I've indicated the "TS" comment from setTimestamp() responsible for each example.
-- TS_ISO_8601, any number of periods before the fractional seconds. Or not before fractional seconds >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22T12:00:00.....1257' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22T12:00:001257' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22T12:00:00.....' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" -- TS_ISO_8601_BASIC, same >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '20190522T120000.....1257' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '20190522T1200001257' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '20190522T120000.....' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" -- TS_POSTGRES (first), same >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:00....1257-04' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:001257-04' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:00...-04' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" -- TS_POSTGRES (second), same >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:00....1257 GMT' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:001257 GMT' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, '2019-05-22 12:00:00... GMT' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" -- TS_RFC2822, anything strtotime accepts goes, with potentially strange results >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed, 22 May 2019 12:00:00 A potato' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed, 22 May 2019 12:00:00 + 2 days' ) => "2019-05-24T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed, 22 May 2019 12:00:00 Monday' ); => "2019-05-27T00:00:00Z" -- TS_RFC850, same >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wednesday, 22-May-19 12:00:00 A potato' ) => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wednesday, 22-May-19 12:00:00 + 2 days' ) => "2019-05-24T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wednesday, 22-May-19 12:00:00 Monday' ) => "2019-05-27T00:00:00Z" -- asctime, same >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed May 22 12:00:00 2019 A potato' ); => "2019-05-22T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed May 22 12:00:00 2019 + 2 days' ); => "2019-05-24T12:00:00Z" >>> Wikimedia\Timestamp\ConvertibleTimestamp::convert( TS_ISO_8601, 'Wed May 22 12:00:00 2019 Monday' ); => "2058-01-28T00:00:00Z"