If you turn on MathJax rendering in the standard MediaWiki options (e.g., for English Wikipedia, go to your appearance preferences and select "Client-side MathJax" under "Math"), viewing pages on mobile using the MobileFrontend displays math in pages as the raw LaTex-style math markup (e.g., $ L=D-A, $), not as a rendered mathematical statement.
Selecting other math rendering options (e.g., "MathML with SVG or PNG") works as expected on mobile, and renders the mathematical symbols.
It seems like selecting MathJax as a rendering option disables server-side math rendering, but MobileFrontend does not include MathJax.