I found one page which exceeded the MathJax internal buffer with an equation which spanned 14 lines. The page was
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moment_of_inertia&oldid=758008337
in a collapsed proof section.
Breaking the equation into two solved the problem.
I've made a copy at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Salix_alba/inertia
This is expected behavior.
MathJax limits TeX macro processing to catch infinite loops; this affects very large expressions (e.g., if 3 lines of the table are dropped, the rendering does work).
While the buffer could be increased via the MathJax configuration (if mathoid's servers are ok with that), I would suggest that a 14 line table of equations is not a good authoring practice.
Feel free to re-open if increasing the buffer is considered an important feature.