Ok, so what happens.

As a fallback, if the revision cannot be found, a MessageContent object is returned with the message missing-revision. This then gets stored in parser cache. The messageContent varries by user language, but its cached as if it does not.

The quick fix would be in Article::fetchContentObject to instead of doing:
$this->mContentObject = new MessageContent( 'missing-revision', array( $oldid ), array() )
Do:
$this->mContentObject = new MessageContent( wfMessage( 'missing-revision' )->inContentLanguage(), array( $oldid ), array() )

[as an aside, what is that third, empty array, parameter for?]

However, a more proper fix would be for MessageContent to signal that its content varies by userlanguage to the ParserCache. That's getting a little bit further into the ContentHandler stuff then I'm currently familiar with.

Created attachment 14082
Screenshot showing the issue. Uploader of the photo this is a derivative of is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Red_Castle - License: unknown

Attached:

[[Commons:File:Délégation générale du Québec à Londres 2013.JPG]] says "(missing-revision: 0)" for me too, but [[Commons:File:Ghost creepy 2013-12-12 17-52.jpg]] has text in Spanish (with uselang=sv):

"La revisión n.º 0 de la página llamada «Ghost creepy 2013-12-12 17-52.jpg» no existe.

Normalmente esto ocurre cuando se sigue un enlace de historial obsoleto que apunta a una página ya borrada. Puedes encontrar detalles en el registro de borrados."

Change 101479 had a related patch set uploaded by Brian Wolff:
Mark ParserOutput of MessageContent as varying by userlanguage

https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/101479

Change 101479 merged by jenkins-bot:
Mark ParserOutput of MessageContent as varying by userlanguage

https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/101479

All patches mentioned in this report were merged or abandoned - is there more work left to do here (if yes: please reset the bug report status to NEW or ASSIGNED), or can you close this ticket as RESOLVED FIXED?