The following types should be supported

1. tex (default) https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathRenderer.php#L76
2. inline-tex (https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathRenderer.php#L103) generated by math tags with inline style
3. chem https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L32 generated by chem tag

the following experimental input formats types are supported by mathoid, but not enabled in WMF deployed systems

4. pmml https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L63 presentation mathml
5. ascii https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L63 ascimathml

Currently, they only render if input checking is disabled.

Change 845018 had a related patch set uploaded (by Stegmujo; author: Stegmujo):

[mediawiki/extensions/Math@master] Add Inline-Tex Input

https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/845018

Since chem and inline are supported, this can be considered done. If experimental types should be supported once a while, i suggest creating another task for this.