This API response looks like it should cause a 'back off and retry':
{'servedby': 'mw1017', 'error': {'info': 'The wiki is currently in read-only mode', 'help': 'See https://test.wikidata.org/w/api.php for API usage', 'readonlyreason': 'The database has been automatically locked while the slave database servers catch up to the master', 'code': 'readonly'}, 'warnings': {'watch': {'*': 'The title parameter has been deprecated.'}}}
https://travis-ci.org/wikimedia/pywikibot-core/jobs/63795749#L918
Note that this is not the internal_api_error_ReadOnlyError error, which already does start a 'back off and retry' reaction.