(from the comment) The following types should be supported
tex (default) https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathRenderer.php#L76
inline-tex (https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathRenderer.php#L103) generated by math tags with inline style
chem https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L32 generated by chem tag
the following experimental input formats types are supported by mathoid, but not enabled in WMF deployed systems
pmml https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L63 presentation mathml
ascii https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Math/blob/8333e2541a146e72d5e56cfc1088686c3e1226ae/src/MathMathML.php#L63 ascimathml