The default category sort value (or values, perhaps?) should be listed in the output of MediaWiki's info action. For example, if a page uses {{DEFAULTSORT:Obama, Barack}}, the string "Obama, Barack" will be output at ?title=Barack_Obama&action=info.
I can't remember if a page can have multiple default sort values. I don't think it can. I think it just uses the last instance of DEFAULTSORT on a page. If there's no DEFAULTSORT specified (this is tracked by the page_props table), then the info action should still list the (implicit) default sort value. For example, with the page "Main Page", ?action=info would list "Main Page".
Version: unspecified
Severity: enhancement