As pointed out by @Volker_E, the ARIA tags we have previously added are not complete enough, for reference:
https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/444630/
Specifically the remark about aria-expanded:
This will only work in connection with aria-controls as the button.$elment isn't a parent.
As part of this ticket, aria-controls should be added so that screen readers know what to do with the newly added aria-expanded tag.