Seilo and @Pcoombe have both reported receiving English-language TY emails from Civi, while otherwise testing the Japanese donation flow entirely in Japanese.
Here are Seilo's screenshots for his June 3rd donation made using this mobile large banner,
https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B1%80&banner=hnordeen_jaJP_m_p1_lg_txt_LastBest&country=JP
which created this donation: cid=26034374, Invoice Reference 102192660.1|recur-1622762943
Peter reports receiving the same (preexisting) cid=1058777 in his TY emails, so one theory would be that when Civi dedupes these incoming donations it may not carry over a new language preference, if there is already an English-language CID in Civi?
I think it is fair to assume that if a donor changes languages from one year to the next we would want Civi to prioritize the most recent as the preferred one. If this turns out to be a dedupe issue, can we check to make sure that Civi grabs the language preference from the most recent donations?