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama cabinet meeting 2009-11.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,126309,null,null]}'>Obama meets with the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Cabinet of the United States"},"dsr":[126258,126290,2,2]}'>Cabinet of the United States</a>, November 23, 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[126313,127341,0,0]}'>In a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration"},"sa":{"href":"Space policy of the Barack Obama administration"},"dsr":[126318,126395,50,2]}'>major space policy speech</a> in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NASA" title="NASA" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./NASA"},"sa":{"href":"NASA"},"dsr":[126460,126468,2,2]}'>NASA</a>, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Human_spaceflight"},"sa":{"href":"human spaceflight"},"dsr":[126524,126545,2,2]}'>human spaceflight</a> to the moon and development of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ares_I" title="Ares I" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ares_I"},"sa":{"href":"Ares I"},"dsr":[126581,126591,2,2]}'>Ares I</a> rocket, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ares_V" title="Ares V" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ares_V"},"sa":{"href":"Ares V"},"dsr":[126600,126610,2,2]}'>Ares V</a> rocket and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Constellation_program" title="Constellation program" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Constellation_program"},"sa":{"href":"Constellation program"},"dsr":[126622,126647,2,2]}'>Constellation program</a>, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./International_Space_Station"},"sa":{"href":"International Space Station"},"dsr":[126809,126840,2,2]}'>International Space Station</a>.<sup about="#mwt2345" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-213" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[126841,127341,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-213"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-213" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 213;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[213]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[127343,128527,0,0]}'>President Obama's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2011_State_of_the_Union_Address"},"sa":{"href":"2011 State of the Union Address"},"dsr":[127361,127396,2,2]}'>2011 State of the Union Address</a> focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Innovation_economics"},"sa":{"href":"innovation economics"},"dsr":[127472,127496,2,2]}'>innovation economics</a> to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Earmark_(politics)"},"sa":{"href":"Earmark (politics)"},"dsr":[127719,127750,21,2]}'>earmarks</a>, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Sustainable_energy"},"sa":{"href":"Sustainable energy"},"dsr":[127908,127936,21,2]}'>clean</a>" electricity.<sup about="#mwt2347" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-214" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[127950,128207,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-214"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-214" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 214;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[214]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2352" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-215" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[128207,128527,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-215"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-215" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 215;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[215]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[128551,129119,0,0]}'>On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act"},"dsr":[128588,128653,2,2]}'>Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, a measure that expanded the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes" title="Hate crime laws in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States#Federal_prosecution_of_hate_crimes"},"sa":{"href":"Hate crime laws in the United States#Federal prosecution of hate crimes"},"dsr":[128683,128800,74,2]}'>1969 United States federal hate-crime law</a> to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<sup about="#mwt2375" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-216" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[128922,129119,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-216"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-216" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 216;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[216]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[129121,129500,0,0]}'>On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./HIV" title="HIV" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./HIV"},"sa":{"href":"HIV"},"dsr":[129217,129224,2,2]}'>HIV</a>, which was celebrated by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immigration_Equality" title="Immigration Equality" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Immigration_Equality"},"sa":{"href":"Immigration Equality"},"dsr":[129250,129274,2,2]}'>Immigration Equality</a>.<sup about="#mwt949" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-217" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[129275,129500,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-217"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-217" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 217;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[217]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[129502,131630,0,0]}'>On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010"},"dsr":[129541,129585,2,2]}'>Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a>, which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<sup about="#mwt2377" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-218" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[129655,130103,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-218"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-218" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 218;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[218]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2361" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-219" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[130103,130583,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-219"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-219" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 219;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[219]</span></a></sup> to end the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Don't_ask,_don't_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Don't_ask,_don't_tell"},"sa":{"href":"Don't ask, don't tell"},"dsr":[130595,130620,2,2]}'>Don't ask, don't tell</a> policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_Armed_Forces"},"sa":{"href":"United States Armed Forces"},"dsr":[130705,130735,2,2]}'>United States Armed Forces</a>.<sup about="#mwt2363" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-220" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[130736,131262,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-220"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-220" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 220;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[220]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./The_Pentagon"},"sa":{"href":"The Pentagon"},"dsr":[131276,131301,15,2]}'>Pentagon</a> ended the policy that also barred <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Transgender" title="Transgender" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Transgender"},"sa":{"href":"transgender"},"dsr":[131336,131351,2,2]}'>transgender</a> people from serving openly in the military.<sup about="#mwt2369" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-TransBan1_221-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[131395,131630,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"TransBan1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-TransBan1-221"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-221" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 221;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[221]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[131632,133786,0,0]}'>As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said that he favored legalizing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Same-sex marriage in the United States"},"dsr":[131728,131788,41,2]}'>same-sex marriage</a>.<sup about="#mwt2385" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-WCT0114_222-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[131789,132177,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WCT0114"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WCT0114-222"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0114-222" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 222;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[222]</span></a></sup> By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriages.<sup about="#mwt2397" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-WCT0204_223-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[132339,132607,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WCT0204"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WCT0204-223"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-WCT0204-223" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 223;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[223]</span></a></sup> In 2008, he reaffirmed this position by stating "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman. I am not in favor of gay marriage."<sup about="#mwt2387" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-224" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[132741,133012,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-224"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-224" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 224;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[224]</span></a></sup> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<sup about="#mwt2407" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-225" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[133283,133512,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-225"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-225" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 225;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[225]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2402" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-The_Huffington_Post_226-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[133512,133786,32,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"The Huffington Post"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-226"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-The_Huffington_Post-226" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 226;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[226]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"The [[White House]] was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015."}],"dsr":[133788,133993,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_(18588276403).jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_(18588276403).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg/220px-Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_%2818588276403%29.jpg" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1688" data-file-type="bitmap" height="123" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Celebrating_a_new_America_-lovewins_58242_(18588276403).jpg","height":"123","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Celebrating a new America -lovewins 58242 (18588276403).jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,133991,null,null]}'>The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House" title="White House" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House"},"sa":{"href":"White House"},"dsr":[133865,133880,2,2]}'>White House</a> was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling, June 26, 2015.</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[133995,135180,0,0]}'>During his second <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"Second inauguration of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[134013,134070,38,2]}'>inaugural address</a> on January 21, 2013,<sup about="#mwt966" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT20130121_196-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[134091,134117,26,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT20130121"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT20130121-196" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 196;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[196]</span></a></sup> Obama became the first U.S. President in office to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT rights in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"LGBT rights in the United States"},"dsr":[134476,134523,35,2]}'>gay rights</a> or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<sup about="#mwt2393" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-227" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[134566,134841,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-227"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-227" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 227;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[227]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2412" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-228" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[134841,135180,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-228"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-228" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 228;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[228]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[135182,136783,0,0]}'>In 2013, the Obama Administration filed briefs that urged the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Supreme Court of the United States"},"dsr":[135244,135296,37,2]}'>Supreme Court</a> to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[135350,135380,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hollingsworth_v._Perry"},"sa":{"href":"Hollingsworth v. Perry"},"dsr":[135352,135378,2,2]}'>Hollingsworth v. Perry</a></i> (regarding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Same-sex marriage in the United States"},"dsr":[135392,135452,41,2]}'>same-sex marriage</a>)<sup about="#mwt2422" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-huffpo-amicus_229-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[135453,135784,26,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"huffpo-amicus"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-huffpo-amicus-229"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-huffpo-amicus-229" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 229;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[229]</span></a></sup> and <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[135789,135821,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_v._Windsor"},"sa":{"href":"United States v. Windsor"},"dsr":[135791,135819,2,2]}'>United States v. Windsor</a></i> (regarding the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Defense_of_Marriage_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Defense of Marriage Act"},"dsr":[135837,135864,2,2]}'>Defense of Marriage Act</a>).<sup about="#mwt2417" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cnn-amicus_230-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[135866,136145,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"cnn-amicus"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnn-amicus-230"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn-amicus-230" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 230;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[230]</span></a></sup> Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[136199,136227,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Obergefell_v._Hodges"},"sa":{"href":"Obergefell v. Hodges"},"dsr":[136201,136225,2,2]}'>Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."<sup about="#mwt2427" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-remarksDecision_231-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[136448,136783,28,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"remarksDecision"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-remarksDecision-231"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-remarksDecision-231" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 231;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[231]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[136785,137257,0,0]}'>On July 30, 2015, the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the disease, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Human Rights Campaign" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Human_Rights_Campaign"},"sa":{"href":"Human Rights Campaign"},"dsr":[136988,137013,2,2]}'>Human Rights Campaign</a>.<sup about="#mwt975" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-232" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[137014,137257,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-232"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-232" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 232;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[232]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="White_House_advisory_and_oversight_groups" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[137259,137310,4,4]}'>White House advisory and oversight groups</h4>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[137311,139764,0,0]}'>On March 11, 2009, Obama created the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls" title="White House Council on Women and Girls" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House_Council_on_Women_and_Girls"},"sa":{"href":"White House Council on Women and Girls"},"dsr":[137348,137390,2,2]}'>White House Council on Women and Girls</a>, which formed part of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs" title="White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./White_House_Office_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs"},"sa":{"href":"White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs"},"dsr":[137417,137504,50,2]}'>Office of Intergovernmental Affairs</a>, having been established by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executive_order_(United_States)" title="Executive order (United States)" about="#mwt983" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Executive_order_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Executive order (United States)"},"dsr":[137533,137558,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Executive Order","href":"./Template:Executive_Order"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"13506"}},"i":0}}]}'>Executive Order</a><span about="#mwt983"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013506" title="s:Executive Order 13506" about="#mwt983" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013506"},"sa":{"href":"s:Executive Order 13506"},"isIW":true}'>13506</a> with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<sup about="#mwt992" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Executive_233-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[137656,137822,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Executive"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Executive-233"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Executive-233" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 233;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[233]</span></a></sup> The Council was chaired by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Senior_Advisor_to_the_President" title="Senior Advisor to the President" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Senior_Advisor_to_the_President"},"sa":{"href":"Senior Advisor to the President"},"dsr":[137850,137885,2,2]}'>Senior Advisor to the President</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Valerie_Jarrett" title="Valerie Jarrett" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Valerie_Jarrett"},"sa":{"href":"Valerie Jarrett"},"dsr":[137886,137905,2,2]}'>Valerie Jarrett</a>.<sup about="#mwt2432" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sexualassault_234-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[137906,138171,26,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Sexualassault"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Sexualassault-234"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-234" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 234;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[234]</span></a></sup> Obama also established the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault"},"sa":{"href":"White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault"},"dsr":[138199,138265,2,2]}'>White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a> through a government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<sup about="#mwt988" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Sexualassault_234-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[138455,138483,28,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Sexualassault"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Sexualassault-234" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 234;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[234]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2437" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Memo_235-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[138483,138808,17,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Memo"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Memo-235"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-235" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 235;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[235]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2448" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Freedom_236-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[138808,139074,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Freedom"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Freedom-236"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Freedom-236" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 236;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[236]</span></a></sup> The co-chairs of the Task Force were Vice President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joe_Biden"},"sa":{"href":"Joe Biden"},"dsr":[139127,139140,2,2]}'>Joe Biden</a> and Jarrett.<sup about="#mwt990" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Memo_235-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[139153,139172,19,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Memo"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Memo-235" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 235;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[235]</span></a></sup> The Task Force was a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Office of the Vice President of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Office_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Office of the Vice President of the United States"},"dsr":[139260,139313,2,2]}'>Office of the Vice President of the United States</a>, and prior to that, the 1994 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Violence_Against_Women_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Violence Against Women Act"},"dsr":[139343,139373,2,2]}'>Violence Against Women Act</a> that was first drafted by Biden.<sup about="#mwt994" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Report_237-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[139406,139764,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Report"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Report-237"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Report-237" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 237;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[237]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt995" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[139792,139851,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Video/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbtime","ak":"thumbtime=1:3"},{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama presents his first [[commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses|weekly address]] as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Photograph"}],"dsr":[139852,140139,2,2]}' data-mw='{"attribs":[["thumbtime",{"txt":"1:3"}],["alt",{"txt":"Photograph"}]]}'><span data-parsoid="{}"><video poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/220px-seek%3D63-20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" height="124" width="220" resource="./File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" data-parsoid='{"a":{"height":"124","width":"220","resource":"./File:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv"},"sa":{"resource":"File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv"}}'><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,280 × 720 (1.41 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.120p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="214" data-height="120" data-title="Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 120P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.160p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="284" data-height="160" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.180p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="320" data-height="180" data-title="Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 180P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="426" data-height="240" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.240p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="426" data-height="240" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="640" data-height="360" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="640" data-height="360" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="854" data-height="480" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.480p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="854" data-height="480" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-parsoid="{}"/><source src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv/20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.720p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-parsoid="{}"/><track kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimedText:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.en.srt&action=raw&ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-mwtitle="TimedText:20090124_WeeklyAddress.ogv.en.srt" data-dir="ltr" data-parsoid="{}"/></video></span><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,140137,null,null]}'>Obama presents his first <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama%20Administration%20weekly%20video%20addresses" title="commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obama%20Administration%20weekly%20video%20addresses"},"sa":{"href":"commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses"},"isIW":true,"dsr":[139931,140001,54,2]}'>weekly address</a> as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},"sa":{"href":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009"},"dsr":[140072,140122,2,2]}'>American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[140141,140984,0,0]}'>On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},"sa":{"href":"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009"},"dsr":[140180,140230,2,2]}'>American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, a $787<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[140238,140244,null,null]}'> </span>billion <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Stimulus_(economics)"},"sa":{"href":"stimulus (economics)"},"dsr":[140252,140294,23,2]}'>economic stimulus</a> package aimed at helping the economy recover from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Great_Recession" title="Great Recession" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Great_Recession"},"sa":{"href":"Great Recession"},"dsr":[140349,140398,18,2]}'>deepening worldwide recession</a>.<sup about="#mwt2462" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-238" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[140399,140773,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-238"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-238" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 238;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[238]</span></a></sup> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Tax_incentive"},"sa":{"href":"tax incentive"},"dsr":[140885,140913,16,2]}'>incentives</a>, and direct assistance to individuals.<sup about="#mwt1000" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-direct_assistance_239-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[140952,140984,32,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"direct assistance"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-239" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 239;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[239]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"[[United States federal budget|Deficit]] and [[National debt of the United States|debt]] increases, 2001–16"}],"dsr":[140986,141170,2,2]}'><a href="./File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png/220px-U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="694" data-file-type="bitmap" height="167" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:U.S._Total_Deficits_vs._National_Debt_Increases_2001-2010.png","height":"167","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:U.S. Total Deficits vs. National Debt Increases 2001-2010.png"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,141168,null,null]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_federal_budget"},"sa":{"href":"United States federal budget"},"dsr":[141061,141101,31,2]}'>Deficit</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./National_debt_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"National debt of the United States"},"dsr":[141106,141149,37,2]}'>debt</a> increases, 2001–16</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[141172,141534,0,0]}'>In March, Obama's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Treasury_Secretary" title="Treasury Secretary" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Treasury_Secretary"},"sa":{"href":"Treasury Secretary"},"dsr":[141190,141212,2,2]}'>Treasury Secretary</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Timothy_Geithner"},"sa":{"href":"Timothy Geithner"},"dsr":[141214,141234,2,2]}'>Timothy Geithner</a>, took further steps to manage the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Financial_crisis_of_2007–08" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Financial_crisis_of_2007–08"},"sa":{"href":"financial crisis of 2007–08"},"dsr":[141269,141317,30,2]}'>financial crisis</a>, including introducing the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Public–Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Public–Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets"},"sa":{"href":"Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets"},"dsr":[141345,141400,2,2]}'>Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a>, which contains provisions for buying up to two<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[141448,141454,null,null]}'> </span>trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.<sup about="#mwt1003" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-markets_opened_240-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[141505,141534,29,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"markets opened"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-240" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 240;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[240]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[141536,144669,0,0]}'>Obama intervened in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008–10" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008–10"},"sa":{"href":"automotive industry crisis of 2008–10"},"dsr":[141560,141630,40,2]}'>troubled automotive industry</a><sup about="#mwt2452" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-241" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[141630,142007,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-241"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-241" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 241;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[241]</span></a></sup> in March 2009, renewing loans for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./General_Motors" title="General Motors" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./General_Motors"},"sa":{"href":"General Motors"},"dsr":[142042,142060,2,2]}'>General Motors</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chrysler" title="Chrysler" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chrysler"},"sa":{"href":"Chrysler"},"dsr":[142065,142077,2,2]}'>Chrysler</a> to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Chrysler_Chapter_11_reorganization"},"sa":{"href":"Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization"},"dsr":[142217,142272,37,2]}'>sale of Chrysler</a> to Italian automaker <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fiat" title="Fiat" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Fiat"},"sa":{"href":"Fiat"},"dsr":[142294,142302,2,2]}'>Fiat</a><sup about="#mwt2443" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-242" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[142302,142602,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-242"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-242" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 242;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[242]</span></a></sup> and a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization" title="General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./General_Motors_Chapter_11_reorganization"},"sa":{"href":"General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization"},"dsr":[142609,142674,43,2]}'>reorganization of GM</a> giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<sup about="#mwt2457" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-243" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[142795,143273,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-243"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-243" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 243;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[243]</span></a></sup> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<sup about="#mwt2472" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky_244-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[143394,143758,52,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-244"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christopher_Conkey_and_Louise_Radnofsky-244" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 244;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[244]</span></a></sup> He signed into law the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Car_Allowance_Rebate_System" title="Car Allowance Rebate System" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Car_Allowance_Rebate_System"},"sa":{"href":"Car Allowance Rebate System"},"dsr":[143782,143813,2,2]}'>Car Allowance Rebate System</a>, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.<sup about="#mwt2467" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-245" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[143895,144184,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-245"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-245" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 245;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[245]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2477" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-246" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[144184,144418,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-246"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-246" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 246;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[246]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2487" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-247" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[144418,144669,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-247"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-247" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 247;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[247]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[144671,148427,0,0]}'>The Bush and Obama administrations authorized spending and loan guarantees from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Federal_Reserve_System"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Reserve System"},"dsr":[144755,144797,25,2]}'>Federal Reserve</a> and the Treasury Department. These guarantees totaled about $11.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[144863,144869,null,null]}'> </span>trillion, but only $3<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[144890,144896,null,null]}'> </span>trillion was spent by the end of November 2009.<sup about="#mwt2482" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-248" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[144943,145201,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-248"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-248" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 248;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[248]</span></a></sup> Obama and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Congressional_Budget_Office"},"sa":{"href":"Congressional Budget Office"},"dsr":[145216,145247,2,2]}'>Congressional Budget Office</a> predicted the 2010 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2010_United_States_federal_budget" title="2010 United States federal budget" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2010_United_States_federal_budget"},"sa":{"href":"2010 United States federal budget"},"dsr":[145267,145319,36,2]}'>budget deficit</a> would be $1.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[145333,145339,null,null]}'> </span>trillion or 10.6% of the nation's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Gross_domestic_product"},"sa":{"href":"gross domestic product"},"dsr":[145373,145399,2,2]}'>gross domestic product</a> (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[145442,145448,null,null]}'> </span>trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<sup about="#mwt2492" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-249" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[145472,145779,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-249"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-249" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 249;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[249]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2497" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-250" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[145779,146058,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-250"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-250" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 250;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[250]</span></a></sup> For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit would shrink to $1.34<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[146131,146137,null,null]}'> </span>trillion, and the 10-year deficit would increase to $8.53<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[146194,146200,null,null]}'> </span>trillion or 90% of GDP.<sup about="#mwt2502" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-251" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[146223,146547,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-251"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-251" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 251;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[251]</span></a></sup> The most recent increase in the U.S. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_debt_ceiling" title="United States debt ceiling" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_debt_ceiling"},"sa":{"href":"United States debt ceiling"},"dsr":[146585,146628,29,2]}'>debt ceiling</a> to $17.2<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[146637,146643,null,null]}'> </span>trillion took effect in February 2014.<sup about="#mwt2517" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-252" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[146681,146920,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-252"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-252" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 252;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[252]</span></a></sup> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Budget_Control_Act_of_2011" title="Budget Control Act of 2011" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Budget_Control_Act_of_2011"},"sa":{"href":"Budget Control Act of 2011"},"dsr":[147052,147082,2,2]}'>Budget Control Act of 2011</a>. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[147356,147362,null,null]}'> </span>trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[147484,147490,null,null]}'> </span>trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.<sup about="#mwt2507" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-253" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[147592,148054,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-253"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-253" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 253;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[253]</span></a></sup> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Federal government of the United States"},"dsr":[148114,148173,42,2]}'>U.S. government</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Default_(finance)"},"sa":{"href":"Default (finance)"},"dsr":[148174,148203,20,2]}'>default</a> on its obligations.<sup about="#mwt2522" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-254" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[148223,148427,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-254"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-254" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 254;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[254]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright=1.35"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"US employment statistics ([[unemployment rate]] and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate=September 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |title = 1-month net change in employment |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate=September 12, 2018}}</ref>"}],"dsr":[148429,149005,2,2]}'><a href="./File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US_Employment_Statistics.svg/300px-US_Employment_Statistics.svg.png" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" data-file-type="drawing" height="180" width="300" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:US_Employment_Statistics.svg","height":"180","width":"300"},"sa":{"resource":"File:US Employment Statistics.svg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,149003,null,null]}'>US employment statistics (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Unemployment_rate" title="Unemployment rate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Unemployment_rate"},"sa":{"href":"unemployment rate"},"dsr":[148515,148536,2,2]}'>unemployment rate</a> and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<sup about="#mwt2515" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-255" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[148615,148790,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-255"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-255" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 255;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[255]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2527" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-256" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[148790,149003,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-256"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-256" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 256;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[256]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[149007,153550,0,0]}'>As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<sup about="#mwt2537" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Theodossiou_257-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[149309,149773,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Theodossiou"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Theodossiou-257"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Theodossiou-257" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 257;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[257]</span></a></sup> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<sup about="#mwt2532" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Eddlemon_258-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[149952,150387,21,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Eddlemon"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Eddlemon-258"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Eddlemon-258" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 258;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[258]</span></a></sup> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<sup about="#mwt2542" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-259" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[150441,150619,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-259"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-259" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 259;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[259]</span></a></sup> decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<sup about="#mwt2547" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-260" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[150665,150841,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-260"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-260" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 260;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[260]</span></a></sup> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<sup about="#mwt2552" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-261" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[150936,151108,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-261"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-261" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 261;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[261]</span></a></sup> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<sup about="#mwt2557" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BEA1_262-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[151238,151985,17,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BEA1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BEA1-262"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-262" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 262;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[262]</span></a></sup> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<sup about="#mwt1069" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-BEA1_262-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[152112,152131,19,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"BEA1"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-BEA1-262" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 262;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[262]</span></a></sup> In July 2010, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Federal_Reserve_System"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Reserve System"},"dsr":[152150,152192,25,2]}'>Federal Reserve</a> noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ben_Bernanke"},"sa":{"href":"Ben Bernanke"},"dsr":[152283,152299,2,2]}'>Ben Bernanke</a> said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<sup about="#mwt2567" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-263" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[152352,152763,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-263"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-263" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 263;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[263]</span></a></sup> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<sup about="#mwt2562" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-264" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[152820,153550,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-264"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-264" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 264;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[264]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[153552,156789,0,0]}'>The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Congressional_Budget_Office"},"sa":{"href":"Congressional Budget Office"},"dsr":[153556,153587,2,2]}'>Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO) and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<sup about="#mwt1089" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-estimated_265-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[153675,153699,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"estimated"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-265" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 265;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[265]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1091" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-newc_266-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[153699,153718,19,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"newc"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-266" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 266;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[266]</span></a></sup> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[153805,153811,null,null]}'> </span>million,<sup about="#mwt2582" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-newc_266-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[153819,154292,17,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"newc"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-newc-266"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-newc-266" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 266;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[266]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2577" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-267" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[154292,154545,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-267"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-267" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 267;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[267]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2572" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-268" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[154545,154785,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-268"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-268" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 268;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[268]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2597" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-269" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[154785,155021,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-269"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-269" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 269;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[269]</span></a></sup> while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<sup about="#mwt2595" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-estimated_265-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[155163,155427,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"estimated"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-estimated-265"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-estimated-265" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 265;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[265]</span></a></sup> Although an April 2010, survey of members of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Association_for_Business_Economics" title="National Association for Business Economics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./National_Association_for_Business_Economics"},"sa":{"href":"National Association for Business Economics"},"dsr":[155477,155524,2,2]}'>National Association for Business Economics</a> showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<sup about="#mwt2587" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-270" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[155711,156028,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-270"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-270" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 270;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[270]</span></a></sup> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NATO" title="NATO" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./NATO"},"sa":{"href":"NATO"},"dsr":[156103,156111,2,2]}'>NATO</a> members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./World_War_II" title="World War II" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./World_War_II"},"sa":{"href":"World War II"},"dsr":[156197,156213,2,2]}'>World War II</a>.<sup about="#mwt1109" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-271" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[156214,156401,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-271"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-271" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 271;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[271]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OECD" title="OECD" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./OECD"},"sa":{"href":"OECD"},"dsr":[156406,156469,7,2]}'>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus plan of the US and the austerity measures in the European Union.<sup about="#mwt1111" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-272" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[156602,156789,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-272"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-272" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 272;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[272]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[156791,158019,0,0]}'>Within a month of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_elections,_2010" title="United States elections, 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_elections,_2010"},"sa":{"href":"United States elections, 2010"},"dsr":[156813,156869,32,2]}'>2010 midterm elections</a>, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Bush_tax_cuts"},"sa":{"href":"Bush tax cuts"},"dsr":[157003,157051,16,2]}'>2001 and 2003 income tax rates</a>, a one-year <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax"},"dsr":[157064,157119,42,2]}'>payroll tax</a> reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Estate_tax_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Estate tax in the United States"},"dsr":[157210,157258,34,2]}'>estate taxes</a>.<sup about="#mwt2602" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-273" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[157259,157525,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-273"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-273" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 273;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[273]</span></a></sup> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[157610,157616,null,null]}'> </span>billion <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010"},"dsr":[157624,157708,2,2]}'>Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a> passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<sup about="#mwt2607" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-274" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[157814,158019,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-274"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-274" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 274;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[274]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[158021,158676,0,0]}'>In December 2013, Obama declared that growing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Income_inequality_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Income inequality in the United States"},"dsr":[158067,158127,41,2]}'>income inequality</a> is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fast_food_worker_strikes" title="Fast food worker strikes" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Fast_food_worker_strikes"},"sa":{"href":"Fast food worker strikes"},"dsr":[158262,158330,27,2]}'>nationwide strikes of fast-food workers</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pope_Francis"},"sa":{"href":"Pope Francis"},"dsr":[158335,158351,2,2]}'>Pope Francis</a>' criticism of inequality and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Trickle-down_economics"},"sa":{"href":"trickle-down economics"},"dsr":[158381,158407,2,2]}'>trickle-down economics</a>.<sup about="#mwt2870" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-275" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[158408,158676,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-275"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-275" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 275;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[275]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[158678,159123,0,0]}'>Obama urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Trans-Pacific_Partnership"},"sa":{"href":"Trans-Pacific Partnership"},"dsr":[158748,158777,2,2]}'>Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>.<sup about="#mwt2872" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-276" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[158778,159123,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-276"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-276" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 276;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[276]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1142" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[159156,159211,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Climate change policy of the United States"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Climate_change_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Climate change policy of the United States">Climate change policy of the United States</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama at a 2010 briefing on the [[BP oil spill]] at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] Station Venice in [[Venice, Louisiana]]"}],"dsr":[159212,159384,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obama-venice-la.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Obama-venice-la.jpg/220px-Obama-venice-la.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama-venice-la.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama-venice-la.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,159382,null,null]}'>Obama at a 2010 briefing on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./BP_oil_spill" title="BP oil spill" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./BP_oil_spill"},"sa":{"href":"BP oil spill"},"dsr":[159277,159293,2,2]}'>BP oil spill</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Coast_Guard"},"sa":{"href":"United States Coast Guard"},"dsr":[159301,159342,28,2]}'>Coast Guard</a> Station Venice in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Venice,_Louisiana"},"sa":{"href":"Venice, Louisiana"},"dsr":[159361,159382,2,2]}'>Venice, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[159386,160269,0,0]}'>On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Global_warming" title="Global warming" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Global_warming"},"sa":{"href":"global warming"},"dsr":[159566,159584,2,2]}'>global warming</a>.<sup about="#mwt2617" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-277" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[159585,159818,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-277"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-277" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 277;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[277]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2612" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-278" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[159818,160269,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-278"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-278" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 278;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[278]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[160271,161748,0,0]}'>On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Drilling_rig"},"sa":{"href":"drilling rig"},"dsr":[160325,160341,2,2]}'>drilling rig</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Macondo_Prospect" title="Macondo Prospect" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Macondo_Prospect"},"sa":{"href":"Macondo Prospect"},"dsr":[160349,160369,2,2]}'>Macondo Prospect</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Gulf_of_Mexico"},"sa":{"href":"Gulf of Mexico"},"dsr":[160377,160395,2,2]}'>Gulf of Mexico</a>, causing a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},"sa":{"href":"Deepwater Horizon oil spill"},"dsr":[160407,160463,30,2]}'>major sustained oil leak</a>. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},"sa":{"href":"United States Secretary of the Interior"},"dsr":[160612,160681,42,2]}'>Secretary of the Interior</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ken_Salazar"},"sa":{"href":"Ken Salazar"},"dsr":[160682,160697,2,2]}'>Ken Salazar</a> and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Deepwater_drilling" title="Deepwater drilling" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Deepwater_drilling"},"sa":{"href":"deepwater drilling"},"dsr":[160785,160807,2,2]}'>deepwater drilling</a> permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<sup about="#mwt2632" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-279" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[160854,161050,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-279"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-279" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 279;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[279]</span></a></sup> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<sup about="#mwt2622" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-280" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[161263,161748,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-280"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-280" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 280;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[280]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[161750,163491,0,0]}'>In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he "would reject the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Keystone_XL_pipeline" title="Keystone XL pipeline" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Keystone_XL_pipeline"},"sa":{"href":"Keystone XL pipeline"},"dsr":[161825,161849,2,2]}'>Keystone XL pipeline</a> if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions".<sup about="#mwt1177" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-281" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[161910,162157,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-281"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-281" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 281;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[281]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1179" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-282" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[162157,162375,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-282"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-282" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 282;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[282]</span></a></sup> Obama's advisers called for a halt to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic"},"sa":{"href":"petroleum exploration in the Arctic"},"dsr":[162414,162453,2,2]}'>petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a> in January 2013.<sup about="#mwt1181" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-283" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[162470,162724,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-283"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-283" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 283;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[283]</span></a></sup> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline.<sup about="#mwt2627" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-284" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[162801,163088,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-284"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-284" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 284;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[284]</span></a></sup> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<sup about="#mwt2640" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-285" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[163158,163491,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-285"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-285" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 285;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[285]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[163493,164874,0,0]}'>Obama emphasized the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Conservation_movement"},"sa":{"href":"Conservation movement"},"dsr":[163514,163552,24,2]}'>conservation</a> of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_lands" title="Federal lands" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_lands"},"sa":{"href":"federal lands"},"dsr":[163556,163573,2,2]}'>federal lands</a> during his term in office. He used his power under the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Antiquities_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Antiquities Act"},"dsr":[163629,163648,2,2]}'>Antiquities Act</a> to create 25 new <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Monument_(United_States)" title="National Monument (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./National_Monument_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"National Monument (United States)"},"dsr":[163666,163722,36,2]}'>national monuments</a> during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of <span about="#mwt1175" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"},{"k":"3"}]],"dsr":[163791,163820,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"553000000"},"2":{"wt":"acre"},"3":{"wt":"ha"}},"i":0}}]}'>553,000,000 acres (224,000,000</span><span typeof="mw:Entity" about="#mwt1175"> </span><span about="#mwt1175">ha)</span> of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<sup about="#mwt1184" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Monuments_286-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[163885,164874,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Monuments"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Monuments-286"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Monuments-286" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 286;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[286]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Health_care_reform" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[164876,164904,4,4]}'>Health care reform</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1182" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[164905,164953,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Health care reform in the United States"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Health care reform in the United States">Health care reform in the United States</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Photograph"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010"}],"dsr":[164954,165114,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Photograph" resource="./File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama_signs_health_care-20100323.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama signs health care-20100323.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,165112,null,null]}'>Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[165116,166600,0,0]}'>Obama called for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Congress"},"sa":{"href":"United States Congress"},"dsr":[165133,165168,25,2]}'>Congress</a> to pass legislation reforming <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Health_care_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"health care in the United States"},"dsr":[165199,165235,2,2]}'>health care in the United States</a>, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<sup about="#mwt1191" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-health_reform_287-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[165287,165315,28,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"health reform"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-287" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 287;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[287]</span></a></sup> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[165527,165533,null,null]}'> </span>billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Public_health_insurance_option"},"sa":{"href":"public health insurance option"},"dsr":[165614,165662,33,2]}'>public option</a>, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pre-existing_condition" title="Pre-existing condition" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pre-existing_condition"},"sa":{"href":"pre-existing condition"},"dsr":[165876,165903,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>pre-existing conditions</a>, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<sup about="#mwt2653" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-288" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[166063,166361,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-288"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-288" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 288;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[288]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2655" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-289" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[166361,166600,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-289"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-289" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 289;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[289]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright=1.35"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and [[federal poverty level]], under [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], starting in 2014 (Source: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |title = Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA |publisher = Congressional Research Service |accessdate = May 17, 2015 }}</ref>"}],"dsr":[166602,167071,2,2]}'><a href="./File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg/300px-PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="513" data-file-type="bitmap" height="232" width="300" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:PPACA_Premium_Chart.jpg","height":"232","width":"300"},"sa":{"resource":"File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,167069,null,null]}'>Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_poverty_level" title="Federal poverty level" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_poverty_level"},"sa":{"href":"federal poverty level"},"dsr":[166722,166747,2,2]}'>federal poverty level</a>, under <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},"dsr":[166755,166801,2,2]}'>Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, starting in 2014 (Source: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Congressional_Research_Service"},"sa":{"href":"Congressional Research Service"},"dsr":[166829,166867,33,2]}'>CRS</a>)<sup about="#mwt2642" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-290" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[166868,167069,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-290"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-290" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 290;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[290]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[167073,168672,0,0]}'>On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<sup about="#mwt2657" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-health_reform_287-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[167248,167701,26,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"health reform"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-health_reform-287"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-health_reform-287" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 287;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[287]</span></a></sup> After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009"},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009"},"dsr":[167791,167899,67,2]}'>a speech to a joint session of Congress</a> on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<sup about="#mwt2662" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-291" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[167962,168364,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-291"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-291" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 291;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[291]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<sup about="#mwt2667" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-292" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[168445,168672,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-292"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-292" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 292;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[292]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[168674,171155,0,0]}'>On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<sup about="#mwt2672" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nyt1_293-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[168766,169215,17,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nyt1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nyt1-293"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt1-293" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 293;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[293]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2687" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nyt_294-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[169215,169669,16,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nyt"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nyt-294"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nyt-294" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 294;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[294]</span></a></sup> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<sup about="#mwt2677" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-295" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[169777,170192,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-295"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-295" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 295;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[295]</span></a></sup> On March 21, 2010, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},"dsr":[170216,170262,2,2]}'>Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<sup about="#mwt2682" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-296" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[170350,170699,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-296"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-296" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 296;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[296]</span></a></sup> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<sup about="#mwt2692" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-297" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[170749,171155,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-297"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-297" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 297;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[297]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[171157,173326,0,0]}'>The ACA includes <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Provisions_of_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},"dsr":[171174,171264,63,2]}'>health-related provisions</a>, most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Medicaid" title="Medicaid" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Medicaid"},"sa":{"href":"Medicaid"},"dsr":[171321,171333,2,2]}'>Medicaid</a> eligibility for people making up to 133%<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[171374,171380,null,null]}'> </span>of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_poverty_level" title="Federal poverty level" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_poverty_level"},"sa":{"href":"federal poverty level"},"dsr":[171387,171412,2,2]}'>federal poverty level</a> (FPL) starting in 2014,<sup about="#mwt2697" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cnn_ref1_298-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[171436,171714,21,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"cnn_ref1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnn_ref1-298"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-cnn_ref1-298" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 298;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[298]</span></a></sup> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400%<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[171774,171780,null,null]}'> </span>of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<sup about="#mwt1221" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-whitehouse_299-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[171923,171948,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"whitehouse"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-299" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 299;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[299]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2708" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-300" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[171948,172249,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-300"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-300" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 300;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[300]</span></a></sup> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_insurance_exchange" title="Health insurance exchange" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Health_insurance_exchange"},"sa":{"href":"health insurance exchange"},"dsr":[172418,172448,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>health insurance exchanges</a>, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and CBO figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<sup about="#mwt2717" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-whitehouse_299-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[172696,172954,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"whitehouse"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-whitehouse-299"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-whitehouse-299" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 299;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[299]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2702" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-cbo_est_301-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[172954,173326,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"cbo_est"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cbo_est-301"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-cbo_est-301" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 301;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[301]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|title=United States Health Care Reform|journal=JAMA|date=August 2, 2016|volume=316|issue=5|pages=525–532|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|pmid=27400401|issn=0098-7484|pmc=5069435}}</ref>"}],"dsr":[173328,173772,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png/220px-Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance%2C_1963-2015.png" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="693" data-file-type="bitmap" height="161" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Percentage_of_Individuals_in_the_United_States_Without_Health_Insurance,_1963-2015.png","height":"161","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Percentage of Individuals in the United States Without Health Insurance, 1963-2015.png"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,173770,null,null]}'>Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./JAMA_(journal)" title="JAMA (journal)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./JAMA_(journal)"},"sa":{"href":"JAMA (journal)"},"dsr":[173520,173543,17,2]}'>JAMA</a>)<sup about="#mwt2722" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-302" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[173544,173770,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-302"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-302" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 302;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[302]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[173774,175454,0,0]}'>The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Tax_bracket"},"sa":{"href":"tax bracket"},"dsr":[173909,173933,14,2]}'>brackets</a>, taxes on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Indoor_tanning" title="Indoor tanning" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Indoor_tanning"},"sa":{"href":"indoor tanning"},"dsr":[173944,173962,2,2]}'>indoor tanning</a>, cuts to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Medicare_Advantage" title="Medicare Advantage" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Medicare_Advantage"},"sa":{"href":"Medicare Advantage"},"dsr":[173976,173998,2,2]}'>Medicare Advantage</a> program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<sup about="#mwt2712" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-303" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[174098,174412,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-303"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-303" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 303;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[303]</span></a></sup> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<sup about="#mwt2727" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-304" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[174545,175045,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-304"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-304" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 304;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[304]</span></a></sup> In March 2010, the CBO estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[175162,175168,null,null]}'> </span>billion over the first decade.<sup about="#mwt2732" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-305" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[175198,175454,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-305"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-305" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 305;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[305]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[175456,177360,0,0]}'>The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[175680,175743,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius"},"sa":{"href":"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius"},"dsr":[175682,175741,2,2]}'>National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<sup about="#mwt2752" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-WP-uphold_306-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[175823,176234,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WP-uphold"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WP-uphold-306"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-uphold-306" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 306;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[306]</span></a></sup> In <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[176238,176304,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc." data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc."},"sa":{"href":"Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc."},"dsr":[176240,176302,38,2]}'>Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a></i> the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Religious Freedom Restoration Act"},"dsr":[176412,176449,2,2]}'>Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a> from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[176614,176637,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./King_v._Burwell" title="King v. Burwell" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./King_v._Burwell"},"sa":{"href":"King v. Burwell"},"dsr":[176616,176635,2,2]}'>King v. Burwell</a></i> that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<sup about="#mwt2742" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-307" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[176878,177360,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-307"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-307" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 307;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[307]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1246" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[177386,177436,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Energy policy of the Obama administration"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Obama administration">Energy policy of the Obama administration</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[177437,179215,0,0]}'>Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_policy" title="Energy policy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Energy_policy"},"sa":{"href":"energy policy"},"dsr":[177551,177568,2,2]}'>energy policy</a>, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./State_of_the_Union"},"sa":{"href":"State of the Union"},"dsr":[177653,177675,2,2]}'>State of the Union</a> speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.<sup about="#mwt2738" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-308" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[177934,178233,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-308"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-308" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 308;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[308]</span></a></sup> Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.<sup about="#mwt1253" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-309" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[178634,178705,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-309"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-309" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 309;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[309]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2747" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-310" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[178705,179215,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-310"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-310" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 310;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[310]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1254" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[179239,179307,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Social policy of the Barack Obama administration#Gun policy"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration#Gun_policy" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social policy of the Barack Obama administration §<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Gun policy</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama visits an [[2012 Aurora shooting|Aurora shooting]] victim at [[University of Colorado Hospital]], 2012"}],"dsr":[179308,179489,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2620" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_visiting_victims_of_2012_Aurora_shooting.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama visiting victims of 2012 Aurora shooting.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,179487,null,null]}'>Obama visits an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Aurora_shooting" title="2012 Aurora shooting" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2012_Aurora_shooting"},"sa":{"href":"2012 Aurora shooting"},"dsr":[179395,179435,23,2]}'>Aurora shooting</a> victim at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Colorado_Hospital" title="University of Colorado Hospital" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Colorado_Hospital"},"sa":{"href":"University of Colorado Hospital"},"dsr":[179446,179481,2,2]}'>University of Colorado Hospital</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[179490,181583,0,0]}'>On January 16, 2013, one month after the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"},"sa":{"href":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"},"dsr":[179531,179572,2,2]}'>Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting</a>, Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Gun_politics_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Gun politics in the United States"},"dsr":[179661,179710,36,2]}'>gun control</a>.<sup about="#mwt2757" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-311" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[179711,179963,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-311"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-311" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 311;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[311]</span></a></sup> He urged Congress to reintroduce an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Assault Weapons Ban"},"dsr":[180000,180043,30,2]}'>expired ban</a> on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives"},"sa":{"href":"Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives"},"dsr":[180454,180509,2,2]}'>Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> for the first time since 2006.<sup about="#mwt2762" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-312" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[180540,180786,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-312"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-312" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 312;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[312]</span></a></sup> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new executive actions extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<sup about="#mwt1262" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-313" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[180905,181139,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-313"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-313" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 313;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[313]</span></a></sup> In a 2016 editorial in the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[181167,181185,2,2]}'>New York Times</i>, Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Women's_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Women's_suffrage"},"sa":{"href":"women's suffrage"},"dsr":[181263,181283,2,2]}'>women's suffrage</a> and other <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Civil_rights_movements"},"sa":{"href":"civil rights movements"},"dsr":[181294,181320,2,2]}'>civil rights movements</a> in American history.<sup about="#mwt1264" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-314" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[181341,181583,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-314"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-314" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 314;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[314]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1265" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[181618,181718,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"United States House of Representatives elections, 2010"},"2":{"wt":"United States Senate elections, 2010"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main articles: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 2010">United States House of Representatives elections, 2010</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_elections,_2010" title="United States Senate elections, 2010">United States Senate elections, 2010</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[181719,183340,0,0]}'>Obama called the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2010"},"sa":{"href":"United States House of Representatives elections, 2010"},"dsr":[181736,181820,57,2]}'>November 2, 2010 election</a>, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<sup about="#mwt2767" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-315" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[181912,182427,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-315"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-315" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 315;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[315]</span></a></sup> "humbling" and a "shellacking".<sup about="#mwt2772" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-316" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[182459,182977,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-316"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-316" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 316;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[316]</span></a></sup> He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<sup about="#mwt2782" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-317" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[183083,183340,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-317"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-317" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 317;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[317]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Cybersecurity_and_Internet_policy" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[183342,183385,4,4]}'>Cybersecurity and Internet policy</h4>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[183386,184605,0,0]}'>On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_Communications_Commission"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Communications Commission"},"dsr":[183440,183477,2,2]}'>Federal Communications Commission</a> reclassify <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Internet_access" title="Internet access" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Internet_access"},"sa":{"href":"Internet access"},"dsr":[183489,183535,18,2]}'>broadband Internet service</a> as a telecommunications service in order to preserve <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Net_neutrality"},"sa":{"href":"net neutrality"},"dsr":[183589,183607,2,2]}'>net neutrality</a>.<sup about="#mwt2780" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-20141110-EW_318-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[183608,183921,28,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-20141110-EW"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-318"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141110-EW-318" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 318;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[318]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2787" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-20141114_319-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[183921,184279,25,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-20141114"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT-20141114-319"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-20141114-319" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 319;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[319]</span></a></sup> On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executive_order_(United_States)" title="Executive order (United States)" about="#mwt1286" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Executive_order_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Executive order (United States)"},"dsr":[184325,184350,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Executive Order","href":"./Template:Executive_Order"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"13636"}},"i":0}}]}'>Executive Order</a><span about="#mwt1286"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013636" title="s:Executive Order 13636" about="#mwt1286" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive%20Order%2013636"},"sa":{"href":"s:Executive Order 13636"},"isIW":true}'>13636</a>, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity."<sup about="#mwt2792" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-320" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[184402,184605,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-320"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-320" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 320;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[320]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1298" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[184630,184688,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"caption","ak":"June 4, 2009 − after his speech ''[[A New Beginning]]'' at [[Cairo University]], U.S. President Obama participates in an roundtable interview in 2009 with among others [[Jamal Khashoggi]], [[Bambang Harymurti]] and [[Nahum Barnea]]."},{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"right","ak":"right"}],"dsr":[184689,184974,2,2]}'><a href="./File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg/220px-P06409PS-0571_%283594694537%29.jpg" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2334" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:P06409PS-0571_(3594694537).jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:P06409PS-0571 (3594694537).jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,184972,null,null]}'>June 4, 2009 − after his speech <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[184759,184782,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./A_New_Beginning"},"sa":{"href":"A New Beginning"},"dsr":[184761,184780,2,2]}'>A New Beginning</a></i> at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cairo_University" title="Cairo University" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cairo_University"},"sa":{"href":"Cairo University"},"dsr":[184786,184806,2,2]}'>Cairo University</a>, U.S. President Obama participates in an roundtable interview in 2009 with among others <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jamal_Khashoggi"},"sa":{"href":"Jamal Khashoggi"},"dsr":[184896,184915,2,2]}'>Jamal Khashoggi</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bambang_Harymurti" title="Bambang Harymurti" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bambang_Harymurti"},"sa":{"href":"Bambang Harymurti"},"dsr":[184917,184938,2,2]}'>Bambang Harymurti</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nahum_Barnea" title="Nahum Barnea" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nahum_Barnea"},"sa":{"href":"Nahum Barnea"},"dsr":[184943,184959,2,2]}'>Nahum Barnea</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[184976,185692,0,0]}'>In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Secretary_of_State"},"sa":{"href":"United States Secretary of State"},"dsr":[185033,185088,35,2]}'>Secretary of State</a> Hillary Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russian_reset" title="Russian reset" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Russian_reset"},"sa":{"href":"Russian reset"},"dsr":[185237,185260,16,2]}'>reset</a>" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<sup about="#mwt1309" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-preceding_administration_321-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[185336,185375,39,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"preceding administration"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-321" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 321;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[321]</span></a></sup> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab satellite TV network, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Al_Arabiya"},"sa":{"href":"Al Arabiya"},"dsr":[185486,185500,2,2]}'>Al Arabiya</a>.<sup about="#mwt2802" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-322" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[185501,185692,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-322"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-322" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 322;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[322]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[185694,187038,0,0]}'>On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<sup about="#mwt2797" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-323" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[185831,186194,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-323"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-323" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 323;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[323]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2807" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-324" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[186194,186482,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-324"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-324" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 324;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[324]</span></a></sup> In April, Obama gave a speech in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ankara" title="Ankara" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ankara"},"sa":{"href":"Ankara"},"dsr":[186516,186526,2,2]}'>Ankara</a>, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.<sup about="#mwt2818" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-325" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[186585,186810,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-325"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-325" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 325;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[325]</span></a></sup> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cairo_University" title="Cairo University" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cairo_University"},"sa":{"href":"Cairo University"},"dsr":[186856,186876,2,2]}'>Cairo University</a> in Egypt calling for "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./A_New_Beginning"},"sa":{"href":"A New Beginning"},"dsr":[186899,186918,2,2]}'>A New Beginning</a>" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<sup about="#mwt1320" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-middleeast_326-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[187013,187038,25,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"middleeast"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-326" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 326;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[326]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"[[List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama|International trips]] made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office"}],"dsr":[187040,187234,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg/220px-Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg.png" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" data-file-type="drawing" height="113" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_foreign_trips.svg","height":"113","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama foreign trips.svg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,187232,null,null]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama"},"dsr":[187089,187174,64,2]}'>International trips</a> made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama with German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] in 2011"}],"dsr":[187235,187354,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="436" data-file-type="bitmap" height="148" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Merkel_an_Obama_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg","height":"148","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Merkel an Obama Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,187352,null,null]}'>Obama with German Chancellor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Angela_Merkel"},"sa":{"href":"Angela Merkel"},"dsr":[187327,187344,2,2]}'>Angela Merkel</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[187356,188465,0,0]}'>On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iranian_presidential_election,_2009" title="Iranian presidential election, 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Iranian_presidential_election,_2009"},"sa":{"href":"Iranian presidential election, 2009"},"dsr":[187455,187528,38,2]}'>Iran's 2009 presidential election</a> by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<sup about="#mwt2816" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-327" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[187623,187944,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-327"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-327" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 327;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[327]</span></a></sup> While in Moscow on July 7, he responded Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."<sup about="#mwt2830" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-328" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[188250,188465,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-328"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-328" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 328;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[328]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[188467,188996,0,0]}'>On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. President to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="President of the United Nations Security Council" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"},"sa":{"href":"President of the United Nations Security Council"},"dsr":[188539,188599,51,2]}'>preside</a> over a meeting of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_Nations_Security_Council"},"sa":{"href":"United Nations Security Council"},"dsr":[188622,188657,2,2]}'>United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup about="#mwt2824" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-329" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[188658,188996,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-329"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-329" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 329;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[329]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[188998,190822,0,0]}'>In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Benjamin_Netanyahu"},"sa":{"href":"Benjamin Netanyahu"},"dsr":[189098,189120,2,2]}'>Benjamin Netanyahu</a> to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./East_Jerusalem"},"sa":{"href":"East Jerusalem"},"dsr":[189205,189223,2,2]}'>East Jerusalem</a>.<sup about="#mwt2832" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-330" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[189224,189536,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-330"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-330" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 330;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[330]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2842" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-331" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[189536,189974,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-331"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-331" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 331;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[331]</span></a></sup> During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dmitry_Medvedev"},"sa":{"href":"Dmitry Medvedev"},"dsr":[190068,190087,2,2]}'>Dmitry Medvedev</a> to replace the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./START_I" title="START I" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./START_I"},"sa":{"href":"START I"},"dsr":[190103,190151,10,2]}'>1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</a> with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.<sup about="#mwt1355" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-332" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[190271,190443,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-332"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-332" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 332;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[332]</span></a></sup> Obama and Medvedev signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./New_START" title="New START" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./New_START"},"sa":{"href":"New START"},"dsr":[190474,190487,2,2]}'>New START</a> treaty in April 2010, and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Senate"},"sa":{"href":"United States Senate"},"dsr":[190518,190554,23,2]}'>U.S. Senate</a> ratified it in December 2010.<sup about="#mwt2837" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-333" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[190584,190822,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-333"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-333" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 333;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[333]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister [[Matteo Renzi]] at the [[White House]], October 2016"}],"dsr":[190824,190982,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016,_1.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016,_1.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016%2C_1.jpg" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1003" data-file-type="bitmap" height="176" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_and_Matteo_Renzi_October_2016,_1.jpg","height":"176","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama and Matteo Renzi October 2016, 1.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,190980,null,null]}'>Obama meets with Italian Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Matteo_Renzi"},"sa":{"href":"Matteo Renzi"},"dsr":[190927,190943,2,2]}'>Matteo Renzi</a> at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House" title="White House" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House"},"sa":{"href":"White House"},"dsr":[190951,190966,2,2]}'>White House</a>, October 2016</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[190984,192268,0,0]}'>In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},"sa":{"href":"LGBT rights by country or territory"},"dsr":[191040,191091,38,2]}'>LGBT rights</a> when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<sup about="#mwt2847" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-334" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[191140,191454,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-334"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-334" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 334;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[334]</span></a></sup> In August 2013, he criticized Russia's law that discriminated against gays,<sup about="#mwt2852" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-LAT80713_335-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[191530,191855,21,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"LAT80713"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-LAT80713-335"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-LAT80713-335" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 335;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[335]</span></a></sup> but he stopped short of advocating a boycott of the upcoming <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2014_Winter_Olympics"},"sa":{"href":"2014 Winter Olympics"},"dsr":[191917,191941,2,2]}'>2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sochi" title="Sochi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sochi"},"sa":{"href":"Sochi"},"dsr":[191945,191954,2,2]}'>Sochi</a>, Russia.<sup about="#mwt2862" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Huffpo80913_336-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[191963,192268,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Huffpo80913"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Huffpo80913-336"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Huffpo80913-336" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 336;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[336]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[192270,192973,0,0]}'>In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States–Cuban_Thaw" title="United States–Cuban Thaw" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States–Cuban_Thaw"},"sa":{"href":"United States–Cuban Thaw"},"dsr":[192324,192376,27,2]}'>normalize relationships</a> between <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cuba–United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Cuba–United_States_relations"},"sa":{"href":"Cuba–United States relations"},"dsr":[192385,192444,31,2]}'>Cuba and the United States</a>.<sup about="#mwt2858" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-337" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[192445,192855,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-337"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-337" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 337;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[337]</span></a></sup> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015.</p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[192975,194649,0,0]}'>In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen"},"sa":{"href":"Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen"},"dsr":[193110,193184,42,2]}'>military intervention in Yemen</a>, establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<sup about="#mwt2877" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-338" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[193241,193544,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-338"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-338" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 338;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[338]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2882" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-339" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[193544,193730,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-339"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-339" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 339;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[339]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the Obama administration proposed a series of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Saudi_Arabia–United_States_relations"},"sa":{"href":"Saudi Arabia–United States relations"},"dsr":[193786,193855,39,2]}'>arms deals with Saudi Arabia</a> worth $115 billion.<sup about="#mwt2890" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-340" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[193875,194193,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-340"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-340" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 340;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[340]</span></a></sup> Obama halted the sale of guided munition technology to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Saudi_Arabia"},"sa":{"href":"Saudi Arabia"},"dsr":[194249,194265,2,2]}'>Saudi Arabia</a> after Saudi warplanes <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2016_Sana'a_funeral_airstrike" title="2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2016_Sana'a_funeral_airstrike"},"sa":{"href":"2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike"},"dsr":[194288,194340,32,2]}'>targeted a funeral</a> in Yemen's capital Sanaa, killing more than 140 people.<sup about="#mwt1375" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-341" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[194396,194649,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-341"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-341" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 341;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[341]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[194651,194994,0,0]}'>Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Angela_Merkel"},"sa":{"href":"Angela Merkel"},"dsr":[194703,194720,2,2]}'>Angela Merkel</a> had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as president.<sup about="#mwt2900" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-thelocal2016_342-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[194801,194994,25,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"thelocal2016"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-thelocal2016-342"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-thelocal2016-342" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 342;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[342]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="War_in_Iraq" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[194996,195017,4,4]}'>War in Iraq</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1378" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[195018,195084,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Iraq War"},"2":{"wt":"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main articles: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[195085,197650,0,0]}'>On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_Marine_Corps"},"sa":{"href":"United States Marine Corps"},"dsr":[195218,195256,29,2]}'>Marines</a> preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."<sup about="#mwt2912" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-343" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[195689,196022,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-343"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-343" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 343;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[343]</span></a></sup> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Counter-terrorism" title="Counter-terrorism" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Counter-terrorism"},"sa":{"href":"counter-terrorism"},"dsr":[196361,196382,2,2]}'>counter-terrorism</a> and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<sup about="#mwt2902" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-344" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[196450,196698,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-344"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-344" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 344;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[344]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2910" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-345" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[196698,196927,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-345"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-345" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 345;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[345]</span></a></sup> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<sup about="#mwt2904" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-346" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[197019,197298,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-346"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-346" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 346;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[346]</span></a></sup> On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".<sup about="#mwt2917" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-347" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[197421,197650,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-347"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-347" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 347;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[347]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Meeting with UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] during the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit]]"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010"}],"dsr":[197652,198096,2,2]}'><a href="./File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010" resource="./File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:David_Cameron_and_Barack_Obama_at_the_G20_Summit_in_Toronto.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,198094,null,null]}'>Meeting with UK Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Cameron" title="David Cameron" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./David_Cameron"},"sa":{"href":"David Cameron"},"dsr":[197760,197777,2,2]}'>David Cameron</a> during the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2010_G20_Toronto_summit" title="2010 G20 Toronto summit" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2010_G20_Toronto_summit"},"sa":{"href":"2010 G20 Toronto summit"},"dsr":[197789,197816,2,2]}'>2010 G20 Toronto summit</a></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[198098,199046,0,0]}'>In June 2014, following the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)#Fall_of_Mosul_and_push_into_Kirkuk"},"sa":{"href":"Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#Fall of Mosul and push into Kirkuk"},"dsr":[198126,198217,73,2]}'>capture of Mosul</a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},"sa":{"href":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant"},"dsr":[198221,198266,39,2]}'>ISIS</a>, Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. ISIS continued to gain ground and to commit <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant#Human_rights_abuse_and_war_crime_findings"},"sa":{"href":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#Human rights abuse and war crime findings"},"dsr":[198418,198542,81,2]}'>widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup about="#mwt2927" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-348" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[198543,198761,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-348"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-348" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 348;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[348]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt2936" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-349" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[198761,199046,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-349"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-349" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 349;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[349]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[199048,199487,0,0]}'>In August 2014, during the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Sinjar_massacre"},"sa":{"href":"Sinjar massacre"},"dsr":[199075,199094,2,2]}'>Sinjar massacre</a>, Obama ordered a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)#United_States_airstrikes" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014–present)#United_States_airstrikes"},"sa":{"href":"American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)#United States airstrikes"},"dsr":[199112,199230,76,2]}'>campaign of U.S. airstrikes against ISIS</a>.<sup about="#mwt2922" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-def31-10-14_350-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[199231,199487,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"def31-10-14"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-def31-10-14-350"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-def31-10-14-350" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 350;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[350]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[199489,200170,0,0]}'>By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<sup about="#mwt2938" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-351" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[199568,199794,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-351"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-351" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 351;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[351]</span></a></sup> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<sup about="#mwt2948" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-352" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[199891,200170,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-352"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-352" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 352;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[352]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[200172,201138,0,0]}'>In early 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./82nd_Airborne_Division"},"sa":{"href":"82nd Airborne Division"},"dsr":[200237,200263,2,2]}'>82nd Airborne Division</a> the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<sup about="#mwt2952" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-353" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[200321,200566,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-353"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-353" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 353;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[353]</span></a></sup> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<sup about="#mwt2943" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-354" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[200657,201138,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-354"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-354" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 354;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[354]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="War_in_Afghanistan" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[201140,201168,4,4]}'>War in Afghanistan</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1409" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[201169,201211,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"War in Afghanistan (2001–present)"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan (2001–present)</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[201212,203929,0,0]}'>Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<sup about="#mwt2957" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_355-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[201295,201743,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"autogenerated1"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-autogenerated1-355"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-autogenerated1-355" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 355;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[355]</span></a></sup> He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".<sup about="#mwt2980" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-356" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[201998,202277,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-356"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-356" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 356;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[356]</span></a></sup> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_D._McKiernan" title="David D. McKiernan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./David_D._McKiernan"},"sa":{"href":"David D. McKiernan"},"dsr":[202337,202359,2,2]}'>David D. McKiernan</a>, with former <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" title="Special Forces (United States Army)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)"},"sa":{"href":"Special Forces (United States Army)"},"dsr":[202373,202427,38,2]}'>Special Forces</a> commander Lt. Gen. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stanley_A._McChrystal" title="Stanley A. McChrystal" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Stanley_A._McChrystal"},"sa":{"href":"Stanley A. McChrystal"},"dsr":[202447,202472,2,2]}'>Stanley A. McChrystal</a> in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<sup about="#mwt1421" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-counterinsurgency_tactics_357-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[202606,202646,40,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"counterinsurgency tactics"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-357" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 357;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[357]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<sup about="#mwt1427" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-358" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[202822,202966,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-358"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-358" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 358;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[358]</span></a></sup> this took place in July 2011. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./David_Petraeus"},"sa":{"href":"David Petraeus"},"dsr":[202997,203015,2,2]}'>David Petraeus</a> replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<sup about="#mwt2987" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-359" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[203130,203363,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-359"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-359" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 359;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[359]</span></a></sup> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<sup about="#mwt2963" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-360" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[203506,203929,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-360"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-360" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 360;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[360]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[203931,204338,0,0]}'>In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<sup about="#mwt2968" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-361" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[204078,204338,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-361"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-361" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 361;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[361]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama meeting with Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] in the [[Oval Office]], May 2009"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden."}],"dsr":[204357,204720,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden." resource="./File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_welcomes_Shimon_Peres_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,204718,null,null]}'>Obama meeting with Israeli President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Shimon_Peres"},"sa":{"href":"Shimon Peres"},"dsr":[204465,204481,2,2]}'>Shimon Peres</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Oval_Office" title="Oval Office" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Oval_Office"},"sa":{"href":"Oval Office"},"dsr":[204489,204504,2,2]}'>Oval Office</a>, May 2009</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[204722,205452,0,0]}'>In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Israeli_settlement"},"sa":{"href":"Israeli settlement"},"dsr":[204797,204820,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>Israeli settlements</a>, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<sup about="#mwt2974" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-362" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[204876,205150,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-362"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-362" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 362;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[362]</span></a></sup> Obama supports the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Two-state_solution"},"sa":{"href":"two-state solution"},"dsr":[205170,205192,2,2]}'>two-state solution</a> to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Arab–Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Arab–Israeli_conflict"},"sa":{"href":"Arab–Israeli conflict"},"dsr":[205200,205225,2,2]}'>Arab–Israeli conflict</a> based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<sup about="#mwt1464" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-363" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[205268,205452,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-363"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-363" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 363;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[363]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[205454,207108,0,0]}'>In June 2011, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".<sup about="#mwt2982" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-364" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[205547,206033,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-364"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-364" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 364;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[364]</span></a></sup> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Political_Military_Group" title="Joint Political Military Group" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Joint_Political_Military_Group"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Political Military Group"},"dsr":[206199,206277,33,2]}'>U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group</a> and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<sup about="#mwt1479" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-365" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[206397,206630,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-365"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-365" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 365;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[365]</span></a></sup> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Iron_Dome"},"sa":{"href":"Iron Dome"},"dsr":[206708,206721,2,2]}'>Iron Dome</a> program in response to the waves of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},"sa":{"href":"Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel"},"dsr":[206758,206798,2,2]}'>Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a>.<sup about="#mwt2992" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-366" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[206799,207108,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-366"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-366" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 366;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[366]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[207110,209170,0,0]}'>In 2013, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jeffrey_Goldberg"},"sa":{"href":"Jeffrey Goldberg"},"dsr":[207119,207139,2,2]}'>Jeffrey Goldberg</a> reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<sup about="#mwt2997" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_367-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[207285,207600,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Bloomberg"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Bloomberg-367"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloomberg-367" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 367;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[367]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Obama likened the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Zionism" title="Zionism" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Zionism"},"sa":{"href":"Zionism"},"dsr":[207628,207656,10,2]}'>Zionist movement</a> to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Civil_Rights_Movement"},"sa":{"href":"Civil Rights Movement"},"dsr":[207664,207689,2,2]}'>Civil Rights Movement</a> in the United States. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<sup about="#mwt1499" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-368" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[208008,208281,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-368"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-368" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 368;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[368]</span></a></sup> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2014_Israel–Gaza_conflict" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2014_Israel–Gaza_conflict"},"sa":{"href":"2014 Israel–Gaza conflict"},"dsr":[208353,208382,2,2]}'>2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>.<sup about="#mwt3027" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-369" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[208383,208645,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-369"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-369" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 369;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[369]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Obama was harshly criticized by Israel for advocating and signing the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action"},"dsr":[208725,208781,37,2]}'>Iran Nuclear Deal</a>; Israeli Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Benjamin_Netanyahu"},"sa":{"href":"Benjamin Netanyahu"},"dsr":[208806,208828,2,2]}'>Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, who had advocated the U.S. congress to oppose it, said the deal was "dangerous" and "bad".<sup about="#mwt3010" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-370" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[208920,209170,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-370"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-370" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 370;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[370]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[209172,211573,0,0]}'>On December 23, 2016, under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334"},"sa":{"href":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334"},"dsr":[209259,209310,2,2]}'>United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334</a>, which condemned <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Israeli_settlement"},"sa":{"href":"Israeli settlement"},"dsr":[209328,209378,21,2]}'>Israeli settlement building</a> in the occupied <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Palestinian_territories" title="Palestinian territories" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Palestinian_territories"},"sa":{"href":"Palestinian territories"},"dsr":[209395,209422,2,2]}'>Palestinian territories</a> as a violation of international law, effectively allowing it to pass.<sup about="#mwt3012" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-371" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[209492,209830,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-371"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-371" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 371;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[371]</span></a></sup> Netanyahu strongly criticized the Obama Administration's actions,<sup about="#mwt3002" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-372" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[209896,210151,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-372"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-372" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 372;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[372]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3020" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-373" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[210151,210388,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-373"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-373" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 373;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[373]</span></a></sup> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million, on January 6, 2017.<sup about="#mwt3022" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-374" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[210509,210826,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-374"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-374" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 374;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[374]</span></a></sup> On January 5, 2017, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_House_of_Representatives"},"sa":{"href":"United States House of Representatives"},"dsr":[210851,210893,2,2]}'>United States House of Representatives</a> voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<sup about="#mwt3032" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-375" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[210936,211254,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-375"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-375" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 375;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[375]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3050" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-376" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[211254,211573,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-376"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-376" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 376;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[376]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1506" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[211591,211635,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"2011 military intervention in Libya"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"President Obama meets with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015"}],"dsr":[211636,211812,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_04.jpg" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" data-file-type="bitmap" height="136" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_04.jpg","height":"136","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,211810,null,null]}'>President Obama meets with Russian President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Vladimir_Putin"},"sa":{"href":"Vladimir Putin"},"dsr":[211746,211764,2,2]}'>Vladimir Putin</a> to discuss Syria and ISIS, September 29, 2015</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[211814,217414,0,0]}'>In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Muammar_Gaddafi"},"sa":{"href":"Muammar Gaddafi"},"dsr":[211883,211902,2,2]}'>Muammar Gaddafi</a> as part of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Arab_Spring"},"sa":{"href":"Arab Spring"},"dsr":[211918,211933,2,2]}'>Arab Spring</a>. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Arab_League" title="Arab League" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Arab_League"},"sa":{"href":"Arab League"},"dsr":[212105,212120,2,2]}'>Arab League</a>, and a resolution<sup about="#mwt3037" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-377" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[212138,212492,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-377"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-377" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 377;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[377]</span></a></sup> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<sup about="#mwt3042" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-378" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[212531,212992,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-378"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-378" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 378;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[378]</span></a></sup> In response to the unanimous passage of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973"},"sa":{"href":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973"},"dsr":[213033,213084,2,2]}'>United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi<sup about="#mwt3057" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-379" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[213175,213769,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-379"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-379" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 379;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[379]</span></a></sup>—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,<sup about="#mwt3052" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-380" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[213826,214095,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-380"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-380" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 380;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[380]</span></a></sup> yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Misrata" title="Misrata" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Misrata"},"sa":{"href":"Misrata"},"dsr":[214151,214162,2,2]}'>Misrata</a>. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<sup about="#mwt3069" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-381" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[214347,214548,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-381"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-381" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 381;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[381]</span></a></sup> including the use of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tomahawk_(missile)" title="Tomahawk (missile)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Tomahawk_(missile)"},"sa":{"href":"Tomahawk (missile)"},"dsr":[214570,214610,21,2]}'>Tomahawk missiles</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit"},"sa":{"href":"Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit"},"dsr":[214612,214655,30,2]}'>B-2 Spirits</a>, and fighter jets.<sup about="#mwt3065" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-382" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[214674,215093,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-382"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-382" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 382;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[382]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3079" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-383" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[215093,215453,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-383"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-383" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 383;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[383]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3094" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-384" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[215453,215886,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-384"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-384" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 384;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[384]</span></a></sup> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./NATO" title="NATO" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./NATO"},"sa":{"href":"NATO"},"dsr":[215960,215968,2,2]}'>NATO</a> took over leadership of the effort, dubbed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Operation_Unified_Protector"},"sa":{"href":"Operation Unified Protector"},"dsr":[216012,216043,2,2]}'>Operation Unified Protector</a>.<sup about="#mwt3077" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NATOPressRelease_385-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[216044,216310,29,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NATOPressRelease"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NATOPressRelease-385"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-385" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 385;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[385]</span></a></sup> Some Representatives<sup about="#mwt3085" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-LibyaOffensive_386-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[216331,216614,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"LibyaOffensive"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-LibyaOffensive-386"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-LibyaOffensive-386" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 386;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[386]</span></a></sup> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<sup about="#mwt3106" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-387" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[216759,217202,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-387"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-387" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 387;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[387]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3090" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-388" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[217202,217414,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-388"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-388" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 388;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[388]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1541" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[217443,217513,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War#United States"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War#United_States" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War">Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War §<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>United States</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[217514,219598,0,0]}'>On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Syrian_Civil_War" title="Syrian Civil War" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Syrian_Civil_War"},"sa":{"href":"Syrian Civil War"},"dsr":[217572,217592,2,2]}'>Syrian Civil War</a>, Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Bashar_al-Assad"},"sa":{"href":"Bashar al-Assad"},"dsr":[217661,217696,18,2]}'>President Assad</a> to step aside."<sup about="#mwt3112" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-mustgo_389-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[217712,217958,17,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"mustgo"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-mustgo-389"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-mustgo-389" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 389;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[389]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3060" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-whstatem_390-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[217958,218285,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"whstatem"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-whstatem-390"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-whstatem-390" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 390;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[390]</span></a></sup> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<sup about="#mwt3099" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-391" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[218330,218525,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-391"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-391" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 391;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[391]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timber_Sycamore" title="Timber Sycamore" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Timber_Sycamore"},"sa":{"href":"Timber Sycamore"},"dsr":[218561,218604,18,2]}'>programs run by the CIA</a> and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<sup about="#mwt3124" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-392" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[218649,218902,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-392"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-392" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 392;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[392]</span></a></sup> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<sup about="#mwt3114" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-393" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[219002,219295,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-393"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-393" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 393;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[393]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3119" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-394" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[219295,219598,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-394"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-394" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 394;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[394]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[219600,221695,0,0]}'>In the wake of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Ghouta_chemical_attack"},"sa":{"href":"Ghouta chemical attack"},"dsr":[219617,219667,25,2]}'>chemical weapons attack</a> in Syria, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government's_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013" title="U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./U.S._Government_Assessment_of_the_Syrian_Government's_Use_of_Chemical_Weapons_on_August_21,_2013"},"sa":{"href":"U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013"},"dsr":[219678,219794,99,2]}'>formally blamed</a> by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<sup about="#mwt3143" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-redline_395-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[219904,220234,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"redline"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-redline-395"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-redline-395" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 395;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[395]</span></a></sup> and, rather than authorize the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Destruction_of_Syria's_chemical_weapons" title="Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Destruction_of_Syria's_chemical_weapons"},"sa":{"href":"Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons"},"dsr":[220365,220435,42,2]}'>giving up chemical weapons</a>; however attacks with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chlorine_gas" title="Chlorine gas" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chlorine_gas"},"sa":{"href":"chlorine gas"},"dsr":[220458,220474,2,2]}'>chlorine gas</a> continued.<sup about="#mwt3141" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-396" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[220485,220700,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-396"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-396" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 396;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[396]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3145" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-397" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[220700,220974,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-397"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-397" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 397;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[397]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Obama authorized an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Military_intervention_against_ISIL" title="Military intervention against ISIL" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Military_intervention_against_ISIL"},"sa":{"href":"Military intervention against ISIL"},"dsr":[221004,221079,37,2]}'>air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL</a>, but repeatedly promised that the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<sup about="#mwt3157" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-398" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[221159,221420,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-398"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-398" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 398;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[398]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3129" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-399" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[221420,221695,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-399"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-399" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 399;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[399]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[221697,221731,4,4]}'>Death of Osama bin Laden</h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1567" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[221732,221765,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Death of Osama bin Laden"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></div>
<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[221866,221885,2,2]}'>Also available:</i> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg" title="File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./File:050111_Osama_Bin_Laden_Death_Statement_audioonly.ogg"},"sa":{"href":":File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg"},"dsr":[221886,221959,61,2]}'>Audio only</a>; <a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks%20by%20the%20President%20on%20Osama%20bin%20Laden" title="s:Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden" about="#mwt1568" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks%20by%20the%20President%20on%20Osama%20bin%20Laden"},"sa":{"href":"s:Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden"},"isIW":true,"dsr":[221961,222049,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"link","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"nobullet","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cws ","href":"./Template:Cws"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Full text"},"link":{"wt":"Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden"},"nobullet":{"wt":"yes"}},"i":0}}]}'>Full text</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" about="#mwt1568"> </span><figure-inline typeof="mw:Image" about="#mwt1568" data-mw='{"caption":"Wikisource has information on \"Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden\""}'><a href="./Wikisource"><img resource="./File:Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/11px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" data-file-type="drawing" height="12" width="11"/></a></figure-inline></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"left","ak":"left"},{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on [[Operation Neptune's Spear]] in the [[White House Situation Room]], May 1, 2011. See also: [[Situation Room (photograph)|''Situation Room'']]"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex."}],"dsr":[222052,222687,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex." resource="./File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,222685,null,null]}'>Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Operation_Neptune's_Spear" title="Operation Neptune's Spear" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Operation_Neptune's_Spear"},"sa":{"href":"Operation Neptune's Spear"},"dsr":[222186,222215,2,2]}'>Operation Neptune's Spear</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House_Situation_Room" title="White House Situation Room" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House_Situation_Room"},"sa":{"href":"White House Situation Room"},"dsr":[222223,222253,2,2]}'>White House Situation Room</a>, May 1, 2011. See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Situation_Room_(photograph)"},"sa":{"href":"Situation Room (photograph)"},"dsr":[222278,222328,30,2]}'><i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[222308,222326,2,2]}'>Situation Room</i></a></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[222689,227395,0,0]}'>Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Osama_bin_Laden"},"sa":{"href":"Osama bin Laden"},"dsr":[222898,222917,2,2]}'>Osama bin Laden</a>. He was living in seclusion in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Osama_bin_Laden's_compound_in_Abbottabad" title="Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Osama_bin_Laden's_compound_in_Abbottabad"},"sa":{"href":"Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad"},"dsr":[222949,223010,43,2]}'>a large compound</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Abbottabad" title="Abbottabad" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Abbottabad"},"sa":{"href":"Abbottabad"},"dsr":[223014,223028,2,2]}'>Abbottabad</a>, Pakistan, a suburban area <span about="#mwt1579" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"},{"k":"3"}]],"dsr":[223056,223076,null,null]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"35"},"2":{"wt":"mi"},"3":{"wt":"km"}},"i":0}}]}'>35 miles (56</span><span typeof="mw:Entity" about="#mwt1579"> </span><span about="#mwt1579">km)</span> from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Islamabad" title="Islamabad" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Islamabad"},"sa":{"href":"Islamabad"},"dsr":[223082,223095,2,2]}'>Islamabad</a>.<sup about="#mwt3149" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_400-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[223096,223576,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-clues"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT-clues-400"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-400" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 400;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[400]</span></a></sup> CIA head <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Leon_Panetta"},"sa":{"href":"Leon Panetta"},"dsr":[223586,223602,2,2]}'>Leon Panetta</a> reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<sup about="#mwt1588" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_400-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[223663,223687,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-clues"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-400" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 400;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[400]</span></a></sup> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_Navy_SEALs"},"sa":{"href":"United States Navy SEALs"},"dsr":[223867,223895,2,2]}'>United States Navy SEALs</a>.<sup about="#mwt1590" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-clues_400-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[223896,223920,24,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-clues"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-clues-400" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 400;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[400]</span></a></sup> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<sup about="#mwt3159" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-WP-binLaden_401-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[224081,224500,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WP-binLaden"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-WP-binLaden-401"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-401" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 401;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[401]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3172" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ND-binLaden_402-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[224500,224762,24,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ND-binLaden"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ND-binLaden-402"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ND-binLaden-402" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 402;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[402]</span></a></sup> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<sup about="#mwt3174" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ABC-binLaden_403-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[224846,225307,25,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ABC-binLaden"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ABC-binLaden-403"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ABC-binLaden-403" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 403;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[403]</span></a></sup> which was buried at sea several hours later.<sup about="#mwt3179" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYT-ObamaAnnounce_404-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[225352,225832,30,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYT-ObamaAnnounce"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-404"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYT-ObamaAnnounce-404" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 404;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[404]</span></a></sup> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./World_Trade_Center_site"},"sa":{"href":"World Trade Center site"},"dsr":[226053,226092,26,2]}'>Ground Zero</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Times_Square" title="Times Square" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Times_Square"},"sa":{"href":"Times Square"},"dsr":[226097,226113,2,2]}'>Times Square</a>.<sup about="#mwt1592" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-WP-binLaden_401-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[226114,226140,26,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"WP-binLaden"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-WP-binLaden-401" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 401;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[401]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3166" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Guard-ObamaAnnounce_405-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[226140,226655,32,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Guard-ObamaAnnounce"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-405"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Guard-ObamaAnnounce-405" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 405;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[405]</span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Reactions_to_the_death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},"sa":{"href":"Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden"},"dsr":[226656,226730,44,2]}'>Reaction to the announcement</a> was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush.<sup about="#mwt3184" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Bloom-binLaden_406-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[226829,227395,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Bloom-binLaden"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-406"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Bloom-binLaden-406" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 406;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[406]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1594" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[227436,227479,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013"}],"dsr":[227480,227602,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_%288637772147%29.jpg" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Barack_Obama_talks_with_Benjamin_Netanyahu_(8637772147).jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Barack Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu (8637772147).jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,227600,null,null]}'>Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[227604,229707,0,0]}'>In November 2013, the Obama administration opened <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},"sa":{"href":"Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action"},"dsr":[227654,227733,65,2]}'>negotiations</a> with Iran to prevent it from acquiring <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nuclear_weapon"},"sa":{"href":"nuclear weapon"},"dsr":[227773,227792,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>nuclear weapons</a>, which included an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Joint_Plan_of_Action"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Plan of Action"},"dsr":[227812,227854,23,2]}'>interim agreement</a>. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action"},"dsr":[227971,228009,2,2]}'>Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>", saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Benjamin_Netanyahu"},"sa":{"href":"Benjamin Netanyahu"},"dsr":[228307,228329,2,2]}'>Benjamin Netanyahu</a>.<sup about="#mwt3190" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-407" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[228330,228587,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-407"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-407" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 407;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[407]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3196" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-408" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[228587,228940,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-408"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-408" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 408;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[408]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3204" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-409" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[228940,229138,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-409"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-409" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 409;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[409]</span></a></sup> In order to advance the deal, the Obama administration shielded <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hezbollah"},"sa":{"href":"Hezbollah"},"dsr":[229203,229216,2,2]}'>Hezbollah</a> from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},"sa":{"href":"Drug Enforcement Administration"},"dsr":[229226,229261,2,2]}'>Drug Enforcement Administration</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Project_Cassandra"},"sa":{"href":"Project Cassandra"},"dsr":[229264,229285,2,2]}'>Project Cassandra</a> investigation regarding drug smuggling and from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Central_Intelligence_Agency"},"sa":{"href":"Central Intelligence Agency"},"dsr":[229338,229369,2,2]}'>Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<sup about="#mwt1605" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-410" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[229370,229545,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-410"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-410" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 410;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[410]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1607" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-411" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[229545,229707,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-411"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-411" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 411;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[411]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4 id="Relations_with_Cuba" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[229709,229738,4,4]}'>Relations with Cuba</h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"President Obama meeting with Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] in Panama, April 2015"}],"dsr":[229773,229938,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Raúl_Castro.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Raúl_Castro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg/220px-Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Ra%C3%BAl_Castro.jpg" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Handshake_between_the_President_and_Cuban_President_Raúl_Castro.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,229936,null,null]}'>President Obama meeting with Cuban President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Raúl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Raúl_Castro"},"sa":{"href":"Raúl Castro"},"dsr":[229899,229914,2,2]}'>Raúl Castro</a> in Panama, April 2015</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[229939,231494,0,0]}'>Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Vatican_City" title="Vatican City" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Vatican_City"},"sa":{"href":"Vatican City"},"dsr":[230070,230086,2,2]}'>Vatican City</a>.<sup about="#mwt3242" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-412" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[230087,230366,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-412"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-412" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 412;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[412]</span></a></sup> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pope_Francis"},"sa":{"href":"Pope Francis"},"dsr":[230414,230430,2,2]}'>Pope Francis</a> advised the U.S. and Cuba to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Prisoner_exchange"},"sa":{"href":"prisoner exchange"},"dsr":[230460,230500,20,2]}'>exchange prisoners</a> as a gesture of goodwill.<sup about="#mwt3206" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-413" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[230526,230939,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-413"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-413" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 413;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[413]</span></a></sup> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Raúl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Raúl_Castro"},"sa":{"href":"Raúl Castro"},"dsr":[230978,230993,2,2]}'>Raúl Castro</a>, in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Death of Nelson Mandela" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Death_of_Nelson_Mandela"},"sa":{"href":"Death of Nelson Mandela"},"dsr":[231069,231128,26,2]}'>Nelson Mandela memorial service</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Johannesburg"},"sa":{"href":"Johannesburg"},"dsr":[231132,231148,2,2]}'>Johannesburg</a>.<sup about="#mwt3216" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-414" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[231149,231494,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-414"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-414" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 414;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[414]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[231496,233246,0,0]}'>In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pope_Francis"},"sa":{"href":"Pope Francis"},"dsr":[231575,231591,2,2]}'>Pope Francis</a> as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<sup about="#mwt3230" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-415" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[231701,232036,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-415"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-415" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 415;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[415]</span></a></sup> Popularly dubbed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cuban_Thaw" title="Cuban Thaw" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cuban_Thaw"},"sa":{"href":"Cuban Thaw"},"dsr":[232058,232072,2,2]}'>Cuban Thaw</a>, <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[232074,232098,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_New_Republic"},"sa":{"href":"The New Republic"},"dsr":[232076,232096,2,2]}'>The New Republic</a></i> deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<sup about="#mwt1643" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-416" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[232171,232392,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-416"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-416" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 416;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[416]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Havana" title="Havana" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Havana"},"sa":{"href":"Havana"},"dsr":[232573,232583,2,2]}'>Havana</a>.<sup about="#mwt3218" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-417" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[232584,232809,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-417"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-417" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 417;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[417]</span></a></sup> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<sup about="#mwt3234" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-418" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[232955,233246,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-418"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-418" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 418;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[418]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[233248,233689,0,0]}'>Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Calvin_Coolidge"},"sa":{"href":"Calvin Coolidge"},"dsr":[233361,233380,2,2]}'>Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1928.<sup about="#mwt3232" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-419" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[233389,233689,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-419"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-419" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 419;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[419]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[233708,235467,0,0]}'>Obama spoke in front of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./African_Union" title="African Union" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./African_Union"},"sa":{"href":"African Union"},"dsr":[233736,233753,2,2]}'>African Union</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Addis_Ababa"},"sa":{"href":"Addis Ababa"},"dsr":[233757,233772,2,2]}'>Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Education_in_Africa"},"sa":{"href":"Education in Africa"},"dsr":[233990,234023,22,2]}'>education</a>, infrastructure, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Economy_of_Africa"},"sa":{"href":"Economy of Africa"},"dsr":[234045,234074,20,2]}'>economy</a>. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./LGBT" title="LGBT" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./LGBT"},"sa":{"href":"LGBT"},"dsr":[234190,234198,2,2]}'>LGBT</a> people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratization" title="Democratization" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Democratization"},"sa":{"href":"democratization"},"dsr":[234286,234305,2,2]}'>democratization</a> and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<sup about="#mwt3244" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-420" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[234380,234695,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-420"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-420" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 420;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[420]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3236" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-421" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[234695,234958,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-421"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-421" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 421;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[421]</span></a></sup> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa"},"sa":{"href":"United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa"},"dsr":[235034,235099,58,2]}'>visit</a> Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<sup about="#mwt3249" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-422" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[235143,235467,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-422"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-422" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 422;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[422]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[235496,236031,0,0]}'>On May 27, 2016, Obama became the first sitting American president to visit <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hiroshima"},"sa":{"href":"Hiroshima"},"dsr":[235572,235585,2,2]}'>Hiroshima</a>, Japan, 71 years after the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki"},"sa":{"href":"Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"},"dsr":[235613,235691,44,2]}'>U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a> that ended <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./World_War_II" title="World War II" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./World_War_II"},"sa":{"href":"World War II"},"dsr":[235703,235719,2,2]}'>World War II</a>. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Shinzō_Abe" title="Shinzō Abe" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Shinzō_Abe"},"sa":{"href":"Shinzō Abe"},"dsr":[235760,235774,2,2]}'>Shinzō Abe</a>, Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Museum"},"sa":{"href":"Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum"},"dsr":[235832,235867,2,2]}'>Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a>.<sup about="#mwt3254" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-423" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[235868,236031,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-423"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-423" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 423;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[423]</span></a></sup></p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1671" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[236050,236118,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Russia–United States relations#Obama's tenure (2009–17)"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russia–United_States_relations#Obama's_tenure_(2009–17)" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States relations §<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>Obama's tenure (2009–17)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama meets Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in September 2015."}],"dsr":[236119,236253,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_%282015-09-29%29_01.jpg" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" data-file-type="bitmap" height="136" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Barack_Obama_(2015-09-29)_01.jpg","height":"136","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 01.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,236251,null,null]}'>Obama meets Russian President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Vladimir_Putin"},"sa":{"href":"Vladimir Putin"},"dsr":[236214,236232,2,2]}'>Vladimir Putin</a> in September 2015.</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[236255,237739,0,0]}'>After <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},"sa":{"href":"Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"},"dsr":[236261,236339,49,2]}'>Russia's invasion of Crimea</a> in 2014, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria" title="Russian military intervention in Syria" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Russian_military_intervention_in_Syria"},"sa":{"href":"Russian military intervention in Syria"},"dsr":[236349,236413,41,2]}'>military intervention</a> in Syria in 2015, and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia" title="2016 United States election interference by Russia" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2016_United_States_election_interference_by_Russia"},"sa":{"href":"2016 United States election interference by Russia"},"dsr":[236440,236507,53,2]}'>interference</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./United_States_presidential_election,_2016"},"sa":{"href":"United States presidential election, 2016"},"dsr":[236515,236592,44,2]}'>2016 U.S. presidential election</a>,<sup about="#mwt3259" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-ftelect_424-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[236593,236881,20,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ftelect"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ftelect-424"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-ftelect-424" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 424;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[424]</span></a></sup> Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.<sup about="#mwt3264" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-friedmnyt_425-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[236933,237172,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"friedmnyt"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-friedmnyt-425"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-friedmnyt-425" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 425;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[425]</span></a></sup> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen"},"sa":{"href":"George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen"},"dsr":[237173,237241,50,2]}'>George Robertson</a>, a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<sup about="#mwt3274" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-obexit_426-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[237454,237739,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"obexit"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-obexit-426"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-obexit-426" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 426;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[426]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3 id="Cultural_and_political_image" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[237741,237777,3,3]}'>Cultural and political image</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1687" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[237778,237815,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Main","href":"./Template:Main"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Public image of Barack Obama"}},"i":0}}]}'>Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image of Barack Obama</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt1688" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[237816,237973,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"See also","href":"./Template:See_also"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008"},"2":{"wt":"International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>See also: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reaction_to_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008">International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reactions_to_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012">International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012</a></div>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[237974,240676,0,0]}'>Obama's family history, upbringing, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ivy_League" title="Ivy League" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ivy_League"},"sa":{"href":"Ivy League"},"dsr":[238014,238028,2,2]}'>Ivy League</a> education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Civil_rights_movement"},"sa":{"href":"civil rights movement"},"dsr":[238167,238192,2,2]}'>civil rights movement</a>.<sup about="#mwt3293" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-427" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[238193,239029,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-427"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-427" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 427;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[427]</span></a></sup> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./National_Association_of_Black_Journalists"},"sa":{"href":"National Association of Black Journalists"},"dsr":[239144,239189,2,2]}'>National Association of Black Journalists</a> that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<sup about="#mwt3276" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-428" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[239300,239616,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-428"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-428" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 428;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[428]</span></a></sup> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<sup about="#mwt3295" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-429" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[239790,240676,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-429"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-429" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 429;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[429]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[240678,241809,0,0]}'>Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<sup about="#mwt1703" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-exceptional_orator_430-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[240735,240768,33,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"exceptional orator"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-430" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 430;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[430]</span></a></sup> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<sup about="#mwt3297" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-431" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[240911,241209,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-431"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-431" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 431;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[431]</span></a></sup> Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Michael_Eric_Dyson"},"sa":{"href":"Michael Eric Dyson"},"dsr":[241275,241297,2,2]}'>Michael Eric Dyson</a>, is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation.<sup about="#mwt3922" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-432" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[241628,241809,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-432"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-432" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 432;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[432]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[241907,244770,0,0]}'>According to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gallup_Organization" title="Gallup Organization" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Gallup_Organization"},"sa":{"href":"Gallup Organization"},"dsr":[241924,241947,2,2]}'>Gallup Organization</a>, Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating<sup about="#mwt3301" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-433" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[242002,242370,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-433"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-433" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 433;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[433]</span></a></sup> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<sup about="#mwt3306" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-434" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[242475,242731,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-434"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-434" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 434;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[434]</span></a></sup> a trend similar to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Ronald_Reagan"},"sa":{"href":"Ronald Reagan"},"dsr":[242751,242768,2,2]}'>Ronald Reagan</a>'s and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bill_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Bill Clinton"},"dsr":[242775,242791,2,2]}'>Bill Clinton</a>'s first years in office.<sup about="#mwt3311" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-435" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[242816,243136,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-435"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-435" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 435;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[435]</span></a></sup> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},"sa":{"href":"death of Osama bin Laden"},"dsr":[243190,243218,2,2]}'>death of Osama bin Laden</a> on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<sup about="#mwt3326" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-436" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[243347,243627,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-436"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-436" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 436;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[436]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3386" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-437" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[243627,244045,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-437"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-437" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 437;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[437]</span></a></sup> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration.<sup about="#mwt3391" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-438" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[244213,244410,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-438"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-438" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 438;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[438]</span></a></sup> Despite approval ratings dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<sup about="#mwt3316" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-439" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[244546,244770,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-439"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-439" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 439;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[439]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[244772,246938,0,0]}'>Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<sup about="#mwt3336" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-440" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[244867,245069,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-440"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-440" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 440;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[440]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3346" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-441" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[245069,245498,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-441"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-441" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 441;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[441]</span></a></sup> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harris_Insights_&_Analytics" title="Harris Insights & Analytics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Harris_Insights_&_Analytics"},"sa":{"href":"Harris Insights & Analytics"},"dsr":[245567,245617,30,2]}'>Harris Interactive</a> for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./France_24" title="France 24" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./France_24"},"sa":{"href":"France 24"},"dsr":[245622,245635,2,2]}'>France 24</a> and the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[245644,245680,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./International_Herald_Tribune"},"sa":{"href":"International Herald Tribune"},"dsr":[245646,245678,2,2]}'>International Herald Tribune</a></i>, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<sup about="#mwt3338" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-442" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[245763,246040,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-442"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-442" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 442;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[442]</span></a></sup> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<sup about="#mwt3328" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-443" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[246256,246478,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-443"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-443" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 443;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[443]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3348" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-444" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[246478,246938,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-444"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-444" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 444;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[444]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb mw:ExpandedAttrs" about="#mwt1731" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"G8 leaders watching the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]]"},{"ck":"alt","ak":"alt=Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League final]], in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."}],"dsr":[246940,247641,2,2]}' data-mw='{"attribs":[["alt",{"html":"alt=Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"./2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final\" title=\"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\" data-parsoid='{\"stx\":\"piped\",\"a\":{\"href\":\"./2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final\"},\"sa\":{\"href\":\"2012 UEFA Champions League Final\"},\"dsr\":[247360,340944,35,2]}'>Champions League final</a>, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.","txt":"Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout."}]]}'><a href="./File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img alt="Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich Champions League final, in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout." resource="./File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg/220px-G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg" data-file-width="4021" data-file-height="2629" data-file-type="bitmap" height="144" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:G8_leaders_watching_football.jpg","height":"144","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,247639,null,null]}'>G8 leaders watching the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" title="2012 UEFA Champions League Final" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},"sa":{"href":"2012 UEFA Champions League Final"},"dsr":[247010,247046,2,2]}'>2012 UEFA Champions League Final</a></figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[247643,251390,0,0]}'>Obama won <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album"},"sa":{"href":"Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"},"dsr":[247653,247719,42,2]}'>Best Spoken Word Album</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Grammy_Award"},"sa":{"href":"Grammy Award"},"dsr":[247720,247737,2,3],"tail":"s"}'>Grammy Awards</a> for abridged <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Audiobook" title="Audiobook" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Audiobook"},"sa":{"href":"audiobook"},"dsr":[247751,247764,2,2]}'>audiobook</a> versions of <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[247777,247806,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dreams_from_My_Father"},"sa":{"href":"Dreams from My Father"},"dsr":[247779,247804,2,2]}'>Dreams from My Father</a></i> in February 2006 and for <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[247832,247860,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_Audacity_of_Hope"},"sa":{"href":"The Audacity of Hope"},"dsr":[247834,247858,2,2]}'>The Audacity of Hope</a></i> in February 2008.<sup about="#mwt3357" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-445" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[247878,248290,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-445"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-445" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 445;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[445]</span></a></sup> His <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire" title="Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Barack_Obama_presidential_primary_campaign,_2008#New_Hampshire"},"sa":{"href":"Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008#New Hampshire"},"dsr":[248295,248379,65,2]}'>concession speech</a> after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)"},"sa":{"href":"Yes We Can (will.i.am song)"},"dsr":[248472,248514,30,2]}'>Yes We Can</a>", which was viewed 10<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[248536,248542,null,null]}'> </span>million times on YouTube in its first month<sup about="#mwt3355" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-446" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[248585,248898,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-446"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-446" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 446;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[446]</span></a></sup> and received a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Daytime_Emmy_Award" title="Daytime Emmy Award" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Daytime_Emmy_Award"},"sa":{"href":"Daytime Emmy Award"},"dsr":[248914,248936,2,2]}'>Daytime Emmy Award</a>.<sup about="#mwt3362" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-447" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[248937,249387,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-447"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-447" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 447;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[447]</span></a></sup> In December 2008 and in 2012, <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[249418,249446,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Time_(magazine)"},"sa":{"href":"Time (magazine)"},"dsr":[249420,249444,18,2]}'>Time</a></i> magazine named Obama as its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Time_Person_of_the_Year"},"sa":{"href":"Time Person of the Year"},"dsr":[249475,249521,26,2]}'>Person of the Year</a>.<sup about="#mwt3366" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-448" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[249522,249790,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-448"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-448" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 448;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[448]</span></a></sup> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[249860,249868,2,2]}'>Time</i> described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".<sup about="#mwt3371" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-449" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[249941,250394,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-449"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-449" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 449;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[449]</span></a></sup> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},"sa":{"href":"Parliament of the United Kingdom"},"dsr":[250496,250546,35,2]}'>UK Parliament</a> in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Westminster_Hall"},"sa":{"href":"Westminster Hall"},"dsr":[250550,250570,2,2]}'>Westminster Hall</a>, London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century of a head of state being extended this invitation, following <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Charles_de_Gaulle"},"sa":{"href":"Charles de Gaulle"},"dsr":[250712,250733,2,2]}'>Charles de Gaulle</a> in 1960, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Nelson_Mandela"},"sa":{"href":"Nelson Mandela"},"dsr":[250743,250761,2,2]}'>Nelson Mandela</a> in 1996, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Elizabeth_II"},"sa":{"href":"Elizabeth II"},"dsr":[250771,250806,15,2]}'>Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2002 and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pope_Benedict_XVI"},"sa":{"href":"Pope Benedict XVI"},"dsr":[250819,250840,2,2]}'>Pope Benedict XVI</a> in 2010.<sup about="#mwt3376" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-450" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[250849,251092,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-450"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-450" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 450;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[450]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3382" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-451" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[251092,251390,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-451"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-451" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 451;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[451]</span></a></sup></p>
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<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[251576,254953,0,0]}'>On October 9, 2009, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Norwegian_Nobel_Committee"},"sa":{"href":"Norwegian Nobel Committee"},"dsr":[251600,251629,2,2]}'>Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> announced that Obama had won the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize"},"sa":{"href":"2009 Nobel Peace Prize"},"dsr":[251663,251689,2,2]}'>2009 Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--><sup about="#mwt3421" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nobel_peace_prize_452-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[251850,252219,30,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nobel peace prize"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-452"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nobel_peace_prize-452" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 452;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[452]</span></a></sup> Obama accepted this award in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Oslo" title="Oslo" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Oslo"},"sa":{"href":"Oslo"},"dsr":[252249,252257,2,2]}'>Oslo</a>, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."<sup about="#mwt3396" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript_453-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[252329,252586,45,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CNN: Obama acceptance transcript"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-453"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-CNN:_Obama_acceptance_transcript-453" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 453;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[453]</span></a></sup> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<sup about="#mwt3423" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-454" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[252673,252983,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-454"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-454" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 454;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[454]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3407" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-455" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[252983,253270,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-455"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-455" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 455;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[455]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3425" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-456" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[253270,253535,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-456"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-456" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 456;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[456]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3409" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-457" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[253535,253744,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-457"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-457" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 457;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[457]</span></a></sup> Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[253801,253827,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_New_York_Times"},"sa":{"href":"The New York Times"},"dsr":[253803,253825,2,2]}'>The New York Times</a></i>.<sup about="#mwt3439" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-458" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[253828,254077,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-458"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-458" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 458;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[458]</span></a></sup> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<sup about="#mwt3441" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-459" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[254206,254384,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-459"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-459" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 459;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[459]</span></a></sup> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Geir_Lundestad"},"sa":{"href":"Geir Lundestad"},"dsr":[254508,254526,2,2]}'>Geir Lundestad</a>, said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect.<sup about="#mwt3437" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-460" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[254585,254953,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-460"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-460" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 460;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[460]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama, with [[Joe Biden]] and [[Donald Trump]] at the latter's [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] on January 20, 2017"}],"dsr":[254992,255196,2,2]}'><a href="./File:58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg/220px-58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg" data-file-width="3863" data-file-height="2576" data-file-type="bitmap" height="147" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:58th_Presidential_Inaugural_Ceremony_170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:58th Presidential Inaugural Ceremony 170120-D-BP749-1327.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,255194,null,null]}'>Obama, with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joe_Biden"},"sa":{"href":"Joe Biden"},"dsr":[255078,255091,2,2]}'>Joe Biden</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Donald_Trump"},"sa":{"href":"Donald Trump"},"dsr":[255096,255112,2,2]}'>Donald Trump</a> at the latter's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump"},"sa":{"href":"Inauguration of Donald Trump"},"dsr":[255129,255174,31,2]}'>inauguration</a> on January 20, 2017</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[255197,256100,0,0]}'>Barack Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump"},"sa":{"href":"Inauguration of Donald Trump"},"dsr":[255284,255329,31,2]}'>inauguration</a> of his Republican successor, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Donald_Trump"},"sa":{"href":"Donald Trump"},"dsr":[255359,255375,2,2]}'>Donald Trump</a>. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Executive_One" title="Executive One" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Executive_One"},"sa":{"href":"Executive One"},"dsr":[255421,255438,2,2]}'>Executive One</a>, circled the White House, and flew to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Base_Andrews" title="Joint Base Andrews" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Joint_Base_Andrews"},"sa":{"href":"Joint Base Andrews"},"dsr":[255477,255499,2,2]}'>Joint Base Andrews</a>.<sup about="#mwt3435" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-461" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[255500,255756,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-461"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-461" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 461;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[461]</span></a></sup> The family currently rents a house in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C." title="Kalorama, Washington, D.C." data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Kalorama,_Washington,_D.C."},"sa":{"href":"Kalorama, Washington, D.C."},"dsr":[255795,255825,2,2]}'>Kalorama, Washington, D.C.</a><sup about="#mwt3446" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-462" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[255825,256100,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-462"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-462" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 462;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[462]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[256102,257076,0,0]}'>A 2018 survey of historians by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./American_Political_Science_Association"},"sa":{"href":"American Political Science Association"},"dsr":[256137,256179,2,2]}'>American Political Science Association</a> ranked Obama the 8th-greatest American President.<sup about="#mwt3461" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?_4-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[256229,256662,79,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 4;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[4]</span></a></sup> Obama gained 10 spots from the same survey in 2015 from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Brookings_Institution"},"sa":{"href":"Brookings Institution"},"dsr":[256723,256748,2,2]}'>Brookings Institution</a> that ranked Obama the 18th-greatest American President.<sup about="#mwt3451" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-463" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[256804,257076,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-463"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-463" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 463;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[463]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[257078,258912,0,0]}'>On March 2, 2017, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},"sa":{"href":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum"},"dsr":[257100,257151,2,2]}'>John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> awarded the annual <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Profile_in_Courage_Award"},"sa":{"href":"Profile in Courage Award"},"dsr":[257171,257199,2,2]}'>Profile in Courage Award</a> to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<sup about="#mwt3471" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-464" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[257308,257882,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-464"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-464" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 464;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[464]</span></a></sup> In his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"University of Chicago"},"dsr":[257964,257989,2,2]}'>University of Chicago</a> on April 24. The seminar was aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.<sup about="#mwt3466" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-465" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[258122,258361,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-465"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-465" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 465;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[465]</span></a></sup> On May 4, three days ahead of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./French_presidential_election,_2017" title="French presidential election, 2017" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./French_presidential_election,_2017"},"sa":{"href":"French presidential election, 2017"},"dsr":[258396,258463,37,2]}'>French presidential election</a>, Obama publicly endorsed <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Emmanuel_Macron"},"sa":{"href":"Emmanuel Macron"},"dsr":[258489,258508,2,2]}'>Emmanuel Macron</a>: "He appeals to people's hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."<sup about="#mwt3456" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-466" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[258685,258876,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-466"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-466" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 466;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[466]</span></a></sup> Macron went on to win the election.</p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[258914,259982,0,0]}'>While in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Berlin" title="Berlin" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Berlin"},"sa":{"href":"Berlin"},"dsr":[258923,258933,2,2]}'>Berlin</a> on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Angela_Merkel"},"sa":{"href":"Angela Merkel"},"dsr":[258998,259015,2,2]}'>Angela Merkel</a> where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<sup about="#mwt3476" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-467" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[259211,259439,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-467"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-467" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 467;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[467]</span></a></sup> Obama traveled to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Kensington_Palace"},"sa":{"href":"Kensington Palace"},"dsr":[259458,259479,2,2]}'>Kensington Palace</a> in England and met with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Prince_Harry" title="Prince Harry" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Prince_Harry"},"sa":{"href":"Prince Harry"},"dsr":[259504,259520,2,2]}'>Prince Harry</a> on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="2017 Manchester Arena bombing" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./2017_Manchester_Arena_bombing"},"sa":{"href":"2017 Manchester Arena bombing"},"dsr":[259647,259705,32,2]}'>Manchester Arena bombing</a> that occurred five days prior.<sup about="#mwt3486" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-468" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[259736,259982,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-468"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-468" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 468;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[468]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[259984,260958,0,0]}'>Barack and Michelle Obama signed a deal on May 22 to produce docu-series, documentaries and features for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Netflix" title="Netflix" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Netflix"},"sa":{"href":"Netflix"},"dsr":[260089,260100,2,2]}'>Netflix</a> under the Obama's newly formed production company, Higher Ground Productions. On the deal, Michelle said "I have always believed in the power of storytelling to inspire us, to make us think differently about the world around us, and to help us open our minds and hearts to others".<sup about="#mwt3506" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-469" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[260382,260672,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-469"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-469" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 469;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[469]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3504" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-470" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[260672,260958,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-470"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-470" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 470;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[470]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[260960,261615,0,0]}'>After President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Paris_Agreement"},"sa":{"href":"Paris Agreement"},"dsr":[261037,261056,2,2]}'>Paris Agreement</a> on June 1, Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<sup about="#mwt3491" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-471" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[261425,261615,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-471"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-471" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 471;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[471]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina [[Mauricio Macri]], October 2017"}],"dsr":[261617,261744,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg/220px-Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1351" data-file-type="bitmap" height="153" width="220" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Obama_Macri_October_2017.jpg","height":"153","width":"220"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Obama Macri October 2017.jpg"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,261742,null,null]}'>Obama playing golf with the President of Argentina <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Mauricio_Macri"},"sa":{"href":"Mauricio Macri"},"dsr":[261710,261728,2,2]}'>Mauricio Macri</a>, October 2017</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[261745,262848,0,0]}'>After Senate Republicans revealed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017" title="Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Better_Care_Reconciliation_Act_of_2017"},"sa":{"href":"Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017"},"dsr":[261783,261825,2,2]}'>Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017</a>, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, on June 22, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."<sup about="#mwt3511" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-472" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[262068,262341,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-472"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-472" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 472;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[472]</span></a></sup> On September 19, while delivering the keynote address at Goalkeepers, Obama admitted his frustration with Republicans backing "a bill that will raise costs, reduce coverage, and roll back protections for older Americans and people with pre-existing conditions".<sup about="#mwt3496" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-473" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[262603,262848,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-473"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-473" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 473;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[473]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[262850,263877,0,0]}'>After Attorney General <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jeff_Sessions"},"sa":{"href":"Jeff Sessions"},"dsr":[262873,262890,2,2]}'>Jeff Sessions</a> announced the termination of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals"},"sa":{"href":"Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals"},"dsr":[262924,262966,2,2]}'>Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> (DACA) program on September 5, Obama released a Facebook post rebuking the decision.<sup about="#mwt3481" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-474" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[263051,263265,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-474"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-474" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 474;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[474]</span></a></sup> Two days later, he partnered with former presidents <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jimmy_Carter"},"sa":{"href":"Jimmy Carter"},"dsr":[263318,263334,2,2]}'>Jimmy Carter</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_H._W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George H. W. Bush"},"dsr":[263336,263357,2,2]}'>George H. W. Bush</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bill_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Bill Clinton"},"dsr":[263359,263375,2,2]}'>Bill Clinton</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./George_W._Bush"},"sa":{"href":"George W. Bush"},"dsr":[263381,263399,2,2]}'>George W. Bush</a> to work with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./One_America_Appeal"},"sa":{"href":"One America Appeal"},"dsr":[263413,263435,2,2]}'>One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hurricane_Harvey"},"sa":{"href":"Hurricane Harvey"},"dsr":[263459,263479,2,2]}'>Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Hurricane_Irma"},"sa":{"href":"Hurricane Irma"},"dsr":[263484,263502,2,2]}'>Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Gulf Coast of the United States"},"dsr":[263510,263556,34,2]}'>Gulf Coast</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Texas" title="Texas" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Texas"},"sa":{"href":"Texas"},"dsr":[263561,263570,2,2]}'>Texas</a> communities.<sup about="#mwt3516" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-475" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[263583,263877,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-475"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-475" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 475;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[475]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[263879,264770,0,0]}'>Obama hosted the inaugural summit of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obama_Foundation" title="Obama Foundation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Obama_Foundation"},"sa":{"href":"Obama Foundation"},"dsr":[263920,263940,2,2]}'>Obama Foundation</a> in Chicago on October 31. Obama intends for the foundation to be the central focus of his post-presidency and part of his ambitions for his subsequent activities following his presidency to be more consequential than his time in office.<sup about="#mwt3521" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-476" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[264177,264409,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-476"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-476" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 476;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[476]</span></a></sup> Obama has also been working on a Presidential memoir, in a reported $65 million deal with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Penguin_Random_House"},"sa":{"href":"Penguin Random House"},"dsr":[264500,264524,2,2]}'>Penguin Random House</a>.<sup about="#mwt3526" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-nymag_477-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[264525,264770,18,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"nymag"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nymag-477"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nymag-477" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 477;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[477]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[264772,267335,0,0]}'>Obama went on an international trip from November 28 to December 2, 2017, and visited China, India and France. In China, he delivered remarks at the Global Alliance of SMEs Summit in Shanghai and met with Chinese President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Xi_Jinping"},"sa":{"href":"Xi Jinping"},"dsr":[264995,265009,2,2]}'>Xi Jinping</a> in Beijing.<sup about="#mwt3540" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-478" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[265021,265329,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-478"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-478" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 478;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[478]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3542" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-479" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[265329,265657,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-479"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-479" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 479;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[479]</span></a></sup> He then went to India, where he spoke at the Hindustan Times Leadership Summit before meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Narendra_Modi"},"sa":{"href":"Narendra Modi"},"dsr":[265779,265796,2,2]}'>Narendra Modi</a> over lunch. In addition, he held a town hall for young leaders, organized by the Obama Foundation.<sup about="#mwt3533" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-480" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[265895,266182,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-480"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-480" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 480;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[480]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3546" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-481" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[266182,266503,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-481"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-481" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 481;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[481]</span></a></sup> He also met with the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dalai_Lama"},"sa":{"href":"Dalai Lama"},"dsr":[266525,266539,2,2]}'>Dalai Lama</a> while in New Delhi.<sup about="#mwt3556" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-482" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[266559,266837,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-482"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-482" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 482;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[482]</span></a></sup> He ended his five-day trip in France where he met with French President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Emmanuel_Macron"},"sa":{"href":"Emmanuel Macron"},"dsr":[266910,266929,2,2]}'>Emmanuel Macron</a>, former President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Francois_Hollande" title="Francois Hollande" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Francois_Hollande"},"sa":{"href":"Francois Hollande"},"dsr":[266948,266969,2,2]}'>Francois Hollande</a> and Paris Mayor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Anne_Hidalgo" title="Anne Hidalgo" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Anne_Hidalgo"},"sa":{"href":"Anne Hidalgo"},"dsr":[266986,267002,2,2]}'>Anne Hidalgo</a> and then spoke at an invitation-only event, touching on climate issues.<sup about="#mwt3551" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-483" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[267074,267335,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-483"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-483" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 483;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[483]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[267337,268156,0,0]}'>Obama endorsed Oregon Governor <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Kate_Brown" title="Kate Brown" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Kate_Brown"},"sa":{"href":"Kate Brown"},"dsr":[267368,267382,2,2]}'>Kate Brown</a> for re-election on October 1, 2018.<sup about="#mwt3561" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-484" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[267418,267720,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-484"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-484" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 484;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[484]</span></a></sup> On October 22, Obama traveled to Las Vegas to speak at a campaign rally to discuss economic growth, campaigning for Nevada Democratic candidates.<sup about="#mwt3572" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-485" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[267866,268156,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-485"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-485" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 485;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[485]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[268158,269416,0,0]}'>A package that contained a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts" title="October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./October_2018_United_States_mail_bombing_attempts"},"sa":{"href":"October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts"},"dsr":[268185,268247,51,2]}'>pipe bomb</a> was sent to Obama's home in Washington, D.C, on October 24, 2018. The package was intercepted by the Secret Service during routine mail screenings. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders, mostly those who voiced strong objections to the policies of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Donald_Trump"},"sa":{"href":"Donald Trump"},"dsr":[268521,268537,2,2]}'>Donald Trump</a> and to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./CNN" title="CNN" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./CNN"},"sa":{"href":"CNN"},"dsr":[268545,268552,2,2]}'>CNN</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz"},"sa":{"href":"Debbie Wasserman Schultz"},"dsr":[268554,268582,2,2]}'>Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> was addressed as the sender of the package. On October 26, 2018, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Cesar_Sayoc" title="Cesar Sayoc" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Cesar_Sayoc"},"sa":{"href":"Cesar Sayoc"},"dsr":[268648,268663,2,2]}'>Cesar Sayoc</a> was arrested and faces five federal charges in Manhattan carrying a combined maximum sentence of 48 years behind bars in relation to the pipe bombs.<sup about="#mwt3570" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-486" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[268812,269102,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-486"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-486" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 486;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[486]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3581" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-487" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[269102,269416,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-487"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-487" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 487;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[487]</span></a></sup></p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Image/Thumb" data-parsoid='{"optList":[{"ck":"thumbnail","ak":"thumb"},{"ck":"right","ak":"right"},{"ck":"upright","ak":"upright=1.7"},{"ck":"caption","ak":"Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term"}],"dsr":[269431,269662,2,2]}'><a href="./File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" data-parsoid="{}"><img resource="./File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png/370px-Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="787" data-file-type="bitmap" height="208" width="370" data-parsoid='{"a":{"resource":"./File:Job_Growth_by_U.S._President_-_v1.png","height":"208","width":"370"},"sa":{"resource":"File:Job Growth by U.S. President - v1.png"}}'/></a><figcaption data-parsoid='{"dsr":[null,269660,null,null]}'>Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of his term</figcaption></figure>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[269664,272015,0,0]}'>Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},"dsr":[269730,269776,2,2]}'>Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (PPACA), provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Many attempts by Senate Republicans to repeal the PPACA, including a "skinny repeal", have thus far failed.<sup about="#mwt3577" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-legacy_488-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[269949,270228,19,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"legacy"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-legacy-488"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-488" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 488;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[488]</span></a></sup> Together with the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act"},"dsr":[270247,270295,2,2]}'>Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a> amendment, it represents the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Health care in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Health_care_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Health care in the United States"},"dsr":[270325,270384,35,2]}'>U.S. healthcare system</a>'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Medicare_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"Medicare (United States)"},"dsr":[270471,270508,27,2]}'>Medicare</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Medicaid" title="Medicaid" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Medicaid"},"sa":{"href":"Medicaid"},"dsr":[270513,270525,2,2]}'>Medicaid</a> in 1965.<sup about="#mwt3596" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Oberlander2010_489-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[270534,271030,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Oberlander2010"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Oberlander2010-489"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Oberlander2010-489" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 489;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[489]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3594" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-Blumenthal2015_490-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[271030,271363,27,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Blumenthal2015"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Blumenthal2015-490"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Blumenthal2015-490" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 490;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[490]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3586" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-CohenEtAl_491-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[271363,271753,22,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CohenEtAl"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CohenEtAl-491"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-CohenEtAl-491" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 491;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[491]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3601" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-NYTsigning_492-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[271753,272015,23,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NYTsigning"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTsigning-492"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-NYTsigning-492" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 492;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[492]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[272017,273187,0,0]}'>Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Depression_(economics)"},"sa":{"href":"Depression (economics)"},"dsr":[272075,272112,25,2]}'>depression</a> and pulling the economy back from the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Great_Recession" title="Great Recession" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Great_Recession"},"sa":{"href":"Great Recession"},"dsr":[272151,272170,2,2]}'>Great Recession</a>.<sup about="#mwt1886" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-legacy_488-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[272171,272192,21,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"legacy"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-legacy-488" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 488;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[488]</span></a></sup> According to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics"},"sa":{"href":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"},"dsr":[272210,272245,2,2]}'>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obama_administration" title="Obama administration" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Obama_administration"},"sa":{"href":"Obama administration"},"dsr":[272251,272275,2,2]}'>Obama administration</a> created 11.3<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" ","dsr":[272288,272294,null,null]}'> </span>million jobs from the month after <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"first inauguration of Barack Obama"},"dsr":[272328,272389,37,2]}'>his first inauguration</a> to the end of his term.<sup about="#mwt3606" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-493" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[272413,272627,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-493"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-493" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 493;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[493]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Obama signed into effect the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dodd–Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dodd–Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act"},"dsr":[272666,272727,2,2]}'>Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a>. Passed as a response to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Financial_crisis_of_2007–08" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Financial_crisis_of_2007–08"},"sa":{"href":"financial crisis of 2007–08"},"dsr":[272757,272788,2,2]}'>financial crisis of 2007–08</a>, it brought the most significant changes to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Financial_regulation"},"sa":{"href":"financial regulation"},"dsr":[272833,272857,2,2]}'>financial regulation</a> in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Great_Depression" title="Great Depression" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Great_Depression"},"sa":{"href":"Great Depression"},"dsr":[272925,272945,2,2]}'>Great Depression</a> under Democratic President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},"sa":{"href":"Franklin D. Roosevelt"},"dsr":[272973,272998,2,2]}'>Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup about="#mwt3621" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-494" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[272999,273187,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-494"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-494" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 494;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[494]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[273189,273938,0,0]}'>In 2009, Obama signed into law the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2010"},"sa":{"href":"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010"},"dsr":[273224,273283,2,2]}'>National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010</a>, which contained in it the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act"},"sa":{"href":"Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act"},"dsr":[273311,273376,2,2]}'>Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a>, the first addition to existing federal hate crime law in the United States since Democratic President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Bill_Clinton"},"sa":{"href":"Bill Clinton"},"dsr":[273480,273496,2,2]}'>Bill Clinton</a> signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Hate crime laws in the United States"},"dsr":[273629,273723,39,2]}'>existing federal hate crime laws in the United States</a> to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity.</p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[273940,275491,0,0]}'>As president, Obama advanced LGBT rights.<sup about="#mwt1918" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-495" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[273981,274214,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-495"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-495" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 495;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[495]</span></a></sup> In 2010, he signed the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Don't_Ask,_Don't_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010"},"sa":{"href":"Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010"},"dsr":[274238,274315,43,2]}'>Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act</a>, which brought an end to "<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Don't_ask,_don't_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Don't_ask,_don't_tell"},"sa":{"href":"don't ask, don't tell"},"dsr":[274342,274367,2,2]}'>don't ask, don't tell</a>" policy in the U.S. armed forces that banned open service from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual" title="Lesbian, gay and bisexual" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Lesbian,_gay_and_bisexual"},"sa":{"href":"Lesbian, gay and bisexual"},"dsr":[274431,274464,28,2]}'>LGB</a> people; the law went into effect the following year.<sup about="#mwt1920" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-496" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[274517,274687,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-496"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-496" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 496;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[496]</span></a></sup> In 2016, his administration brought an end to the ban on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Transgender" title="Transgender" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Transgender"},"sa":{"href":"transgender"},"dsr":[274745,274760,2,2]}'>transgender</a> people serving openly in the U.S. armed forces.<sup about="#mwt3611" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-497" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[274808,275066,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-497"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-497" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 497;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[497]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt1900" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-TransBan1_221-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[275066,275088,22,0]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"TransBan1"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-TransBan1-221" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 221;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[221]</span></a></sup> A <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gallup_poll" title="Gallup poll" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Gallup_poll"},"sa":{"href":"Gallup poll"},"dsr":[275091,275106,2,2]}'>Gallup poll</a>, taken in the final days of Obama's term, showed that 68% of Americans believed that the U.S. had made progress in the situation for gays and lesbians during Obama's eight years in office.<sup about="#mwt1922" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-498" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[275295,275491,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-498"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-498" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 498;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[498]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[275493,277440,0,0]}'>Obama substantially escalated the use of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Drone_strikes" title="Drone strikes" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Drone_strikes"},"sa":{"href":"drone strikes"},"dsr":[275534,275551,2,2]}'>drone strikes</a> against suspected militants and terrorists associated with <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Al-Qaeda"},"sa":{"href":"al-Qaeda"},"dsr":[275611,275623,2,2]}'>al-Qaeda</a> and the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Taliban" title="Taliban" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Taliban"},"sa":{"href":"Taliban"},"dsr":[275632,275643,2,2]}'>Taliban</a>.<sup about="#mwt3616" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-499" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[275644,275979,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-499"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-499" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 499;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[499]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3631" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-500" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[275979,276118,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-500"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-500" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 500;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[500]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the last year of his presidency, the US dropped 26,171 bombs on seven different countries.<sup about="#mwt3626" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-501" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[276218,276537,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-501"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-501" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 501;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[501]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3641" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-502" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[276537,276907,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-502"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-502" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 502;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[502]</span></a></sup> Obama left about 8,400 US troops in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Afghanistan"},"sa":{"href":"Afghanistan"},"dsr":[276944,276959,2,2]}'>Afghanistan</a>, 5,262 in Iraq, 503 in Syria, 133 in Pakistan, 106 in Somalia, 7 in Yemen, and 2 in Libya at the end of his presidency.<sup about="#mwt3651" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-503" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[277079,277342,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-503"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-503" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 503;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[503]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3647" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-504" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[277342,277440,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-504"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-504" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 504;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[504]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[277442,278222,0,0]}'>According to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Pew_Research_Center"},"sa":{"href":"Pew Research Center"},"dsr":[277455,277478,2,2]}'>Pew Research Center</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="United States Bureau of Justice Statistics" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./United_States_Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics"},"sa":{"href":"United States Bureau of Justice Statistics"},"dsr":[277483,277529,2,2]}'>United States Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2015, that inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined by 5% under Obama. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democratic President <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Jimmy_Carter"},"sa":{"href":"Jimmy Carter"},"dsr":[277747,277763,2,2]}'>Jimmy Carter</a>. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<sup about="#mwt3639" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-505" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[277916,278222,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-505"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-505" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 505;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[505]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[278224,279444,0,0]}'>Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<sup about="#mwt3661" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-506" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[278285,278539,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-506"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-506" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 506;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[506]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3659" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-507" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[278539,278794,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-507"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-507" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 507;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[507]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./C-SPAN"},"sa":{"href":"C-SPAN"},"dsr":[278802,278812,2,2]}'>C-SPAN</a> <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[278813,278906,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},"sa":{"href":"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States"},"dsr":[278815,278904,57,2]}'>Presidential Historians Survey</a></i> ranked Obama as the 12th-best US president.<sup about="#mwt3671" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-508" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[278950,279163,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-508"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-508" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 508;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[508]</span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt3669" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-509" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279163,279444,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-509"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-509" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 509;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[509]</span></a></sup></p>
<p data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279517,279916,0,0]}'>The Barack Obama Presidential Center is Obama's planned <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidential_library" title="Presidential library" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Presidential_library"},"sa":{"href":"presidential library"},"dsr":[279573,279597,2,2]}'>presidential library</a>. It will be hosted by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./University_of_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"University of Chicago"},"dsr":[279624,279649,2,2]}'>University of Chicago</a> and located in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jackson_Park_(Chicago)" title="Jackson Park (Chicago)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Jackson_Park_(Chicago)"},"sa":{"href":"Jackson Park (Chicago)"},"dsr":[279665,279704,25,2]}'>Jackson Park</a> on the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./South_Side,_Chicago"},"sa":{"href":"South Side, Chicago"},"dsr":[279712,279757,22,2]}'>South Side of Chicago</a>.<sup about="#mwt3676" class="mw-ref" id="cite_ref-510" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279758,279916,5,6]}' data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-510"}}'><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_note-510" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 510;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[510]</span></a></sup></p>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279937,280064,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279937,279974,1,0]}'><i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279939,279968,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dreams_from_My_Father"},"sa":{"href":"Dreams from My Father"},"dsr":[279941,279966,2,2]}'>Dreams from My Father</a></i>, 1995</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279975,280011,1,0]}'><i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[279977,280005,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_Audacity_of_Hope"},"sa":{"href":"The Audacity of Hope"},"dsr":[279979,280003,2,2]}'>The Audacity of Hope</a></i>, 2006</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280012,280064,1,0]}'><i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280014,280058,2,2]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)"},"sa":{"href":"Of Thee I Sing (book)"},"dsr":[280016,280056,24,2]}'>Of Thee I Sing</a></i>, 2010</li></ul>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280350,280398,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986"},"sa":{"href":"Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986"},"dsr":[280352,280398,2,2]}'>Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280399,280466,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama"},"dsr":[280401,280466,2,2]}'>List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280467,280525,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012"},"sa":{"href":"Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012"},"dsr":[280469,280525,2,2]}'>Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280526,280574,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009" title="Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Fraud_Enforcement_and_Recovery_Act_of_2009"},"sa":{"href":"Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009"},"dsr":[280528,280574,2,2]}'>Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280575,280620,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)" title="National Broadband Plan (United States)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./National_Broadband_Plan_(United_States)"},"sa":{"href":"National Broadband Plan (United States)"},"dsr":[280577,280620,2,2]}'>National Broadband Plan (United States)</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280621,280675,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy"},"sa":{"href":"Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy"},"dsr":[280623,280675,2,2]}'>Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280693,280711,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stay_with_It" title="Stay with It" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Stay_with_It"},"sa":{"href":"Stay with It"},"dsr":[280695,280711,2,2]}'>Stay with It</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280712,280772,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy"},"sa":{"href":"White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy"},"dsr":[280714,280772,2,2]}'>White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280854,281320,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280854,280902,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"Assassination threats against Barack Obama"},"dsr":[280856,280902,2,2]}'>Assassination threats against Barack Obama</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280903,280948,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people pardoned by Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_people_pardoned_by_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"List of people pardoned by Barack Obama"},"dsr":[280905,280948,2,2]}'>List of people pardoned by Barack Obama</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[280949,281084,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009–2017_Barack_Obama_Administration" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States#2009–2017_Barack_Obama_Administration"},"sa":{"href":"List of federal political scandals in the United States#2009–2017 Barack Obama Administration"},"dsr":[280951,281084,96,2]}'>Federal political scandals, 2009–17</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[281085,281152,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008" title="List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2008"},"sa":{"href":"List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008"},"dsr":[281087,281152,2,2]}'>List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[281153,281220,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012" title="List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_endorsements,_2012"},"sa":{"href":"List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012"},"dsr":[281155,281220,2,2]}'>List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[281221,281274,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators" title="List of African-American United States Senators" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_African-American_United_States_Senators"},"sa":{"href":"List of African-American United States Senators"},"dsr":[281223,281274,2,2]}'>List of African-American United States Senators</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[281275,281320,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"List of things named after Barack Obama"},"dsr":[281277,281320,2,2]}'>List of things named after Barack Obama</a></li></ul>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;" about="#mwt1977" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[281455,328345,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"refs","named":true,"spc":["","","\n","\n"]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"30em"},"refs":{"wt":"<ref name=\"birth-certificate\">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&nbsp;pm, Honolulu |website = Department of Health, State of Hawaii |publisher = The White House |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |accessdate = March 11, 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |archivedate = March 3, 2017 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Christian\">* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archivedate=January 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |archivedate=January 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }}\n* {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archivedate=February 6, 2010 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |archivedate=January 24, 2009 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home&nbsp;– away from home |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. }}\n* {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately&nbsp;... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Occidental\">{{cite news|author=Gordon, Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archivedate=May 24, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|author=Possley, Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archivedate=October 9, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }}\n* {{cite news|author=Kovaleski, Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|author=Rohter, Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|author= Goldman, Adam |author2=Robert Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|author=Helman, Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=Boston Globe |page=1A |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|author=Jackson, Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite book |author = Remnick, David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |place = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |pages = 98–112 |isbn = 978-1400043606 |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}\n* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</ref>\n<ref name=\"Juris Doctor\">{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ |title=Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees |date=November 6, 2008 |website=news.harvard.edu |publisher= |access-date=October 23, 2017}} {{cite news |author = Adams, Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |accessdate = October 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archivedate = October 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Fellow\">{{cite magazine |author = Merriner, James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Zengerle, Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |work = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Gray, Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama's class |work = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Starr, Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Hundley, Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Forty\">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url = http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archivedate = April 16, 2004 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Jarrett, Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = 'Project Vote' brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Reynolds, Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |accessdate = June 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archivedate = May 14, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |author = Anderson, Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain's Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"DavisMiner\">{{cite news|author=Robinson, Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\n* {{cite news|author=Morain, Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama's law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6 |accessdate=February 14, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news|date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archivedate=December 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{subscription required}}\n* {{cite news|date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\n* {{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama's ascent |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }}\n* {{cite web|year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland&nbsp;– Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archivedate=July 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite news|author=Reardon, Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama's Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }}\n* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</ref>\n<ref name=\"Democratic primary\">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results&nbsp;– Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |author=Gonyea, Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archivedate=February 18, 2011 }}\n* {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archivedate=March 21, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archivedate=March 8, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |author2=Daren Briscoe |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archivedate=April 18, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\n* {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |author=Wills, Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |accessdate=November 15, 2010 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Rose Garden\">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |publisher = The White House |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Tackett, Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Federal Plaza\">{{cite news |author = Glauber, Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\n* {{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}\n* {{cite web |author = Katz, Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War & Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |accessdate = February 18, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archivedate = July 21, 2011 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Greg Bryant |author2 = Jane B. Vaughn |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</ref>\n<ref name=\"spoke out\">{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archivedate = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author = McCormick, John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{Subscription required}}\n* {{cite news |author = Pallasch, Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>\n<ref name=\"stop the war\">{{cite news |author = Ritter, Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}\n* {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq |publisher = The White House |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"future\">{{cite news |author = Mendell, David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Howlett, Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Scheiber, Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |work = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Finnegan, William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |work = The New Yorker |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Dionne Jr., E.J. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\n* {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |accessdate = January 9, 2010 }}\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.</ref>\n<ref name=\"status\">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news |author=Samuel, Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News & World Report |page=25 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archivedate=December 6, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}\n* {{cite news |author=Lizza, Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author=Davey, Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |accessdate=November 25, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |author=Leibovich, Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |work=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author=Milligan, Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\n* {{cite news |author=Seelye, Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archivedate=June 24, 2006}}\n* {{cite news |author=Broder, David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |work=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}\n* {{cite news |author=Jonathan Bing |author2=Pamela McClintock |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.</ref>\n<ref name=\"margin\">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |author = Slevin, Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news |author = John Chase |author2 = David Mendell |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |accessdate = April 3, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095857/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |archivedate = May 13, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}\n* {{cite news |author = Fornek, Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }}</ref>\n* {{cite news |first = Tom |last = Curry |title = What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date = February 21, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = June 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513135618/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |archivedate = May 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news|url=http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |title=Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work=National Journal |date=January 31, 2008 |accessdate=June 25, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |archivedate=June 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes }}\n<ref name=\"transition period\">{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |accessdate = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |agency = Reuters |author = Mason, Jeff }}</ref>\n* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |title=Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday |accessdate=November 22, 2008 |date=November 13, 2008 |work=Time |author=Sidoti, Liz |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C1859020%2C00.html |archivedate=November 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}\n<ref name=\"nuclear terrorism\">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Kenyan\">{{cite news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite news|first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=WLS-TV |location=Chicago |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news|title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }}\n* {{cite news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |author2=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archivedate=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"allocation\">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |work=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |author=Peter Baker |author2=Jim Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 29, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl=no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"delegates\">{{cite news |author = Baldwin, Tom |title = Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate' |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece |work = The Times |location = London |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\n* {{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |title = Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party |work = The New York Times |author = Nagourney, Adam |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"acceptance\">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher = BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |accessdate = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archivedate = August 28, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |author = Marks, Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archivedate = March 14, 2010 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"small donations\">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archivedate=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }}\n* {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archivedate=February 1, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archivedate=June 13, 2008 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"presidential debates\">{{cite press release |url = http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archivedate = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }}\n* {{cite news |accessdate = July 6, 2008 |url = http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archivedate = July 5, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"electoral votes\">{{cite news |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |author = Johnson, Alex |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator&nbsp;– Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |accessdate = December 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"direct assistance\">{{cite news |url = http://stimulus.org/ |title = Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch |accessdate = April 9, 2011 }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan |accessdate = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"markets opened\">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }}\n* {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |agency = Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"preceding administration\">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |accessdate=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archivedate=November 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\n* {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"middleeast\">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}</ref>\n* {{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |first2 = Alan |last2 = Cowell |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html |title = Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace |work = The New York Times |date = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331161401/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 }}\n* {{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |title = The President in the Middle East |date = June 3, 2009 |first = Jesse |last = Lee |publisher = The White House |accessdate = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702022523/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |archivedate = July 2, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\n<ref name=\"counterinsurgency tactics\">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |work = The Washington Post }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News Channel }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"exceptional orator\">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |accessdate = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archivedate = February 26, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |url = https://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed 'elevation' |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |title = Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[HuffPost]] |accessdate = July 2, 2011 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"in Jakarta\">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian Redux |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |year = 2009 |accessdate = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archivedate = March 3, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archivedate = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"corruption charges\">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |work = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |accessdate = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }}\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |accessdate = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |last = Robinson |first = Mike |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |archivedate = June 7, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"social change\">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |work=Time |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\n* {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archivedate=January 4, 2009 }}</ref>\n<ref name=\"Trinity\">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes' |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And&nbsp;– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs&nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. }}\n* {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/ |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years,\" Obama said. \"The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago. }}\n* {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archivedate = July 20, 2013 |deadurl = yes }}\n* {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |location = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |page = <span class=\"plainlinks\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177]</span> |isbn = 978-1400043606 |quote = In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School. |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}\n* Maraniss (2012), <span class=\"plainlinks\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887 p. 557]</span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987&nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: \"He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.\"\n* {{Cite book |first=Baker |last=Peter |authorlink=Peter Baker (author) |year=2017 |title=Obama: The Call of History |location=New York |publisher=The New York Times/Callaway |isbn=978-0935112900 |oclc=1002264033}}</ref>"}},"i":0}}]}'>
<ol class="mw-references references" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt4363" data-mw='{"name":"references","attrs":{"group":"","responsive":"0"},"body":{"html":"\n<sup about=\"#mwt3928\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"birth-certificate\\\">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&amp;nbsp;pm, Honolulu |website = Department of Health, State of Hawaii |publisher = The White House |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |accessdate = March 11, 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |archivedate = March 3, 2017 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"birth-certificate\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-birth-certificate-7\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-birth-certificate-7\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 7;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[7]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4007\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;&lt;ref name=\\&quot;Christian\\&quot;>* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archivedate=January 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |archivedate=January 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archivedate=February 6, 2010 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |archivedate=January 24, 2009 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home&amp;nbsp;– away from home |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately&amp;nbsp;... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}&lt;/ref>&quot;}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Christian\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Christian-83\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Christian-83\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 83;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[83]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4044\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;&lt;ref name=\\&quot;Occidental\\&quot;>{{cite news|author=Gordon, Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archivedate=May 24, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Possley, Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archivedate=October 9, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Kovaleski, Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Rohter, Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|author= Goldman, Adam |author2=Robert Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Helman, Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=Boston Globe |page=1A |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Jackson, Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite book |author = Remnick, David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |place = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |pages = 98–112 |isbn = 978-1400043606 |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}\\n* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.\\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.&lt;/ref>&quot;}\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Occidental\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Occidental-39\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Occidental-39\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 39;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[39]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt3961\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Juris Doctor\\\">{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/11/obama-joins-list-of-seven-presidents-with-harvard-degrees/ |title=Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees |date=November 6, 2008 |website=news.harvard.edu |publisher= |access-date=October 23, 2017}} {{cite news |author = Adams, Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |accessdate = October 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archivedate = October 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Juris Doctor\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Juris_Doctor-104\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Juris_Doctor-104\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 104;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[104]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4052\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Fellow\\\">{{cite magazine |author = Merriner, James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&amp;si=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Zengerle, Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |work = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&amp;p=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Gray, Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama&apos;s class |work = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Starr, Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Hundley, Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Fellow\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Fellow-106\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Fellow-106\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 106;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[106]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4034\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Forty\\\">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url = http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archivedate = April 16, 2004 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Jarrett, Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = &apos;Project Vote&apos; brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Reynolds, Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |accessdate = June 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archivedate = May 14, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Anderson, Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain&apos;s Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Forty\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Forty-108\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Forty-108\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 108;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[108]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4119\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"DavisMiner\\\">{{cite news|author=Robinson, Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was &apos;smart, innovative, relentless,&apos; and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news|author=Morain, Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama&apos;s law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6 |accessdate=February 14, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news|date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS%3AFT&amp;type=current&amp;date=&amp;author=&amp;pub=&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=&amp;desc= |archivedate=December 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news|date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama&apos;s ascent |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite web|year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill &amp; Galland&amp;nbsp;– Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archivedate=July 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|author=Reardon, Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama&apos;s Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }}\\n* Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.\\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"DavisMiner\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-DavisMiner-114\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-DavisMiner-114\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 114;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[114]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4124\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Democratic primary\\\">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results&amp;nbsp;– Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama&apos;s Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |author=Gonyea, Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archivedate=February 18, 2011 }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archivedate=March 21, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archivedate=March 8, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |author2=Daren Briscoe |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archivedate=April 18, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |author=Wills, Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |accessdate=November 15, 2010 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Democratic primary\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Democratic_primary-120\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Democratic_primary-120\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 120;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[120]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4069\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Rose Garden\\\">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |publisher = The White House |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Tackett, Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Rose Garden\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rose_Garden-127\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Rose_Garden-127\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 127;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[127]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4117\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Federal Plaza\\\">{{cite news |author = Glauber, Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite web |author = Katz, Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War &amp; Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |accessdate = February 18, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archivedate = July 21, 2011 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Greg Bryant |author2 = Jane B. Vaughn |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&amp;p_theme=adhb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&amp;s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&amp;p_field_date-0=YMD_date&amp;p_params_date-0=date:B,E&amp;p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Federal Plaza\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Federal_Plaza-128\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Federal_Plaza-128\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 128;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[128]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4115\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"spoke out\\\">{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archivedate = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = McCormick, John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks &apos;02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate&apos;s political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama&apos;s 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{Subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news |author = Pallasch, Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"spoke out\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-spoke_out-129\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-spoke_out-129\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 129;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[129]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4113\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"stop the war\\\">{{cite news |author = Ritter, Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=title&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday &apos;moment of truth&apos; for world on Iraq |publisher = The White House |url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"stop the war\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-stop_the_war-130\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-stop_the_war-130\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 130;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[130]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4181\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"future\\\">{{cite news |author = Mendell, David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Howlett, Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Scheiber, Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama&apos;s miraculous campaign |work = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Finnegan, William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |work = The New Yorker |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Dionne Jr., E.J. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html |accessdate = January 9, 2010 }}\\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"future\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-future-132\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-future-132\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 132;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[132]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4202\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"status\\\">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news |author=Samuel, Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News &amp; World Report |page=25 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archivedate=December 6, 2008 |deadurl=yes}}\\n* {{cite news |author=Lizza, Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author=Davey, Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |accessdate=November 25, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |author=Leibovich, Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |work=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author=Milligan, Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }}\\n* {{cite news |author=Seelye, Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archivedate=June 24, 2006}}\\n* {{cite news |author=Broder, David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |work=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}\\n* {{cite news |author=Jonathan Bing |author2=Pamela McClintock |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}}\\n* Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"status\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-status-134\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-status-134\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 134;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[134]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4163\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"margin\\\">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Slevin, Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news |author = John Chase |author2 = David Mendell |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |accessdate = April 3, 2009 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513095857/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |archivedate = May 13, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}\\n* {{cite news |author = Fornek, Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"margin\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-margin-137\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-margin-137\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 137;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[137]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4173\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"transition period\\\">{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |accessdate = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |agency = Reuters |author = Mason, Jeff }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"transition period\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-transition_period-140\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-transition_period-140\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 140;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[140]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4186\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"nuclear terrorism\\\">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"nuclear terrorism\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-158\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-nuclear_terrorism-158\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 158;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[158]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4235\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Kenyan\\\">{{cite news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat&apos;s Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&amp;id=3806933 |publisher=WLS-TV |location=Chicago |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news|title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |author2=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archivedate=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Kenyan\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Kenyan-163\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Kenyan-163\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 163;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[163]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4219\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"allocation\\\">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |work=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |author=Peter Baker |author2=Jim Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 29, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl=no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"allocation\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-allocation-169\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-allocation-169\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 169;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[169]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4230\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"delegates\\\">{{cite news |author = Baldwin, Tom |title = Hillary Clinton: &apos;Barack is my candidate&apos; |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece |work = The Times |location = London |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}\\n* {{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html |title = Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party |work = The New York Times |author = Nagourney, Adam |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"delegates\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-delegates-172\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-delegates-172\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 172;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[172]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4240\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"acceptance\\\">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher = BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |accessdate = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archivedate = August 28, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |author = Marks, Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archivedate = March 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"acceptance\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-acceptance-174\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-acceptance-174\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 174;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[174]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4283\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"small donations\\\">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archivedate=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archivedate=February 1, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archivedate=June 13, 2008 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"small donations\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-small_donations-176\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-small_donations-176\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 176;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[176]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4274\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"presidential debates\\\">{{cite press release |url = http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archivedate = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }}\\n* {{cite news |accessdate = July 6, 2008 |url = http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archivedate = July 5, 2008 |deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"presidential debates\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-presidential_debates-178\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-presidential_debates-178\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 178;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[178]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4258\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"electoral votes\\\">{{cite news |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |author = Johnson, Alex |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator&amp;nbsp;– Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |accessdate = December 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"electoral votes\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-electoral_votes-179\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-electoral_votes-179\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 179;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[179]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4266\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"direct assistance\\\">{{cite news |url = http://stimulus.org/ |title = Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch |accessdate = April 9, 2011 }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama&apos;s remarks on signing the stimulus plan |accessdate = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"direct assistance\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-direct_assistance-239\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-direct_assistance-239\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 239;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[239]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4279\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"markets opened\\\">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks&apos; Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }}\\n* {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |agency = Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=businessNews }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"markets opened\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-markets_opened-240\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-markets_opened-240\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 240;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[240]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4291\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"preceding administration\\\">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |accessdate=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archivedate=November 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}\\n* {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton&apos;s gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"preceding administration\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-preceding_administration-321\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-preceding_administration-321\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 321;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[321]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4296\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"middleeast\\\">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"middleeast\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-middleeast-326\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-middleeast-326\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 326;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[326]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4304\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"counterinsurgency tactics\\\">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |work = The Washington Post }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News Channel }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"counterinsurgency tactics\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-357\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-counterinsurgency_tactics-357\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 357;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[357]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4340\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"exceptional orator\\\">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |accessdate = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archivedate = February 26, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |url = https://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed &apos;elevation&apos; |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |title = Obama Is America&apos;s Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[HuffPost]] |accessdate = July 2, 2011 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"exceptional orator\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-exceptional_orator-430\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-exceptional_orator-430\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 430;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[430]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4329\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"in Jakarta\\\">{{cite web |title = Obama&apos;s Indonesian Redux |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |year = 2009 |accessdate = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archivedate = March 3, 2009 |deadurl = no }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archivedate = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"in Jakarta\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-in_Jakarta-27\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-in_Jakarta-27\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[27]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4324\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"corruption charges\\\">{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |work = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |accessdate = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }}\\n* {{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |accessdate = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |last = Robinson |first = Mike |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |archivedate = June 7, 2008 |deadurl = no }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"corruption charges\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-corruption_charges-71\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-corruption_charges-71\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 71;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[71]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4342\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"social change\\\">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |work=Time |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}\\n* {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title=&apos;Call to Renewal&apos; Keynote Address |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archivedate=January 4, 2009 }}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"social change\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-social_change-84\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-social_change-84\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 84;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[84]</span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt4361\" class=\"mw-ref\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" data-parsoid='{\"src\":\"&lt;ref name=\\\"Trinity\\\">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on &apos;Hannity &amp; Colmes&apos; |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I&apos;ve been a member since 1991 or &apos;92. And&amp;nbsp;– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs&amp;nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won&apos;t say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn&apos;t go as regularly then. }}\\n* {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/ |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years,\\\" Obama said. \\\"The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago. }}\\n* {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archivedate = July 20, 2013 |deadurl = yes }}\\n* {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama |location = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |page = &lt;span class=\\\"plainlinks\\\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&amp;pg=PA177 177]&lt;/span> |isbn = 978-1400043606 |quote = In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School. |title-link = The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama }}\\n* Maraniss (2012), &lt;span class=\\\"plainlinks\\\">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;pg=PT887 p. 557]&lt;/span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright&apos;s church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987&amp;nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: \\\"He wasn&apos;t a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.\\\"\\n* {{Cite book |first=Baker |last=Peter |authorlink=Peter Baker (author) |year=2017 |title=Obama: The Call of History |location=New York |publisher=The New York Times/Callaway |isbn=978-0935112900 |oclc=1002264033}}&lt;/ref>\"}' data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Trinity\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Trinity-88\"}}'><a href=\"./Barack_Obama#cite_note-Trinity-88\" style=\"counter-reset: mw-Ref 88;\" data-parsoid=\"{}\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" data-parsoid=\"{}\">[88]</span></a></sup>\n"}}'><li about="#cite_note-1" id="cite_note-1"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-1" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clMEg4-N7ao" about="#mwt13" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":45,"contentOffsets":[45,124],"dsr":[2312,2383,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"1"},{"k":"2"}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"YouTube","href":"./Template:YouTube"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"clMEg4-N7ao"},"2":{"wt":"\"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office\""}},"i":0}}]}'><span class="plainlinks" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>"Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office"</span></a><span about="#mwt13" data-parsoid="{}"> on </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./YouTube" title="YouTube" about="#mwt13" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./YouTube"},"sa":{"href":"YouTube"}}'>YouTube</a>. January 20, 2009.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-2" id="cite_note-2"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-2" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-2" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[7646,7929,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"author1","named":true},{"k":"author2","named":true},{"k":"website","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html"},"title":{"wt":"Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"},"author1":{"wt":"Wan, William"},"author2":{"wt":"Scott Clement"},"website":{"wt":"[[The Washington Post]]"},"date":{"wt":"November 18, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'>Wan, William; Scott Clement (November 18, 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/global-approval-rating.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":167,"contentOffsets":[167,241]}'>"Most of the world doesn't actually see America the way Trump said it did"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_Washington_Post"},"sa":{"href":"The Washington Post"}}'>The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Most+of+the+world+doesn%27t+actually+see+America+the+way+Trump+said+it+did&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.au=Wan%2C+William&rft.au=Scott+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fgraphics%2Fnational%2Fobama-legacy%2Fglobal-approval-rating.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt15" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-3" id="cite_note-3"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-3" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-3" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[8242,8514,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"last","named":true},{"k":"first","named":true},{"k":"work","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true},{"k":"access-date","named":true},{"k":"language","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx"},"title":{"wt":"Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"},"last":{"wt":"Jones"},"first":{"wt":"Jeffrey M."},"work":{"wt":"Gallup.com"},"date":{"wt":"February 15, 2018"},"access-date":{"wt":"April 5, 2018"},"language":{"wt":"en-us"}},"i":0}}]}'>Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 15, 2018). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/226994/obama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":154,"contentOffsets":[154,210]}'>"Obama's First Retrospective Job Approval Rating Is 63%"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Gallup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+First+Retrospective+Job+Approval+Rating+Is+63%25&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F226994%2Fobama-first-retrospective-job-approval-rating.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt19" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4" id="cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?_4-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?_4-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best_—_and_Worst_—_Presidents?-4" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt1789" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[256308,256656,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"work","named":true},{"k":"author1","named":true,"spc":["",""," ",""]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":[" ","","",""]},{"k":"date","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html"},"title":{"wt":"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?"},"work":{"wt":"[[The New York Times]]"},"author1":{"wt":"Rottinghaus, Brandon"},"author2":{"wt":"Justin S. Vaughn"},"date":{"wt":"February 19, 2018"},"accessdate":{"wt":"February 19, 2018"}},"i":0}}]}'>Rottinghaus, Brandon; Justin S. Vaughn (February 19, 2018). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":211,"contentOffsets":[211,279]}'>"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_New_York_Times"},"sa":{"href":"The New York Times"}}'>The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Does+Trump+Stack+Up+Against+the+Best+%E2%80%94+and+Worst+%E2%80%94+Presidents%3F&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.au=Rottinghaus%2C+Brandon&rft.au=Justin+S.+Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fhow-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt1789" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt1789" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-5" id="cite_note-5"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-5" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-5" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[8866,9179,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"first","named":true},{"k":"last","named":true},{"k":"website","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12"},"title":{"wt":"Barack and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"},"first":{"wt":"Jacob Shamsian"},"last":{"wt":"INSIDER"},"website":{"wt":"Business Insider"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 2, 2019"}},"i":0}}]}'>INSIDER, Jacob Shamsian. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":149,"contentOffsets":[149,259]}'>"Barack and Michelle Obama top Gallup's list of most-admired men and women in the world, trouncing the Trumps"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Barack+and+Michelle+Obama+top+Gallup%27s+list+of+most-admired+men+and+women+in+the+world%2C+trouncing+the+Trumps&rft.aulast=INSIDER&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Shamsian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbarack-and-michelle-obama-most-admired-men-women-gallup-2018-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt20" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-biography-6" id="cite_note-biography-6"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-biography_6-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-biography-6" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[9334,9673,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[" ","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"year":{"wt":"2008"},"title":{"wt":"President Barack Obama"},"publisher":{"wt":"The White House"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 12, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama"},"archivedate":{"wt":"October 26, 2009"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":128,"contentOffsets":[128,152]}'>"President Barack Obama"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":250,"contentOffsets":[250,262]}'>the original</a> on October 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt36" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-birth-certificate-7" id="cite_note-birth-certificate-7"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-birth-certificate_7-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-birth-certificate-7" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":171,"contentOffsets":[171,263]}'>"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>pm, Honolulu"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Department of Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":495,"contentOffsets":[495,507]}'>the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health%2C+State+of+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth%3A+Barack+Hussein+Obama+II%2C+August+4%2C+1961%2C+7%3A24+pm%2C+Honolulu&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-long-form.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3926" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-maraniss-8" id="cite_note-maraniss-8"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-maraniss_8-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-maraniss-8" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[9812,10138,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Maraniss, David"},"date":{"wt":"August 24, 2008"},"title":{"wt":"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"page":{"wt":"A22"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"October 28, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":150,"contentOffsets":[150,235]}'>"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>A22<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Though+Obama+had+to+leave+to+find+himself%2C+it+is+Hawaii+that+made+his+rise+possible&rft.pages=A22&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F23%2FAR2008082301620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt37" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt37" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-9" id="cite_note-9"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-9" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-9" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[10149,10436,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Nakaso, Dan"},"date":{"wt":"December 22, 2008"},"title":{"wt":"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The Honolulu Advertiser]]"},"page":{"wt":"B1"},"url":{"wt":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 22, 2011"}},"i":0}}]}'>Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":140,"contentOffsets":[140,189]}'>"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_Honolulu_Advertiser"},"sa":{"href":"The Honolulu Advertiser"}}'>The Honolulu Advertiser</a></i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>B1<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Twin+sisters%2C+Obama+on+parallel+paths+for+years&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.au=Nakaso%2C+Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F22%2Fln%2Fhawaii812220320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt38" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt38" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10" id="cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-BarretoO'Bryant2013_10-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-BarretoO'Bryant2013-10" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation book" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[10578,10896,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last1","named":true},{"k":"first1","named":true},{"k":"author2","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"chapter-url","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true},{"k":"publisher","named":true},{"k":"isbn","named":true},{"k":"pages","named":true},{"k":"chapter","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Barreto"},"first1":{"wt":"Amílcar Antonio"},"author2":{"wt":"Richard L. O'Bryant"},"title":{"wt":"American Identity in the Age of Obama"},"chapter-url":{"wt":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 8, 2017"},"date":{"wt":"November 12, 2013"},"publisher":{"wt":"Taylor & Francis"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-1-317-93715-9"},"pages":{"wt":"18–19"},"chapter":{"wt":"Introduction"}},"i":0}}]}'>Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; Richard L. O'Bryant (November 12, 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":151,"contentOffsets":[151,165]}'>"Introduction"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">American Identity in the Age of Obama</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>18–19. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93715-9"}}'>978-1-317-93715-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=American+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93715-9&rft.aulast=Barreto&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%ADlcar+Antonio&rft.au=Richard+L.+O%27Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VQVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt39" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt39" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-11" id="cite_note-11"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-11" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-11" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-12" id="cite_note-12"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-12" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-12" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation journal" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[11164,11446,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"journal","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"volume","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"issue","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"pages","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"issn","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite journal","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak"},"date":{"wt":"November–December 2008"},"title":{"wt":"The quest for Obama's Irish roots"},"journal":{"wt":"Ancestry"},"volume":{"wt":"26"},"issue":{"wt":"6"},"pages":{"wt":"46–47, 49"},"issn":{"wt":"1075-475X"},"url":{"wt":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 20, 2011"}},"i":0}}]}'>Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":140,"contentOffsets":[140,175]}'>"The quest for Obama's Irish roots"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Ancestry</i>. <b data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>26</b> (6): 46–47, 49. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Serial_Number"},"sa":{"href":":en:International Standard Serial Number"}}'>ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":308,"contentOffsets":[308,317]}'>1075-475X</a><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancestry&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+Obama%27s+Irish+roots&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=46-47%2C+49&rft.date=2008-11%2F2008-12&rft.issn=1075-475X&rft.au=Smolenyak%2C+Megan+Smolenyak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt40" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt40" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[11970,12615,1,0]}'><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[11972,12615,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"first2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"format","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Hutton"},"first":{"wt":"Brian"},"agency":{"wt":"Press Association of Ireland"},"last2":{"wt":"Nickerson"},"first2":{"wt":"Matthew"},"date":{"wt":"May 3, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Chicago Sun-Times"},"page":{"wt":"3"},"format":{"wt":"paid archive"},"url":{"wt":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no"},"accessdate":{"wt":"November 24, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":412,"contentOffsets":[412,495]}'>"For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(paid archive)</span>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>3<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=For+sure%2C+Obama%27s+South+Side+Irish%3B+One+of+his+roots+traces+back+to+small+village&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Nickerson%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DCSTB%26p_theme%3Dcstb%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26s_dispstring%3D%28For%2520sure%29%2520%28%2520Obama%27s%2520South%2520Side%2520Irish%29%2520AND%2520date%28all%29%26p_field_advanced-0%3D%26p_text_advanced-0%3D%28For%2520sure%29%2520%28%2520Obama%27s%2520South%2520Side%2520Irish%29%C3%8Al_numdocs%3D20%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD%C3%8Al_useweights%3Dno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt64" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt64" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[12616,12896,1,0]}'><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt69" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[12618,12896,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Jordon, Mary"},"date":{"wt":"May 13, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"page":{"wt":"A14"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 13, 2007"}},"i":0}}]}'>Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":144,"contentOffsets":[144,206]}'>"Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>A14<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tiny+Irish+village+is+latest+place+to+claim+Obama+as+its+own&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.au=Jordon%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F12%2FAR2007051201551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt69" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt69" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[12897,13534,1,0]}'><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[12899,13534,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"David Williamson"},"date":{"wt":"July 5, 2008"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/"},"title":{"wt":"Wales link in US presidential candidate's past"},"publisher":{"wt":"walesonline.co.uk"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 30, 2011"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/"},"archivedate":{"wt":"May 21, 2011"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>David Williamson (July 5, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":287,"contentOffsets":[287,335]}'>"Wales link in US presidential candidate's past"</a>. walesonline.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":554,"contentOffsets":[554,566]}'>the original</a> on May 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wales+link+in+US+presidential+candidate%27s+past&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft.au=David+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwelsh-politics%2Fwelsh-politics-news%2F2008%2F07%2F05%2Fgenealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt78" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt78" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Jones_2007-13" id="cite_note-Jones_2007-13"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Jones_2007_13-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Jones_2007-13" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[13853,14305,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Jones, Tim"},"date":{"wt":"March 27, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Chicago Tribune]]"},"page":{"wt":"1 (Tempo)"},"url":{"wt":"http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt"},"archivedate":{"wt":"February 7, 2017"},"df":{"wt":"mdy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'>Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112933/http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":159,"contentOffsets":[159,253]}'>"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Tribune"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Tribune"}}'>Chicago Tribune</a></i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>1 (Tempo). Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":373,"contentOffsets":[373,385]}'>the original</a> on February 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Mother+not+just+a+girl+from+Kansas%3B+Stanley+Ann+Dunham+shaped+a+future+senator&rft.pages=1+%28Tempo%29&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.au=Jones%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbppr.dyndns.org%2F~gbpprorg%2Fobama%2Fbarack.mother.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt41" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt41" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14" id="cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_14-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10_14-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Obama_1995,_2004,_pp._9–10-14" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14380,14468,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14380,14406,1,0]}'>Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14407,14436,1,0]}'>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14870,14931,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14870,14899,1,0]}'>Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14900,14931,1,0]}'>Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-17" id="cite_note-17"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-17" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-17" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15437,15525,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15437,15484,1,0]}'>Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15485,15525,1,0]}'>Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-18" id="cite_note-18"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-18" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-18" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"</span></li><li about="#cite_note-19" id="cite_note-19"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-19" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-19" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15869,15957,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15869,15907,1,0]}'>Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15908,15957,1,0]}'>Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-20" id="cite_note-20"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-20" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-20" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[16053,16488,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"location","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Ochieng, Philip"},"date":{"wt":"November 1, 2004"},"title":{"wt":"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The EastAfrican]]"},"location":{"wt":"Nairobi"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"September 27, 2007"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html"}},"i":0}}]}'>Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":177,"contentOffsets":[177,250]}'>"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_EastAfrican" title="The EastAfrican" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./The_EastAfrican"},"sa":{"href":"The EastAfrican"}}'>The EastAfrican</a></i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":371,"contentOffsets":[371,383]}'>the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EastAfrican&rft.atitle=From+home+squared+to+the+US+Senate%3A+how+Barack+Obama+was+lost+and+found&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.au=Ochieng%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmedia.com%2FEastAfrican%2F01112004%2FFeatures%2FPA2-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt52" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21987,22018,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21987,22018,1,0]}'>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-33" id="cite_note-33"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-33" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-33" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22267,22307,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22267,22307,1,0]}'>Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-34" id="cite_note-34"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-34" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-34" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-35" id="cite_note-35"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-35" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-35" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt109" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[22865,23281,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"quote","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Reyes, B.J."},"date":{"wt":"February 8, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"},"url":{"wt":"http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"February 10, 2007"},"quote":{"wt":"As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."}},"i":0}}]}'>Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":123,"contentOffsets":[123,165]}'>"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 10,</span> 2007</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=Punahou+left+lasting+impression+on+Obama&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.au=Reyes%2C+B.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fnews%2Fstory02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt109" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt109" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-36" id="cite_note-36"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-36" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-36" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt110" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[23452,23942,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Elliott, Philip"},"agency":{"wt":"Associated Press"},"date":{"wt":"November 21, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[Boston Globe]]"},"page":{"wt":"8A"},"url":{"wt":"http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 18, 2012"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 7, 2012"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":206,"contentOffsets":[206,243]}'>"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Boston_Globe" title="Boston Globe" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Boston_Globe"},"sa":{"href":"Boston Globe"}}'>Boston Globe</a></i>. Associated Press. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>8A. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":410,"contentOffsets":[410,422]}'>the original</a> on April 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+gets+blunt+with+N.H.+students&rft.pages=8A&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2007-11-21%2Fnews%2F29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt110" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt110" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-37" id="cite_note-37"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-37" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-37" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt111" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[24088,24335,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Karl, Jonathan"},"publisher":{"wt":"ABC News"},"date":{"wt":"May 25, 2012"},"title":{"wt":"Obama and his pot-smoking \"choom gang\""},"url":{"wt":"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 25, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":143,"contentOffsets":[143,219]}'>"Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>"</span>"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+and+his+pot-smoking+%22choom+gang%22&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.au=Karl%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt111" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt111" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24336,25572,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24336,24603,1,0]}'><cite class="citation book" about="#mwt117" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[24338,24603,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"orig-year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"pages","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"isbn","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Barack"},"last":{"wt":"Obama"},"year":{"wt":"2004"},"orig-year":{"wt":"1995"},"url":{"wt":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93"},"title":{"wt":"Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance"},"pages":{"wt":"93–94"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 3, 2016"},"isbn":{"wt":"9780307394125"}},"i":0}}]}'>Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":113,"contentOffsets":[113,171]}'><i data-parsoid="{}">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>93–94. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/9780307394125" title="Special:BookSources/9780307394125" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/9780307394125"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/9780307394125"}}'>9780307394125</a><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.pages=93-94&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780307394125&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRCHJp-V0QUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt117" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt117" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24604,24834,1,0]}'><cite class="citation book" about="#mwt145" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[24606,24834,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"at","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"isbn","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"David"},"last":{"wt":"Maraniss"},"year":{"wt":"2012"},"url":{"wt":"https://books.google.com/?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom"},"title":{"wt":"Barack Obama: The Story"},"at":{"wt":"pages with \"choom gang\""},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 3, 2016"},"isbn":{"wt":"9781439167533"}},"i":0}}]}'>Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&q=choom" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":103,"contentOffsets":[103,130]}'><i data-parsoid="{}">Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. pages with "choom gang". <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/9781439167533" title="Special:BookSources/9781439167533" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/9781439167533"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/9781439167533"}}'>9781439167533</a><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.pages=pages+with+%22choom+gang%22&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781439167533&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWnna9CLtblAC%26q%3Dchoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt145" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt145" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24835,24997,1,0]}'>for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[24998,25287,1,0]}'><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt153" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[25000,25287,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Seelye, Katharine Q."},"date":{"wt":"October 24, 2006"},"title":{"wt":"Obama offers more variations from the norm"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"page":{"wt":"A21"},"url":{"wt":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63"},"accessdate":{"wt":"October 29, 2006"}},"i":0}}]}'>Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":153,"contentOffsets":[153,197]}'>"Obama offers more variations from the norm"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>A21<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>October 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+offers+more+variations+from+the+norm&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.au=Seelye%2C+Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt153" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt153" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation book" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Remnick, David (2010). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama"}}'><i data-parsoid="{}">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>98–112. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1400043606" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400043606" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/978-1400043606"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/978-1400043606"}}'>978-1400043606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-112&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400043606&rft.au=Remnick%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4042" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.</li>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[28161,28718,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[28161,28718,1,0]}'><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt146" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[28163,28718,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Issenberg, Sasha"},"date":{"wt":"August 6, 2008"},"title":{"wt":"Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Boston Globe"},"page":{"wt":"1A"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 6, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full"},"archivedate":{"wt":"November 7, 2009"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":"mdy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'>Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107145054/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance?page=full" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":220,"contentOffsets":[220,297]}'>"Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Boston Globe</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>1A. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":448,"contentOffsets":[448,460]}'>the original</a> on November 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+shows+hints+of+his+year+in+global+finance%3B+Tied+markets+to+social+aid&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.au=Issenberg%2C+Sasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F06%2Fobama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt146" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt146" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-45" id="cite_note-45"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-45" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-45" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt133" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[28880,29149,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Scott, Janny"},"date":{"wt":"July 30, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"page":{"wt":"B1"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"July 31, 2007"}},"i":0}}]}'>Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":119,"contentOffsets":[119,183]}'>"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>B1<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+account+of+New+York+often+differs+from+what+others+say&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.au=Scott%2C+Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt133" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt133" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29150,29213,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29150,29184,1,0]}'>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29185,29213,1,0]}'>Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" id="cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-2"><span class="mw-linkback-text">3 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Who's_Who_2008_46-3"><span class="mw-linkback-text">4 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Who's_Who_2008-46" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation book" about="#mwt134" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[29246,29432,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"editor","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"place","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"isbn","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"editor":{"wt":"Chassie, Karen"},"year":{"wt":"2007"},"title":{"wt":"Who's Who in America, 2008"},"page":{"wt":"3468"},"place":{"wt":"New Providence, NJ"},"publisher":{"wt":"Marquis Who's Who"},"isbn":{"wt":"978-0-8379-7011-0"}},"i":0}}]}'>Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i data-parsoid="{}">Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>3468. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/978-0-8379-7011-0"}}'>978-0-8379-7011-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+America%2C+2008&rft.place=New+Providence%2C+NJ&rft.pages=3468&rft.pub=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8379-7011-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt134" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt134" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-47" id="cite_note-47"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-47" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-47" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt135" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[29443,29694,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513"},"title":{"wt":"Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"},"date":{"wt":"November 9, 2008"},"newspaper":{"wt":"Newsday"},"first":{"wt":"Jason"},"last":{"wt":"Fink"}},"i":0}}]}'>Fink, Jason (November 9, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":157,"contentOffsets":[157,209]}'>"Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Newsday</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Obama+stood+out%2C+even+during+brief+1985+NYPIRG+job&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-york%2Fobama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt135" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt135" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-48" id="cite_note-48"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-48" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-48" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt162" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[30230,30462,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ",""]},{"k":"website","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ",""]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10"},"title":{"wt":"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First"},"date":{"wt":"October 18, 2006"},"website":{"wt":"The Oprah Winfrey Show"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":95,"contentOffsets":[95,147]}'>"Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Oprah Winfrey Show</i>. October 18, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oprah+Winfrey+Show&rft.atitle=Keeping+Hope+Alive%3A+Barack+Obama+Puts+Family+First&rft.date=2006-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Fslideshow%2Foprahshow%2Foprahshow1_ss_20061018%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt162" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt162" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-49" id="cite_note-49"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-49" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-49" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt163" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[30681,31113,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Scott"},"last":{"wt":"Fornek"},"title":{"wt":"Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'"},"date":{"wt":"September 9, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng"},"archivedate":{"wt":"January 18, 2010"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Sun-Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"}},"i":0}}]}'>Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":192,"contentOffsets":[192,267]}'>"Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":394,"contentOffsets":[394,406]}'>the original</a> on January 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Half+Siblings%3A+%27A+Complicated+Family%27&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=Fornek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545462%2CBSX-News-wotrees09.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt163" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt163" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/> See also: <cite class="citation news" about="#mwt164" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[31124,31449,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"July 3, 2008"},"title":{"wt":"Interactive Family Tree"},"date":{"wt":"September 9, 2007"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Sun-Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":132,"contentOffsets":[132,157]}'>"Interactive Family Tree"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":277,"contentOffsets":[277,289]}'>the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Interactive+Family+Tree&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fimages%2Fcds%2Fspecial%2Ffamily_tree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt164" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt164" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-50" id="cite_note-50"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-50" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-50" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt165" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[31535,31967,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Scott"},"last":{"wt":"Fornek"},"title":{"wt":"Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'"},"date":{"wt":"September 9, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article"},"archivedate":{"wt":"May 14, 2009"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Sun-Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":151,"contentOffsets":[151,226]}'>"Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Sun-Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.article" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":385,"contentOffsets":[385,393]}'>Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Madelyn+Payne+Dunham%3A+%27A+Trailblazer%27&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=Fornek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Ffamilytree%2F545449%2CBSX-News-wotreeee09.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt165" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt165" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-51" id="cite_note-51"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-51" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-51" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt166" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[32015,32399,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html"},"title":{"wt":"Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer"},"publisher":{"wt":"CNN"},"accessdate":{"wt":"November 4, 2008"},"date":{"wt":"November 3, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"November 3, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":93,"contentOffsets":[93,144]}'>"Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer"</a>. CNN. November 3, 2008. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":278,"contentOffsets":[278,286]}'>Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+grandmother+dies+after+battle+with+cancer&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F11%2F03%2Fobama.grandma%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt166" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt166" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-52" id="cite_note-52"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-52" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-52" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt167" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[32551,32789,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html"},"title":{"wt":"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"},"date":{"wt":"May 9, 2011"},"work":{"wt":"HuffPost"},"first":{"wt":"Megan"},"last":{"wt":"Smolenyak"}},"i":0}}]}'>Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":157,"contentOffsets":[157,200]}'>"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">HuffPost</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Tracing+Barack+Obama%27s+Roots+to+Moneygall&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft.aulast=Smolenyak&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmegan-smolenyak-smolenyak%2Ftracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt167" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt167" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-53" id="cite_note-53"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-53" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-53" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Dick_Cheney"},"sa":{"href":"Dick Cheney"},"dsr":[33296,33311,2,2]}'>Dick Cheney</a>, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Harry_S._Truman"},"sa":{"href":"Harry S. Truman"},"dsr":[33317,33336,2,2]}'>Harry S. Truman</a>, see: <cite class="citation news" about="#mwt168" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[33343,33820,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"David"},"last":{"wt":"Nitkin"},"author2":{"wt":"Harry Merritt"},"title":{"wt":"A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"},"date":{"wt":"March 2, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story"},"archivedate":{"wt":"September 30, 2007"},"work":{"wt":"The Baltimore Sun"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":212,"contentOffsets":[212,257]}'>"A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Baltimore Sun</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":388,"contentOffsets":[388,400]}'>the original</a> on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+New+Twist+to+an+Intriguing+Family+History&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.aulast=Nitkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Harry+Merritt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fpolitics%2Fbal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt168" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt168" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt169" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[33820,34088,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Mary"},"last":{"wt":"Jordan"},"title":{"wt":"Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own"},"date":{"wt":"May 13, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html"},"work":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":144,"contentOffsets":[144,206]}'>"Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tiny+Irish+Village+Is+Latest+Place+to+Claim+Obama+as+Its+Own&rft.date=2007-05-13&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F05%2F12%2FAR2007051201551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt169" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt169" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt170" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[34088,34472,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises"},"date":{"wt":"September 8, 2007"},"publisher":{"wt":"CBS 2 (Chicago)"},"url":{"wt":"http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html"},"agency":{"wt":"Associated Press"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 24, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"June 2, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":140,"contentOffsets":[140,181]}'>"Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises"</a>. CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":321,"contentOffsets":[321,333]}'>the original</a> on June 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Family+Tree+Has+a+Few+Surprises&rft.date=2007-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs2chicago.com%2Ftopstories%2FBarack.Obama.family.2.339709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt170" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt170" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-54" id="cite_note-54"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-54" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-54" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt177" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[34795,35212,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball"},"date":{"wt":"August 25, 2008"},"first":{"wt":"Mark"},"last":{"wt":"Silva"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Tribune"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"August 29, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Silva, Mark (August 25, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":195,"contentOffsets":[195,235]}'>"Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":366,"contentOffsets":[366,378]}'>the original</a> on August 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+White+Sox+%27serious%27+ball&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamppolitics.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2008%2F08%2Fbarack_obama_white_sox_serious.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt177" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt177" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-55" id="cite_note-55"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-55" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-55" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt178" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[35372,35682,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit"},"date":{"wt":"July 14, 2009"},"publisher":{"wt":"MLB Fanhouse"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 6, 2009"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":155,"contentOffsets":[155,231]}'>"Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit"</a>. MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+Explains+White+Sox+Jacket%2C+Talks+Nats+in+All-Star+Booth+Visit&rft.pub=MLB+Fanhouse&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yardbarker.com%2Fall_sports%2Farticles%2Fbarack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit%2F803700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt178" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt178" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Steelers-56" id="cite_note-Steelers-56"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Steelers_56-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Steelers-56" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt179" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[36008,36344,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"newspaper","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"quote","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Branigin"},"first":{"wt":"William"},"title":{"wt":"Steelers Win Obama's Approval"},"newspaper":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"date":{"wt":"January 30, 2009"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html"},"quote":{"wt":"But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart."}},"i":0}}]}'>Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":153,"contentOffsets":[153,184]}'>"Steelers Win Obama's Approval"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Steelers+Win+Obama%27s+Approval&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Branigin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F01%2F29%2FAR2009012903196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt179" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt179" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-57" id="cite_note-57"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-57" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-57" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt180" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[36595,37155,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"dead-url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Mayer"},"first":{"wt":"Larry"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4"},"title":{"wt":"1985 Bears honored by President Obama"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Chicago Bears]]"},"date":{"wt":"October 7, 2011"},"accessdate":{"wt":"November 4, 2012"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4"},"archive-date":{"wt":"May 7, 2013"},"dead-url":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":"mdy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'>Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507094538/http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":235,"contentOffsets":[235,274]}'>"1985 Bears honored by President Obama"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Chicago_Bears"},"sa":{"href":"Chicago Bears"}}'>Chicago Bears</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":442,"contentOffsets":[442,454]}'>the original</a> on May 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1985+Bears+honored+by+President+Obama&rft.pub=Chicago+Bears&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobears.com%2Fnews%2Farticle-1%2F85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House%2FA3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt180" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt180" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-58" id="cite_note-58"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-58" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-58" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt181" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[37261,37655,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ",""]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Jodi"},"last":{"wt":"Kantor"},"title":{"wt":"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow"},"date":{"wt":"June 1, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 1, 2009"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":118,"contentOffsets":[118,161]}'>"One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":291,"contentOffsets":[291,299]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Place+Where+Obama+Goes+Elbow+to+Elbow&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F01hoops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt181" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt181" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/> See also: <cite class="citation news" about="#mwt182" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[37666,37974,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"format","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"The Love of the Game"},"format":{"wt":"video"},"date":{"wt":"April 15, 2008"},"work":{"wt":"Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel"},"publisher":{"wt":"HBO"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"October 12, 2011"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":160,"contentOffsets":[160,182]}'>"The Love of the Game"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(video)</span>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel</i>. HBO. April 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Sports+with+Bryant+Gumbel&rft.atitle=The+Love+of+the+Game&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbo.com%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%23%2Freal-sports-with-bryant-gumbel%2Fepisodes%2F0%2F133-april-15-2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt182" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt182" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-59" id="cite_note-59"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-59" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-59" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt183" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[38008,38330,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"author3","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html"},"title":{"wt":"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone"},"last":{"wt":"Stolberg"},"first":{"wt":"Sheryl Gay"},"author2":{"wt":"Kirkpatrick, David D."},"author3":{"wt":"Shane, Scott"},"date":{"wt":"January 22, 2009"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"page":{"wt":"1"},"accessdate":{"wt":"September 7, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Shane, Scott (January 22, 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":167,"contentOffsets":[167,212]}'>"On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>1<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+First+Day%2C+Obama+Quickly+Sets+a+New+Tone&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F22obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt183" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt183" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60" id="cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_60-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-theindependentbeforemichelle_60-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-theindependentbeforemichelle-60" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt189" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[38858,39199,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last1","named":true},{"k":"first1","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true},{"k":"work","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Hosie"},"first1":{"wt":"Rachel"},"title":{"wt":"BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 11, 2017"},"work":{"wt":"The Independent"},"date":{"wt":"May 3, 2017"}},"i":0}}]}'>Hosie, Rachel (May 3, 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":210,"contentOffsets":[210,289]}'>"BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=BEFORE+MICHELLE%3A+THE+STORY+OF+BARACK+OBAMA%27S+PROPOSAL+TO+SHEILA+MIYOSHI+JAGER&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Hosie&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fbefore-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt189" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt189" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61" id="cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_61-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor_61-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor-61" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt190" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[39364,39684,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last1","named":true},{"k":"first1","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true},{"k":"work","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Tobias"},"first1":{"wt":"Andrew J."},"title":{"wt":"Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 11, 2017"},"work":{"wt":"The Plain Dealer"},"date":{"wt":"May 3, 2017"}},"i":0}}]}'>Tobias, Andrew J. (May 3, 2017). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":150,"contentOffsets":[150,267]}'>"Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Plain Dealer</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Oberlin+College+professor+received+unsuccessful+marriage+proposal+from+Barack+Obama+in+1980s%2C+new+biography+reveals&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2017%2F05%2Foberlin_college_professor_rece.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt190" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt190" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-62" id="cite_note-62"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-62" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-62" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: <cite class="citation news" about="#mwt203" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[40029,40398,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Sarah"},"last":{"wt":"Brown"},"title":{"wt":"Obama '85 masters balancing act"},"work":{"wt":"The Daily Princetonian"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049"},"date":{"wt":"December 7, 2005"},"accessdate":{"wt":"February 9, 2009"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/"},"archivedate":{"wt":"February 20, 2009"}},"i":0}}]}'>Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":156,"contentOffsets":[156,189]}'>"Obama '85 masters balancing act"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Daily Princetonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":285,"contentOffsets":[285,297]}'>the original</a> on February 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Princetonian&rft.atitle=Obama+%2785+masters+balancing+act&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2F2005%2F12%2F07%2F14049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt203" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt203" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-63" id="cite_note-63"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-63" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-63" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (2006), p. 329.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-64" id="cite_note-64"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-64" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-64" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt204" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[40706,41113,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Fornek, Scott"},"title":{"wt":"Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'"},"date":{"wt":"October 3, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng"},"archivedate":{"wt":"January 18, 2010"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Sun-Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"}},"i":0}}]}'>Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":178,"contentOffsets":[178,257]}'>"Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":372,"contentOffsets":[372,384]}'>the original</a> on January 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Michelle+Obama%3A+%27He+Swept+Me+Off+My+Feet%27&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.au=Fornek%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2F585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt204" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt204" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-65" id="cite_note-65"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-65" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-65" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt205" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[41182,41589,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"website","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html"},"title":{"wt":"Born on the 4th of July"},"date":{"wt":"July 4, 2008"},"accessdate":{"wt":"July 10, 2008"},"website":{"wt":"Politico"},"author":{"wt":"Martin, Jonathan"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"July 10, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":140,"contentOffsets":[140,165]}'>"Born on the 4th of July"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Politico</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":305,"contentOffsets":[305,313]}'>Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>July 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Born+on+the+4th+of+July&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fjonathanmartin%2F0708%2FBorn_on_the_4th_of_July.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt205" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt205" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-66" id="cite_note-66"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-66" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-66" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: <cite class="citation web" about="#mwt206" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[41728,41910,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153"},"publisher":{"wt":"Gannett News Service"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":71,"contentOffsets":[71,119]}'>"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama"</a>. Gannett News Service<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+2008+Information+Center%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Gannett+News+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gannettnewsservice.com%2F%3Fcat%3D153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt206" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt206" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-67" id="cite_note-67"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-67" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-67" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt207" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[42107,42489,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"website","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php"},"title":{"wt":"Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School"},"website":{"wt":"International Herald Tribune"},"date":{"wt":"November 22, 2008"},"accessdate":{"wt":"July 2, 2015"},"archivedate":{"wt":"January 29, 2009"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":134,"contentOffsets":[134,180]}'>"Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">International Herald Tribune</i>. November 22, 2008. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":314,"contentOffsets":[314,326]}'>the original</a> on January 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>July 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obamas+choose+private+Sidwell+Friends+School&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2008%2F11%2F22%2Famerica%2FObama-School.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt207" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt207" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-68" id="cite_note-68"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-68" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-68" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt208" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[42629,42876,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html"},"title":{"wt":"One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"April 13, 2009"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 22, 2010"},"first":{"wt":"Helene"},"last":{"wt":"Cooper"}},"i":0}}]}'>Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":122,"contentOffsets":[122,167]}'>"One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=One+Obama+Search+Ends+With+a+Puppy+Named+Bo&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F13obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt208" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt208" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Feldmann-69" id="cite_note-Feldmann-69"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Feldmann_69-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Feldmann-69" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation journal" about="#mwt209" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[42960,43310,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"journal","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal"},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Feldmann"},"first":{"wt":"Linda"},"title":{"wt":"New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video"},"journal":{"wt":"Christian Science Monitor"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 20, 2013"},"date":{"wt":"August 20, 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Feldmann, Linda (August 20, 2013). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":194,"contentOffsets":[194,262]}'>"New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video)"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Christian Science Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+little+girl+arrives+at+White+House.+Meet+Sunny+Obama.+%28%2Bvideo%29&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2013%2F0820%2FNew-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt209" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt209" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-70" id="cite_note-70"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-70" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-70" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt218" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[43718,44153,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Jeff"},"last":{"wt":"Zeleny"},"title":{"wt":"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"},"date":{"wt":"December 24, 2005"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Tribune"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story"},"archivedate":{"wt":"May 13, 2011"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":190,"contentOffsets":[190,241]}'>"The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":358,"contentOffsets":[358,370]}'>the original</a> on May 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+first+time+around%3A+Sen.+Obama%27s+freshman+year&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fchi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt218" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt218" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-corruption_charges-71" id="cite_note-corruption_charges-71"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-corruption_charges_71-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-corruption_charges-71" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":150,"contentOffsets":[150,199]}'>"Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+says+he+regrets+land+deal+with+fundraiser&rft.date=2006-12-17&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2FAR2006121600729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4322" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":98,"contentOffsets":[98,137]}'>"Rezko found guilty in corruption case"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":247,"contentOffsets":[247,255]}'>Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rezko+found+guilty+in+corruption+case&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24973282%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4320" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-72" id="cite_note-72"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-72" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-72" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt230" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[44667,45093,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Obama's Money"},"date":{"wt":"December 7, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html"},"publisher":{"wt":"CNNMoney.com"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"},"first":{"wt":"Marlys"},"last":{"wt":"Harris"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 24, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":149,"contentOffsets":[149,164]}'>"Obama's Money"</a>. CNNMoney.com. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":310,"contentOffsets":[310,318]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Money&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Marlys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Fmoneymag%2F0712%2Fgallery.candidates.moneymag%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt230" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt230" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><br data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","selfClose":true,"dsr":[45093,45099,6,0]}'/>See also:<cite class="citation news" about="#mwt231" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[45108,45379,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Zachary A"},"last":{"wt":"Goldfarb"},"title":{"wt":"Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates"},"date":{"wt":"March 24, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html"},"work":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":153,"contentOffsets":[153,193]}'>"Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Measuring+Wealth+of+the+%2708+Candidates&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.aulast=Goldfarb&rft.aufirst=Zachary+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F24%2FAR2007032400305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt231" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt231" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-73" id="cite_note-73"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-73" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-73" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt232" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[45561,45989,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ",""]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Jeff"},"last":{"wt":"Zeleny"},"title":{"wt":"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2&nbsp;Million"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html"},"date":{"wt":"April 17, 2008"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 28, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 16, 2009"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":120,"contentOffsets":[120,194]}'>"Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>Million"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":324,"contentOffsets":[324,332]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Sales+Lifted+Obamas%27+Income+in+2007+to+a+Total+of+%244.2+Million&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F17%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F17obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt232" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt232" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-74" id="cite_note-74"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-74" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-74" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt233" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[46000,46335,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first1","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last1","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first2","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last2","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html"},"title":{"wt":"Obamas report $5.5&nbsp;million in income on 2009 tax return"},"work":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"date":{"wt":"April 16, 2010"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 22, 2010"},"first1":{"wt":"Michael D."},"last1":{"wt":"Shear"},"first2":{"wt":"David S."},"last2":{"wt":"Hilzenrath"}},"i":0}}]}'>Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":173,"contentOffsets":[173,235]}'>"Obamas report $5.5<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>million in income on 2009 tax return"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obamas+report+%245.5+million+in+income+on+2009+tax+return&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Hilzenrath%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F15%2FAR2010041504485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt233" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt233" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-75" id="cite_note-75"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-75" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-75" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt234" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[46607,47045,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html"},"date":{"wt":"April 18, 2011"},"title":{"wt":"How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?"},"work":{"wt":"[[PBS NewsHour]]"},"first":{"wt":"Paul"},"last":{"wt":"Solman"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"May 2, 2011"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 27, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":188,"contentOffsets":[188,232]}'>"How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PBS_NewsHour" title="PBS NewsHour" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./PBS_NewsHour"},"sa":{"href":"PBS NewsHour"}}'>PBS NewsHour</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":358,"contentOffsets":[358,370]}'>the original</a> on May 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=How+Much+Did+President+Obama+Make+in+2010%3F&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft.aulast=Solman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbusinessdesk%2F2011%2F04%2Fhow-much-did-president-obama-m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt234" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt234" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-76" id="cite_note-76"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-76" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-76" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt235" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[47056,47607,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archive-date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html"},"date":{"wt":"April 27, 2011"},"title":{"wt":"The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?"},"work":{"wt":"[[PBS NewsHour]]"},"first":{"wt":"Paul"},"last":{"wt":"Solman"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html"},"archive-date":{"wt":"January 29, 2014"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 27, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":227,"contentOffsets":[227,301]}'>"The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PBS_NewsHour" title="PBS NewsHour" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./PBS_NewsHour"},"sa":{"href":"PBS NewsHour"}}'>PBS NewsHour</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":466,"contentOffsets":[466,478]}'>the original</a> on January 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=The+Obamas+Gave+%24131%2C000+to+Fisher+House+Foundation+in+2010%3B+What+Is+It%3F&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Solman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2F2011%2F04%2Fthe-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt235" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt235" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-networth12-77" id="cite_note-networth12-77"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-networth12_77-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-networth12-77" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt236" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[47719,47987,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1"},"title":{"wt":"Obama worth as much as $10&nbsp;million"},"last":{"wt":"Wolf"},"first":{"wt":"Richard"},"date":{"wt":"May 16, 2012"},"work":{"wt":"[[USA Today]]"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 16, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Wolf, Richard (May 16, 2012). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":156,"contentOffsets":[156,197]}'>"Obama worth as much as $10<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>million"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./USA_Today" title="USA Today" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./USA_Today"},"sa":{"href":"USA Today"}}'>USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+worth+as+much+as+%2410+million&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2012%2F05%2Fobama-worth-as-much-as-10-million%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt236" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt236" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-reuters-smoking-78" id="cite_note-reuters-smoking-78"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-reuters-smoking_78-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-reuters-smoking-78" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":48245,"contentOffsets":[48245,48291],"dsr":[48158,48292,87,1]}'>Obama says he won't be smoking in White House"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-79" id="cite_note-79"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-79" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-79" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":48464,"contentOffsets":[48464,48513],"dsr":[48381,48514,83,1]}'>"Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-80" id="cite_note-80"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-80" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-80" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt244" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[48747,49055,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like"},"title":{"wt":"Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, \"This Is What a Feminist Looks Like\""},"work":{"wt":"Glamour"},"date":{"wt":"August 4, 2016"},"first":{"wt":"Barack"},"last":{"wt":"Obama"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 5, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'>Obama, Barack (August 4, 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":171,"contentOffsets":[171,293]}'>"Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>"</span>"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Glamour</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glamour&rft.atitle=Glamour+Exclusive%3A+President+Barack+Obama+Says%2C+%22This+Is+What+a+Feminist+Looks+Like%22&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamour.com%2Fstory%2Fglamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt244" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt244" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-81" id="cite_note-81"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-81" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-81" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt245" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[49066,49312,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html"},"title":{"wt":"Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"date":{"wt":"August 4, 2016"},"first":{"wt":"Daniel"},"last":{"wt":"Victor"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 5, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'>Victor, Daniel (August 4, 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":144,"contentOffsets":[144,184]}'>"Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Writes+Feminist+Essay+in+Glamour&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F05%2Fus%2Fobama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt245" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt245" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-82" id="cite_note-82"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-82" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-82" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt246" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[49323,49654,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/"},"title":{"wt":"President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist"},"work":{"wt":"USA Today"},"date":{"wt":"August 4, 2016"},"first":{"wt":"Cara"},"last":{"wt":"Kelly"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 5, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'>Kelly, Cara (August 4, 2016). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":196,"contentOffsets":[196,278]}'>"President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=President+Obama+in+%27Glamour%27%3A+It%27s+important+Sasha+and+Malia%27s+dad+is+a+feminist&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fentertainthis%2F2016%2F08%2F04%2Fpresident-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist%2F88061556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt246" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt246" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Christian-83" id="cite_note-Christian-83"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Christian_83-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Christian-83" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":128,"contentOffsets":[128,162]}'>"American President: Barack Obama"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":300,"contentOffsets":[300,312]}'>the original</a> on January 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 23,</span> 2009</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Religion: Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+President%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Facademic%2Famericanpresident%2Fobama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3935" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":134,"contentOffsets":[134,166]}'>"The Truth about Barack's Faith"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span>. Obama for America. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":304,"contentOffsets":[304,316]}'>the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span> on January 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+Barack%27s+Faith&rft.pub=Obama+for+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fightthesmears.com%2Ffile_download%2F2%2Fbaracksfaith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3932" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":93,"contentOffsets":[93,112]}'>"Finding his faith"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Newsweek</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":207,"contentOffsets":[207,215]}'>Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 4,</span> 2010</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.au=Miller%2C+Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F145971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3954" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":104,"contentOffsets":[104,226]}'>"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":331,"contentOffsets":[331,339]}'>Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 20,</span> 2009</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized%3B+D.C.+churches+have+started+extending+invitations+to+Obama+and+his+family&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.au=Barakat%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F27775757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3966" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":76,"contentOffsets":[76,153]}'>"Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President"</a>. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":291,"contentOffsets":[291,299]}'>Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 21,</span> 2009</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%2C+long+time+UCC+member%2C+inaugurated+forty-fourth+U.S.+President&rft.pub=United+Church+of+Christ&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fnews%2Fobama-inauguration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3969" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":123,"contentOffsets":[123,177]}'>"The Obama's find a church home<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>– away from home"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Obama%27s+find+a+church+home+%E2%80%93+away+from+home&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1907610%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3981" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":153,"contentOffsets":[153,230]}'>"Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>A6<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Obama prays privately<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+spirituality+is+largely+private%2C+but+it%27s+influential%2C+advisers+say&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.au=Kornblut%2C+Anne+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F02%2F03%2FAR2010020303619.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4005" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-social_change-84" id="cite_note-social_change-84"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-social_change_84-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-social_change-84" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: <cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":128,"contentOffsets":[128,150]}'>"My Spiritual Journey"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Time</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":278,"contentOffsets":[278,286]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=My+Spiritual+Journey&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4334" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":157,"contentOffsets":[157,227]}'>"<span class="cs1-kern-left" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>Call to Renewal' Keynote Address"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":341,"contentOffsets":[341,353]}'>the original</a> on January 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Call+to+Renewal%27+Keynote+Address&rft.pub=Barack+Obama%3A+U.S.+Senator+for+Illinois&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobama.senate.gov%2Fspeech%2F060628-call_to_renewal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4336" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-85" id="cite_note-85"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-85" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-85" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt268" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[50938,51209,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"last1","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first1","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last2","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"first2","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"last1":{"wt":"Pulliam"},"first1":{"wt":"Sarah"},"last2":{"wt":"Olsen"},"first2":{"wt":"Ted"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2"},"title":{"wt":"Q&A: Barack Obama"},"work":{"wt":"Christianity Today"},"date":{"wt":"January 23, 2008"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 4, 2013"}},"i":0}}]}'>Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":155,"contentOffsets":[155,174]}'>"Q&A: Barack Obama"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Christianity Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2008%2Fjanuaryweb-only%2F104-32.0.html%3Fstart%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt268" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt268" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-APbychoice-86" id="cite_note-APbychoice-86"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-APbychoice_86-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-APbychoice-86" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt269" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[51795,52257,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html"},"title":{"wt":"Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"},"author":{"wt":"Charles Babington"},"author2":{"wt":"Darlene Superville"},"agency":{"wt":"Associated Press"},"date":{"wt":"September 28, 2010"},"work":{"wt":"HuffPost"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"May 11, 2011"}},"i":0}}]}'>Charles Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":213,"contentOffsets":[213,276]}'>"Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">HuffPost</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":407,"contentOffsets":[407,419]}'>the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Obama+%27Christian+By+Choice%27%3A+President+Responds+To+Questioner&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.au=Charles+Babington&rft.au=Darlene+Superville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F09%2F28%2Fobama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt269" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt269" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-87" id="cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-87"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-ABCVideobychoice_87-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-87" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt270" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[52292,52601,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true},{"k":"title","named":true},{"k":"publisher","named":true},{"k":"date","named":true},{"k":"accessdate","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html"},"title":{"wt":"President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice...The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[ABC News]]"},"date":{"wt":"September 29, 2010"},"accessdate":{"wt":"December 27, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":157,"contentOffsets":[157,276]}'>"President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice...The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ABC_News" title="ABC News" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./ABC_News"},"sa":{"href":"ABC News"}}'>ABC News</a>. September 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Obama%3A+%27I+am+a+Christian+By+Choice...The+Precepts+of+Jesus+Spoke+to+Me%27&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2010-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fpoliticalpunch%2F2010%2F09%2Fpresident-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt270" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt270" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Trinity-88" id="cite_note-Trinity-88"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Trinity_88-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Trinity-88" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":163,"contentOffsets":[163,251]}'>"Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes<span class="cs1-kern-right" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>'</span>"</a>. RealClearPolitics<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+talks+to+Major+Garrett+on+%27Hannity+%26+Colmes%27&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Major&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2Fobama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4346" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":67,"contentOffsets":[67,107]}'>"Obama strongly denounces former pastor"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. April 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years," Obama said. "The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+strongly+denounces+former+pastor&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F24371827%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4348" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":174,"contentOffsets":[174,193]}'>"Finding his faith"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":297,"contentOffsets":[297,309]}'>the original</a> on July 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Finding+his+faith&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Ffinding-his-faith.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4351" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation book" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Remnick, David (2010). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama"},"sa":{"href":"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama"}}'><i data-parsoid="{}">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><span class="plainlinks" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":269,"contentOffsets":[269,272]}'>177</a></span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1400043606" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400043606" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/978-1400043606"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/978-1400043606"}}'>978-1400043606</a>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridge%3A+The+Life+and+Rise+of+Barack+Obama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22plainlinks%22%3E177%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400043606&rft.aulast=Remnick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4354" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}">Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":48830,"contentOffsets":[48830,48836]}'>p. 557</a></span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah."</li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation book" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Peter_Baker_(author)" title="Peter Baker (author)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Peter_Baker_(author)"},"sa":{"href":"Peter Baker (author)"}}'>Peter, Baker</a> (2017). <i data-parsoid="{}">Obama: The Call of History</i>. New York: The New York Times/Callaway. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Book_Number"},"sa":{"href":"International Standard Book Number"}}'>ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-0935112900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0935112900" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Special:BookSources/978-0935112900"},"sa":{"href":"Special:BookSources/978-0935112900"}}'>978-0935112900</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./OCLC" title="OCLC" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./OCLC"},"sa":{"href":":en:OCLC"}}'>OCLC</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1002264033" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":308,"contentOffsets":[308,318]}'>1002264033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+The+Call+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times%2FCallaway&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1002264033&rft.isbn=978-0935112900&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4359" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-89" id="cite_note-89"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-89" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-89" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt278" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[52933,53151,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"agency":{"wt":"Associated Press"},"date":{"wt":"November 17, 2008"},"title":{"wt":"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"},"publisher":{"wt":"MSNBC"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/"},"accessdate":{"wt":"January 20, 2009"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":67,"contentOffsets":[67,115]}'>"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. November 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>January 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+church+choice+likely+to+be+scrutinized&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F27775757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt278" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt278" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-90" id="cite_note-90"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-90" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-90" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Parker, Ashley. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":53676,"contentOffsets":[53676,53747],"dsr":[53559,53748,117,1]}'>As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible</a>," <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[53751,53773,2,2]}'>The New York Times</i>, December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-91" id="cite_note-91"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-91" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-91" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">Gilgoff, Dan. "<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":53988,"contentOffsets":[53988,54068],"dsr":[53847,54069,141,1]}'>TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt</a>," <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[54072,54100,2,2]}'>U.S. News & World Report</i>, June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-92" id="cite_note-92"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-92" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-92" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}">"<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":54263,"contentOffsets":[54263,54329],"dsr":[54156,54330,107,1]}'>"First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church"</a>, CBS DC, April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li about="#cite_note-93" id="cite_note-93"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-93" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-93" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation magazine" about="#mwt293" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[54952,55276,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"magazine","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"volume","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"issue","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"pages","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"issn","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite magazine","href":"./Template:Cite_magazine"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Lizza, Ryan"},"date":{"wt":"March 19, 2007"},"title":{"wt":"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"},"magazine":{"wt":"The New Republic"},"volume":{"wt":"236"},"issue":{"wt":"12"},"pages":{"wt":"22–26, 28–29"},"issn":{"wt":"0028-6583"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education"},"accessdate":{"wt":"August 21, 2007"}},"i":0}}]}'>Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":146,"contentOffsets":[146,205]}'>"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New Republic</i>. Vol.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>236 no.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>12. pp.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>22–26, 28–29. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./International_Standard_Serial_Number"},"sa":{"href":":en:International Standard Serial Number"}}'>ISSN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":370,"contentOffsets":[370,379]}'>0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+agitator%3A+Barack+Obama%27s+unlikely+political+education&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=22-26%2C+28-29&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.au=Lizza%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt293" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt293" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<li data-parsoid="{}">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.</li>
<li data-parsoid="{}">Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-115" id="cite_note-115"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-115" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-115" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt388" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[69078,69553,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"David"},"last":{"wt":"Jackson"},"author2":{"wt":"Ray Long"},"title":{"wt":"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot"},"date":{"wt":"April 3, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Tribune"},"accessdate":{"wt":"May 18, 2012"},"archivedate":{"wt":"October 11, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"yes"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Jackson, David; Ray Long (April 3, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":215,"contentOffsets":[215,252]}'>"Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":388,"contentOffsets":[388,400]}'>the original</a> on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+Knows+His+Way+Around+a+Ballot&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ray+Long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fobama%2Fchi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt388" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt388" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[69554,70365,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[69554,70365,1,0]}'><cite class="citation book" about="#mwt395" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[69556,70310,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"year","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"chapter","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"chapterurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"place","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"[[Jesse White (politician)|White, Jesse]]"},"year":{"wt":"2001"},"chapter":{"wt":"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"},"chapterurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002"},"place":{"wt":"Springfield"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Illinois Secretary of State]]"},"page":{"wt":"65"},"accessdate":{"wt":"July 16, 2011"},"deadurl":{"wt":"bot: unknown"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf"},"archivedate":{"wt":"February 26, 2008"},"df":{"wt":"mdy-all"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jesse_White_(politician)" title="Jesse White (politician)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Jesse_White_(politician)"},"sa":{"href":"Jesse White (politician)"}}'>White, Jesse</a> (2001). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":212,"contentOffsets":[212,272]}'>"Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":404,"contentOffsets":[404,436]}'><i data-parsoid="{}">Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(PDF)</span>. Springfield: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Secretary_of_State" title="Illinois Secretary of State" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Illinois_Secretary_of_State"},"sa":{"href":"Illinois Secretary of State"}}'>Illinois Secretary of State</a>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>65. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legislative+Districts+of+Cook+County%2C+1991+Reapportionment&rft.btitle=Illinois+Blue+Book+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Springfield&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Illinois+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2001&rft.au=White%2C+Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080226221919%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.il.us%2Fpublications%2F02bluebook%2Flegislative_branch%2Flegdistrictmaps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt395" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" about="#mwt395" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown"},"sa":{"href":":Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown"}}'>link</a>)</span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" about="#mwt395" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown"},"sa":{"href":"Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown"}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt395" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/> State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-116" id="cite_note-116"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-116" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-116" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt389" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[70481,70744,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Peter"},"last":{"wt":"Slevin"},"title":{"wt":"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"},"date":{"wt":"February 9, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html"},"work":{"wt":"The Washington Post"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":149,"contentOffsets":[149,200]}'>"Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Forged+Political+Mettle+in+Illinois+Capitol&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.aulast=Slevin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2FAR2007020802262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt389" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt389" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt390" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[70744,71194,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Scott"},"last":{"wt":"Helman"},"title":{"wt":"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"},"date":{"wt":"September 23, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/"},"work":{"wt":"Boston Globe"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 16, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":159,"contentOffsets":[159,200]}'>"In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":359,"contentOffsets":[359,367]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+dealt+with+Lobbyists&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Helman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F23%2Fin_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt390" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt390" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/> See also:<cite class="citation news" about="#mwt391" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[71204,71599,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"agency","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"},"date":{"wt":"January 17, 2007"},"publisher":{"wt":"CBS News"},"url":{"wt":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml"},"agency":{"wt":"Associated Press"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 12, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":98,"contentOffsets":[98,141]}'>"Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics"</a>. CBS News. Associated Press. January 17, 2007. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":303,"contentOffsets":[303,311]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Record+May+Be+Gold+Mine+for+Critics&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2007%2F01%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fmain2369157.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt391" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt391" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Scott20070730-117" id="cite_note-Scott20070730-117"><span rel="mw:referencedBy"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott20070730_117-0"><span class="mw-linkback-text">1 </span></a><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Scott20070730_117-1"><span class="mw-linkback-text">2 </span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Scott20070730-117" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt392" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[71784,72188,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"first","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"last","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ",""]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news ","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"first":{"wt":"Janny"},"last":{"wt":"Scott"},"title":{"wt":"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd"},"date":{"wt":"July 30, 2007"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html"},"work":{"wt":"The New York Times"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"December 10, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"}},"i":0}}]}'>Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":119,"contentOffsets":[119,167]}'>"In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":297,"contentOffsets":[297,305]}'>Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Illinois%2C+Obama+Proved+Pragmatic+and+Shrewd&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F30%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F30obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt392" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt392" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-118" id="cite_note-118"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-118" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-118" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt393" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[72459,73030,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"format","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"deadurl","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"df","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Allison, Melissa"},"date":{"wt":"December 15, 2000"},"title":{"wt":"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"},"url":{"wt":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT"},"format":{"wt":"paid archive"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Tribune"},"page":{"wt":"1 (Business)"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 1, 2008"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT"},"archivedate":{"wt":"June 17, 2008"},"deadurl":{"wt":"no"},"df":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}'>Allison, Melissa (December 15, 2000). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":175,"contentOffsets":[175,267]}'>"State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(paid archive)</span>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>1 (Business). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":516,"contentOffsets":[516,524]}'>Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+takes+on+predatory+lending%3B+Rules+would+halt+single-premium+life+insurance+financing&rft.pages=1+%28Business%29&rft.date=2000-12-15&rft.au=Allison%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F65214450.html%3Fdids%3D65214450%3A65214450%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt393" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt393" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation news" about="#mwt394" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[73030,73375,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"author","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"author2","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"format","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"work","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"page","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"author":{"wt":"Ray Long"},"author2":{"wt":"Melissa Allison"},"date":{"wt":"April 18, 2001"},"title":{"wt":"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures"},"url":{"wt":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT"},"format":{"wt":"paid archive"},"work":{"wt":"Chicago Tribune"},"page":{"wt":"1"},"accessdate":{"wt":"June 1, 2008"}},"i":0}}]}'>Ray Long; Melissa Allison (April 18, 2001). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":181,"contentOffsets":[181,255]}'>"Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures"</a> <span class="cs1-format" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(paid archive)</span>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>1<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>June 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Illinois+OKs+predatory+loan+curbs%3B+State+aims+to+avert+home+foreclosures&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.au=Ray+Long&rft.au=Melissa+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F71459393.html%3Fdids%3D71459393%3A71459393%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt394" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt394" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-119" id="cite_note-119"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-119" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-119" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt398" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[73530,73872,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html"},"title":{"wt":"13th District: Barack Obama"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"},"date":{"wt":"August 24, 2000"},"publisher":{"wt":"Illinois State Senate Democrats"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"April 12, 2000"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":121,"contentOffsets":[121,150]}'>"13th District: Barack Obama"</a>. Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":268,"contentOffsets":[268,280]}'>the original</a> on April 12, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13th+District%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Senate+Democrats&rft.date=2000-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senatedem.state.il.us%2Fobama%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt398" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt398" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><cite class="citation web" about="#mwt399" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[73872,74214,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"accessdate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"publisher","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archiveurl","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]},{"k":"archivedate","named":true,"spc":[""," "," "," "]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite web ","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html"},"title":{"wt":"13th District: Barack Obama"},"accessdate":{"wt":"April 20, 2008"},"date":{"wt":"October 9, 2004"},"publisher":{"wt":"Illinois State Senate Democrats"},"archiveurl":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html"},"archivedate":{"wt":"August 2, 2004"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":121,"contentOffsets":[121,150]}'>"13th District: Barack Obama"</a>. Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":268,"contentOffsets":[268,280]}'>the original</a> on August 2, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13th+District%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.pub=Illinois+State+Senate+Democrats&rft.date=2004-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senatedem.state.il.us%2Fobama%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt399" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt399" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid='{"src":"<templatestyles src=\"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css\"></templatestyles>"}' data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-Democratic_primary-120" id="cite_note-Democratic_primary-120"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-Democratic_primary_120-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Democratic_primary-120" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":69,"contentOffsets":[69,129]}'>"Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>– Illinois"</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Federal_Election_Commission"},"sa":{"href":"Federal Election Commission"}}'>Federal Election Commission</a>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":250,"contentOffsets":[250,258]}'>Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Elections+2000%3A+U.S.+House+Results+%E2%80%93+Illinois&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2Ffe2000%2Filh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4025" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Gonyea, Dan (September 19, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":168,"contentOffsets":[168,213]}'>"Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid"</a>. NPR. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":299,"contentOffsets":[299,311]}'>the original</a> on February 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Loss+May+Have+Aided+White+House+Bid&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.au=Gonyea%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D14502364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4029" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":123,"contentOffsets":[123,166]}'>"A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">The New York Times</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":296,"contentOffsets":[296,304]}'>Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Streetwise+Veteran+Schooled+Young+Obama&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F09obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4047" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":129,"contentOffsets":[129,164]}'>"How Obama Learned to Be a Natural"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Salon</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":282,"contentOffsets":[282,290]}'>Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=How+Obama+Learned+to+Be+a+Natural&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2007%2F02%2F12%2Fobama_natural%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4067" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Wolffe, Richard; Daren Briscoe (July 16, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":110,"contentOffsets":[110,129]}'>"Across the Divide"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Newsweek</i>. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":223,"contentOffsets":[223,231]}'>Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Across+the+Divide&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Daren+Briscoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F33156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4091" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li data-parsoid="{}">Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</li></ul></span></li><li about="#cite_note-spoke_out-129" id="cite_note-spoke_out-129"><a href="./Barack_Obama#cite_ref-spoke_out_129-0" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-spoke_out-129" class="mw-reference-text" data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation web" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":176,"contentOffsets":[176,252]}'>"Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq"</a>. Barack Obama. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":356,"contentOffsets":[356,368]}'>the original</a> on January 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>February 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Illinois+State+Sen.+Barack+Obama+against+going+to+war+with+Iraq&rft.pub=Barack+Obama&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft.au=Obama%2C+Barack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barackobama.com%2F2002%2F10%2F02%2Fremarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4078" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/>
<ul data-parsoid="{}"><li data-parsoid="{}"><cite class="citation news" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>McCormick, John (October 3, 2007). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":178,"contentOffsets":[178,294]}'>"Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals"</a>. <i data-parsoid="{}">Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span typeof="mw:Entity" data-parsoid='{"src":"&nbsp;","srcContent":" "}'> </span>7<span class="reference-accessdate" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>October 28,</span> 2008</span>. <q data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama+marks+%2702+war+speech%3B+Contender+highlights+his+early+opposition+in+effort+to+distinguish+him+from+his+rivals&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2007-10-03&rft.au=McCormick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F1351610621.html%3Fdids%3D1351610621%3A1351610621%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt4095" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-parsoid="{}" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html"}'>(subscription required)</span><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content"},"sa":{"href":"Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content"}}'/></li>
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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation book">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama's_Father" title="The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father"><i>The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</i></a>. New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1586487935" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586487935">978-1586487935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1586487935&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3706" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss,_David2012" class="citation book"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Maraniss" title="David Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Simon_&_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1439160404" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439160404">978-1439160404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%3A+The+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439160404&rft.au=Maraniss%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3682" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMendell,_David2007" class="citation book"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./David_Mendell" title="David Mendell">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power"><i>Obama: From Promise to Power</i></a>. New York: Amistad/<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%3A+From+Promise+to+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amistad%2FHarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085820-9&rft.au=Mendell%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3709" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFObama2004" class="citation book">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st pub. 1995]. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1400082773" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400082773">978-1400082773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1400082773&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3688" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFObama2006" class="citation book">Obama, Barack (2006). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i></a>. New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-0307237699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307237699">978-0307237699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audacity+of+Hope%3A+Thoughts+on+Reclaiming+the+American+Dream&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0307237699&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3719" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Scott, Janny (2011). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama's_Mother" title="A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother"><i>A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</i></a>. New York: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1594487972" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594487972">978-1594487972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Singular+Woman%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Barack+Obama%27s+Mother&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1594487972&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Janny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3686" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li></ul>
<ul><li><cite class="citation magazine">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">"The Legend of Barack Obama"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Garrett+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2Farticles%2Fmediapolitics%2F1836.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3692" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKoltun2005" class="citation book">Koltun, Dave (2005). "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>". In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert. <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+2004+Illinois+Senate+Race%3A+Obama+Wins+Open+Seat+and+Becomes+National+Political+%22Star%22&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Congress+2004&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-360-9&rft.aulast=Koltun&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3770" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">McClelland, Edward (2010). <i>Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Special:BookSources/978-1608190607" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608190607">978-1608190607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mr.+Obama%3A+Chicago+and+the+Making+of+a+Black+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1608190607&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3700" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em">
By Barack Obama</th></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985">Resources in your library</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=52010985&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td>
</tr></tbody></table>
<!--
Please keep this section brief and simple to navigate. Specific pages already referenced within the article should not be repeated here.
<ul about="#mwt2049" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"dsr":[332628,334171,0,0],"firstWikitextNode":"UL","pi":[[{"k":"1"}],[{"k":"1"}],[{"k":"1"}],[{"k":"1"}],[{"k":"1"}],[]]}' data-mw='{"parts":["* [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama Column archive] at ''[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]''\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Britannica","href":"./Template:Britannica"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"973560"}},"i":0}},"\n* Obama B. [[United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps]]. ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]''. Published online July 11, 2016. ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"DOI","href":"./Template:DOI"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"10.1001/jama.2016.9797"}},"i":1}},".\n* Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). \"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ Read Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare]\". ''Time'' magazine. Archived from [http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ the original] on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). \"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act Obama: 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act']\". National Public Radio. Archived from [https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act the original] on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.\n* Obama B. [http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/ \"The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform\"]. ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Published January 5, 2017.\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Dmoz","href":"./Template:Dmoz"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama"}},"i":2}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"CongBio","href":"./Template:CongBio"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"O000167"}},"i":3}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"C-SPAN","href":"./Template:C-SPAN"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Barack Obama"}},"i":4}},"\n* ",{"template":{"target":{"wt":"ChicagoTribuneKeyword","href":"./Template:ChicagoTribuneKeyword"},"params":{},"i":5}}]}'><li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/barack-obama">Column archive</a> at <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./HuffPost" title="HuffPost">The Huffington Post</a></i></li>
<li>Obama B. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Health_Care_Reform:_Progress_to_Date_and_Next_Steps" title="United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps">United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps</a>. <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./JAMA_(journal)" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a></i>. Published online July 11, 2016. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2016.9797">10.1001/jama.2016.9797</a>.</li>
<li>Teague Beckwith, Ryan (March 23, 2017). "<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">Read Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare</a>". <i>Time</i> magazine. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/">the original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (March 23, 2017). "<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005859/http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">Obama: 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act'</a>". National Public Radio. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act">the original</a> on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017.</li>
<li>Obama B. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/">"The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform"</a>. <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. Published January 5, 2017.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressO000167" class="citation web">United States Congress. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">"Barack Obama (id: O000167)"</a>. <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+%28id%3A+O000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DO000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt3799" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></li>
<li><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?barackobama">Appearances</a> on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
<ul data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334172,335512,0,0]}'><li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334172,334311,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":334229,"contentOffsets":[334229,334258],"dsr":[334174,334259,55,1]}'>Collected news and commentary</a> at the <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334267,334286,2,2]}'>Tampa Bay Times</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;" about="#mwt2050" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[334286,334291,null,null],"pi":[[]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"'","href":"./Template:'"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'><span typeof="mw:Entity">'</span></span>s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PolitiFact.com" title="PolitiFact.com" data-parsoid='{"stx":"simple","a":{"href":"./PolitiFact.com"},"sa":{"href":"PolitiFact.com"},"dsr":[334293,334311,2,2]}'>PolitiFact.com</a></li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334312,334460,1,0]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":334379,"contentOffsets":[334379,334408],"dsr":[334314,334409,65,1]}'>Collected news and commentary</a> at <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334413,334436,2,2]}'>The Washington Post</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;" about="#mwt2051" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[334436,334441,null,null],"pi":[[]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"'","href":"./Template:'"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'><span typeof="mw:Entity">'</span></span>s Fact Checker blog</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[334461,335036,1,0]}'>"<a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":334574,"contentOffsets":[334574,334661],"dsr":[334464,334662,110,1]}'>Barack Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history</a>" by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)" data-parsoid='{"stx":"piped","a":{"href":"./Vox_(website)"},"sa":{"href":"Vox (website)"},"dsr":[334667,334688,16,2]}'>Vox</a> author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. <a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents" data-parsoid='{"targetOff":334804,"contentOffsets":[334804,334830],"dsr":[334730,334831,74,1]}'>Archived from the original</a> on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context.</li>
<li data-parsoid='{"dsr":[335037,335352,1,0]}'><cite class="citation serial" about="#mwt2052" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[335039,335210,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"url","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"date","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"series","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"season","named":true,"spc":["","",""," "]},{"k":"station","named":true}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite serial ","href":"./Template:Cite_serial"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Making Obama"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"},"date":{"wt":"2018"},"series":{"wt":"Making"},"season":{"wt":"2"},"station":{"wt":"[[WBEZ]]"}},"i":0}}]}'><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.wbez.org/shows/making-oprah/71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1"><i>Making Obama</i></a>. <i>Making</i>. 2018. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./WBEZ" title="WBEZ">WBEZ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Obama&rft.series=%27%27Making%27%27&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbez.org%2Fshows%2Fmaking-oprah%2F71b8de57-b2be-4e03-8481-683258de3ec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama" class="Z3988" about="#mwt2052"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088" about="#mwt2052" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/> "Former President Barack Obama—along with key advisers, mentors, and rivals—tells the story of his climb from Chicago to the national stage."</li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States Senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</span></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./First_100_days_of_Barack_Obama's_presidency" title="First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency">First 100 days</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Timeline</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016)">2016</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2017)">January 2017</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./War_in_Afghanistan_(2001–present)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq" title="Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq">Iraq withdrawal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Death of Osama bin Laden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran deal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Health Care reform</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016)">2016</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i> (1995)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i> (2006)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i> (2010)</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks%20of%20Senator%20Barack%20Obama%20on%20New%20Hampshire%20Primary%20Night" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_election_victory_speech,_2008" title="Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href='./First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"' title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_New_Beginning" title="A New Beginning">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_speech_to_joint_session_of_Congress,_September_2009" title="Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</span></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">Illinois State Senate election, 1996, 1998, 2002</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois's_1st_congressional_district_election,_2000" title="Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000">Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004">United States Senate election, 2004</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></span></li></ul></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reactions_to_the_United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012">international reactions</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Assassination_threats_against_Barack_Obama" title="Assassination threats against Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a></span>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates-Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Redemption_Song_(book)" title="Redemption Song (book)">Redemption Song</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></i></span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./We_Are_the_Ones" title="We Are the Ones">We Are the Ones</a>"</span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./There's_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O'Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sí_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a></i> (2009)</span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_on_social_media" title="Barack Obama on social media">On social media</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Obama_Day" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></span></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt2058" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[335546,337558,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"title","named":true,"spc":[""," "," ","\n"]},{"k":"list1","named":true,"spc":[""," ","\n","\n"]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Navboxes\n","href":"./Template:Navboxes"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Offices and distinctions"},"list1":{"wt":"{{s-start}}\n{{s-par|us-il-sen}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Illinois Senate]]<br />from the 13th district|years=1997–2004}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Kwame Raoul]]}}\n\n{{s-ppo}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Carol Moseley Braun]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Illinois|U.S. Senator]] from [[Illinois]]<br />([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 3]])|years=[[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|2004]]}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Alexi Giannoulias]]}}\n\n{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Ford Jr.]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=Keynote Speaker of the [[Democratic National Convention]]|years=[[2004 Democratic National Convention|2004]]}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Mark Warner]]}}\n\n{{s-bef|before=[[John Kerry]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]], [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Hillary Clinton]]}}\n\n{{s-par|us-sen}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Illinois|United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois]]|years=2005–2008|alongside=[[Dick Durbin]]}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Roland Burris]]}}\n\n{{s-off|usa}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[George W. Bush]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=2009–2017}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Donald Trump]]}}\n\n{{s-ach}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Martti Ahtisaari]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Nobel Peace Prize]] Laureate|years=2009}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Liu Xiaobo]]}}\n\n{{s-prec|usa}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[George W. Bush]]|as=Former President}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of Precedence of the United States]]<br />''Former President''|years=}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Walter Mondale]]|as=Former Vice President}}\n{{s-end}}"}},"i":0}}]}'><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a><br/>from the 13th district</b><br/>1997–2004</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States Senators from Illinois">U.S. Senator</a> from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><br/>(<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>)</b><br/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004">2004</a></td>
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>by<br/><span style="font-weight: bold"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harold_Ford_Jr." title="Harold Ford Jr.">Harold Ford Jr.</a></span></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Keynote Speaker of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></b><br/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004</a></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States</b><br/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States Senators from Illinois">United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois</a></b><br/>2005–2008 <br/><small>Served alongside: <b><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a></b></small></td>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>by<br/><span style="font-weight: bold"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></span></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b><br/>2009–2017</td>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial)</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>by<br/><span style="font-weight: bold"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></span><br/><small><i><b>as Former President</b></i></small></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of Precedence of the United States</a><br/><i>Former President</i></b></td>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt2059" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[337560,337897,null,null],"pi":[[{"k":"list1","named":true,"spc":[""," ","\n","\n"]}]]}' data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Navboxes\n","href":"./Template:Navboxes"},"params":{"list1":{"wt":"{{US Presidents}}\n{{United States presidential election, 2008}}\n{{United States presidential election, 2012}}\n{{Democratic Party (United States)}}\n{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}\n{{Time Persons of the Year}}\n{{United States Senators from Illinois}}\n{{Patriot Act}}\n{{Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album 2000s}}"}},"i":0}}]}'><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">
<ol><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Presidency of William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Presidency of James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Timeline of the presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Timeline of the presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Timeline of the presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Timeline of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Timeline of the presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Timeline of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Timeline of the presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(2004_←)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2012)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="Template:United States presidential election, 2008"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="Template talk:United States presidential election, 2008"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:United_States_presidential_election,_2008&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(2004_←)_2008_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 ←</a>) <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">→ 2012</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*2008_United_States_elections&#10;*Candidates&#10;*Comparison&#10;*Debates&#10;*Congressional_support&#10;*Fundraising&#10;*Ballot_access&#10;*Timeline&#10;*Super_Tuesday&#10;*Potomac_primary&#10;*Super_Tuesday_II&#10;*General_polls&#10;*Statewide_general_polls&#10;*International_polls&#10;*International_reaction">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:2008_United_States_elections" title="Template:2008 United States elections">2008 United States elections</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_candidates_in_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="List of candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election">Candidates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Comparison_of_the_2008_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Congressional_endorsements_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Congressional endorsements for the 2008 United States presidential election">Congressional support</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fundraising_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2008 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ballot_access_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Ballot access for the 2008 United States presidential election">Ballot access</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_presidential_election_timeline" title="2008 United States presidential election timeline">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Super_Tuesday" title="2008 Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Super_Tuesday_II" title="2008 Super Tuesday II">Super Tuesday II</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">General polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">Statewide general polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">International polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reactions_to_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2008 United States presidential election">International reaction</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">General polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Results_of_the_2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Democratic_Party_superdelegates,_2008" title="List of Democratic Party superdelegates, 2008">Superdelegates</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">General polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Results_of_the_2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primary results</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a><br/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Green_National_Convention" title="2008 Green National Convention">Convention</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2008 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2008 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(2008_←)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2016)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(2008_←)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(→_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 <span typeof="mw:Entity">←</span></a>) <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election"><span typeof="mw:Entity">→</span> 2016</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_2012_United_States_elections&#10;*_Fundraising&#10;*_National_polls&#10;*_Statewide_polls_(pre-2012,_early_2012)&#10;*_Timeline&#10;*_General_election_debates&#10;*_Newspaper_endorsements&#10;*_International_reactions&#10;*_Hurricane_Sandy">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:United_States_elections,_2012" title="Template:United States elections, 2012">2012 United States elections</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_United_States_2012_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the United States 2012 presidential election">National polls</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_timeline" title="2012 United States presidential election timeline">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_reactions_to_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2012 United States presidential election">International reactions</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></i></li>
<li><br/><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_primaries#Democrats" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential primaries">Newspaper endorsements</a></i></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></i></li>
<li><br/><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></i></li>
<li><br/><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></i></li>
<li><br/><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_primaries#Republicans" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential primaries">Newspaper endorsements</a></i></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./R._Lee_Wrights" title="R. Lee Wrights">R. Lee Wrights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a>
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></i></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="2012 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alaska" title="2012 United States presidential election in Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="2012 United States presidential election in Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="2012 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2012 United States presidential election in California">California</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="2012 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="2012 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2012 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="2012 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii" title="2012 United States presidential election in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho" title="2012 United States presidential election in Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="2012 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="2012 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="2012 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="2012 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="2012 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="2012 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="2012 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="2012 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="2012 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Montana">Montana</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="2012 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="2012 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2012 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="2012 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="2012 United States presidential election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="2012 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="2012 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="2012 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2012 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="2012 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="2012 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="2012 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="2012 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_(state)" title="2012 United States presidential election in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="2012 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming" title="2012 United States presidential election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:United_States_elections,_2012" title="Template:United States elections, 2012">Other 2012 elections</a>: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">United States Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairpersons<br/>of the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br/>tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br/>Territorial<br/>Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Conventions</a><br/><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./List_of_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="List of Democratic National Conventions">(List)</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (TBA)</a></i></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate">Senate Caucus</a>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Senate_Democratic_Conference_Secretary" title="United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary">United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus" title="United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">History</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Party factions</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006 House Caucus leadership election</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018 House Caucus leadership election</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1904</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1905</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1917</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1938</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1944</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1954</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1963</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>/<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1964</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1981</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1982</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>/<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Alfonso_García_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1985</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;">1991</span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a></span> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li>
<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_I" title="Patriot Act, Title I">I</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_II" title="Patriot Act, Title II">II</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_III" title="Patriot Act, Title III">III</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_IV" title="Patriot Act, Title IV">IV</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_V" title="Patriot Act, Title V">V</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_VI" title="Patriot Act, Title VI">VI</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_VII" title="Patriot Act, Title VII">VII</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_VIII" title="Patriot Act, Title VIII">VIII</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_IX" title="Patriot Act, Title IX">IX</a> · <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Patriot_Act,_Title_X" title="Patriot Act, Title X">X</a> (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li>
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul>
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cedff2;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Template talk:Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#cedff2;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cedff2;;width:1%">1959−1980</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stan_Freberg" title="Stan Freberg">Stan Freberg</a> – <i>The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows</i> (1959)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> – <i>The Story-Teller: A Session With Charles Laughton</i> (1963)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (playwright) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Who's_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?">Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?</a></i> (1964)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a></i> – <i>BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy</i> (1965)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a> (producer) – <i>John F. Kennedy - As We Remember Him</i> (1966)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> – <i>Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I The War Years</i> (1967)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Art Linkletter</a> & <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Diane_Linkletter" title="Diane Linkletter">Diane Linkletter</a> – <i>We Love You Call Collect</i> (1970)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> – <i>Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam</i> (1971)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bruce_Botnick" title="Bruce Botnick">Bruce Botnick</a> (producer) – <i>Lenny</i> performed by the original Broadway cast (1973)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Julie_Harris_(actress)" title="Julie Harris (actress)">Julie Harris</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Belle_of_Amherst" title="The Belle of Amherst">The Belle of Amherst</a></i> (1978)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Tom_Voegeli" title="Tom Voegeli">Tom Voegeli</a> (producer) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> - The Movie on Record</i> performed by Various Artists (1983)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> – <i>The Words of Gandhi</i> (1985)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Mike_Berniker" title="Mike Berniker">Mike Berniker</a> (producer) & the original Broadway cast – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ma_Rainey's_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (1986)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Chips_Moman" title="Chips Moman">Chips Moman</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Ricky_Nelson" title="Ricky Nelson">Ricky Nelson</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> – <i>Interviews From the Class of '55 Recording Sessions</i> (1987)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Gracie:_A_Love_Story" title="Gracie: A Love Story">Gracie: A Love Story</a></i> (1991)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Earvin "Magic" Johnson</a> and Robert O'Keefe – <i>What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS</i> (1993)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./On_the_Pulse_of_Morning" title="On the Pulse of Morning">On the Pulse of Morning</a></i> (1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> – <i>Get in the Van</i> (1995)</span></li>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>, Rick Harris & John Runnette (producers) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./The_Measure_of_a_Man:_A_Spiritual_Autobiography" title="The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography">The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography</a></i> (2001)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers) and Elisa Shokoff (producer) – <i>Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones</i> (2002)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a> and Charles B. Potter (producer) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_Song_Flung_Up_to_Heaven" title="A Song Flung Up to Heaven">A Song Flung Up to Heaven</a></i> / <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a>, Nathaniel Kunkel (engineer/mixer) and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Peter_Asher" title="Peter Asher">Peter Asher</a> (producer) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Robin_Williams:_Live_on_Broadway" title="Robin Williams: Live on Broadway">Live 2002</a></i> (2003)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> and Paul Ruben (producer) – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a></i> (2004)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./My_Life_(Bill_Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a></i> (2005)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></i> (2006)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a> – <i>Always Looking Up</i> (2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Earth_(The_Book)" title="Earth (The Book)">The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)</a></i> (2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> – <i>If You Ask Me (And Of Course You Won't)</i> (2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./America_Again" title="America Again">America Again: Re-becoming The Greatness We Never Weren't</a></i> (2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a> – <i>Diary of a Mad Diva</i> (2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> – <i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./A_Full_Life:_Reflections_at_90" title="A Full Life: Reflections at 90">A Full Life: Reflections at 90</a></i> (2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> – <i>In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox</i> (2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404040">500404040</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ULAN_identifiers"/></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">US Congress</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=O000167">O000167</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_USCongress_identifiers"/></span></span></li>
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