Steps to Reproduce:
Put a math tag on a page. After it, add an invocation of a Scribunto module that returns an error.

Actual Results:
The math tag fails to display correctly, and is replaced with a strip marker: '"UNIQ--postMath-00000001-QINU"' for instance.

Expected Results:
The math tag should display correctly.

Discussion:
For instance, see this minimal example on the English Wiktionary, with a Lua-based template that throws an error for an incorrect parameter. This was reported in a Grease Pit discussion.

Here the math tag renders correctly when the module error is before and not after the math tag. When math tags are placed both before and after a module error, only the math tag before the module error displays incorrectly. When I add more math tags and module errors, it seems that the last module error on a page breaks all the math tags before it.