When trying to load https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-14581-0003%2C_Dresden%2C_Omnibus_%22Ikarus_30%22.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-14581-0003%2C_Dresden%2C_Omnibus_%22Ikarus_30%22.jpg , I get:
Duplicate headers received from server
or
Error code: ERR_RESPONSE_HEADERS_MULTIPLE_CONTENT_DISPOSITION
or
Error 349 (net::ERR_RESPONSE_HEADERS_MULTIPLE_CONTENT_DISPOSITION) when loading URL
The URL should try to display the 180px thumbnail of https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-14581-0003,_Dresden,_Omnibus_%22Ikarus_30%22.jpg as my most recent upload at https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles&offset=20170712204449&user=Jeff+G.&ilshowall=1&limit=1 .
This still happens even after having purged the file in MediaWiki.
On my iPad 3 with iOS 6.1, the problem is present in the latest compatible Puffin Browser Pro (v4.7.3), Puffin Browser Free (v4.7.3), and Google Chrome (v37.0.2062.60), but absent in Safari (Bundle Version 8536.25).
On my LG Spree (LG-K120 Build/LMY47V) phone with Android 5.1.1, the problem is present in Puffin Browser Free (v6.0.9.15863), and absent in Google Chrome (v56.0.2924.87) and Opera Mini (v24.0.2254.115784).
See also T168949#3433763 and its reply.
Example screenshot from my phone: