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Remove reference sections at end of article from page content HTML
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Description

In order to support the lazy loading of references, we need to develop a heuristic for determining if references should be removed from the content of the page

To ensure that the intent of the author is not changed, we should only remove references that are not "part of the content". Here is a first pass at a heuristic:

  1. If the reference list is in the last section (or last n sections) of a page, it should be removed. The entire section including the header should be removed as well.
  2. Do not remove reference lists within info boxes
  3. Although implicit, don't remove reference lists embedded elsewhere in page (i.e. not in the last n sections of the page).

This should ensure that references that are "part of the content" remain so. It also allows us to remove large lists from the end of a page in order to deliver it performantly and to be able to construct a custom UI on the client.

NOTE: It should be noted that even if a reference list is NOT removed, it will still be returned in the JSON references API. So there is some minor duplication. However, this should not adversely affect the size of the data as references lists within the content (not in a reference section at the end of a page) are typically very small in size.

The primary goal of lazy loading references is to remove the rather large lists that occur at the end of a page.

From parent ticket:

This is for the next generation of MCS/PCS (Page Content Service) page content.

The goal of this is to reduce the payload for references by replacing the children of the <ol> tags that wrap references with a placeholder element (<div>?). To look for the reference <ol> tags we can use ol[typeof='mw:Extension/references'].

Clients then can later request the reference list information of the same revision through another endpoint (e.g. /page/references/:title/:rev) and merge the content into each placeholder.

The placeholder element needs:

  1. a class to signify that it is a placeholder for references, so that clients could add onclick handlers if desired (class=mw-references-placeholder) and
  2. an identifier of the references list so that clients can find the right place in the DOM to replace the placeholder with the original <ol> tag (to get it in the original state). A client may also chose to add a new onclick handler on the <ol> tag for collapsing/opening the references list if desired.

Background

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Event Timeline

To clarify, are you planning to do this removal right in the mobile base HTML layer, or in the per-device layer?

@GWicke I don't think we have finalized that yet.

Three questions off the top of my head that will help finalize this:

  1. Does anyone have a use case for leaving this in? (Are there clients who want display references inline?)
  2. What is the "cost" of leaving it here and then removing it in an upper layer? Are we caching extra objects or are we removing it on the fly with every API call?
  3. The apps and web perform other "transforms" locally like lazy loading of images and widening of images. We haven't brought those in yet. Where do those fit in? They seem similar in in level.

Drawing the layer boundary at markup would keep things as general and reusable as possible, and would also allow us to (gradually) integrate this markup into the general HTML markup standard.

The downside of the general approach is that HTML will always need processing if all mobile use cases are serving references separately. While performance of HTML processing should not be an issue (~2ms for a large page), and with the markup it is also very easy to match elements, it could still add a need for processing for some end points where there would otherwise not be one.

Where do you see desktop heading on the references question? If it is clear that references will be served separately across all use cases in the longer term, then this would make a stronger case for splitting out the section right away.

I’m meeting up with design to discus more specifics. I also created some tickets with questions on references.

Once I get a read on those I’ll circle back here.

The main problem to be aware:

  • is that the <references /> tag can be put in any section by an editor. A section could also have other HTML/content - so omitting an entire section and relying on references overlays is not the best idea
  • When printing it should be possible to see references (although this is possibly only a problem for web)
  • A page can have multiple reference groups displayed in different locations. I can't find any examples right now but usually anything with a "Notes" section probably also has a "References" section
  • references can be nested. e.g. a reference might appear inside a reference (that is only shown in the references list)

If examples are needed, it's best for us to set some up on the beta cluster or add some instrumentation to find out how common they really are.

We have code that does this already in MCS in the experimental 'formatted' endpoint

e.g. http://0.0.0.0:6927/en.wikipedia.org/v1/page/formatted/Barack_Obama

A flag isReferenceSection":true is added to any response and HTML of those sections are stripped.

A visit to:
http://0.0.0.0:6927/en.wikipedia.org/v1/page/references/Barack%20Obama
returns only reference sections with HTML intact.

sample output:

{"sections":[{"id":50,"text":"\n\n","toclevel":1,"line":"Notes and references","anchor":"Notes_and_references","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":51,"text":"\n<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"mw-references\"><li id=\"cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-1\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-1\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBOc\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBO8\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBPc\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Dictionary.com-2\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Dictionary.com-2\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBQA\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBQk\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBRI\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-3\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html\">https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html</a></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-biography-4\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-biography-4\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBRs\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">\"President Barack Obama\"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">the original</a> on 26 October 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-birth-certificate-5\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-birth-certificate-5\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBSM\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">\"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24<span>&nbsp;</span>pm, Honolulu\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-maraniss-6\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-maraniss-6\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBS8\">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html\">\"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A22<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-7\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBTk\">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html\">\"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Honolulu_Advertiser\" title=\"The Honolulu Advertiser\">The Honolulu Advertiser</a></i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>B1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-8\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBUM\">Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html\">\"Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009\"</a>. <i>Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)</i>. NPR<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>. <q>We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-BarretoO.E2.80.99Bryant2013-9\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BarretoO.E2.80.99Bryant2013-9\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBUw\">Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O’Bryant, Richard L. (2013-11-12). \"Introduction\". <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT18\"><i>American Identity in the Age of Obama</i></a>. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>18–19. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/9781317937159\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9781317937159\">9781317937159</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-10\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-11\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\" id=\"mwBVg\">Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA46\">\"The quest for Obama's Irish roots\"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 46–47, 49. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X\">1075-475X</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBWY\">Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html\">\"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Huffington_Post\" title=\"The Huffington Post\" class=\"mw-redirect\">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBXA\">Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm\">\"Researchers: Obama has German roots\"</a>. USAToday.com. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBXg\">Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)&amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;xcal_useweights=no\">\"For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBYM\">Jordon, Mary (May 13, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html\">\"Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A14<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBY0\">David Williamson (July 5, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/\">\"Wales link in US presidential candidate's past\"</a>. <i>www.walesonline.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/\">the original</a> on May 21, 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Jones_2007-12\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Jones_2007-12\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBZY\">Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt\">\"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Chicago_Tribune\" title=\"Chicago Tribune\">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>1 (Tempo).</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310-13\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Obama_1995.2C_2004.2C_pp._9.E2.80.9310-13\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.\n<ul><li> Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.</li>\n<li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Ripley_2008-14\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Ripley_2008-14\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBaI\">Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html\">\"The story of Barack Obama's mother\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Time_(magazine)\" title=\"Time (magazine)\">Time</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-15\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-15\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), p. 86.\n<ul><li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-16\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-16\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.\n<ul><li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-17\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-17\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.\n<ul><li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-18\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-18\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBbQ\">Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html\">\"From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_EastAfrican\" title=\"The EastAfrican\">The EastAfrican</a></i>. Nairobi. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html\">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBb4\">Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html\">\"The ghost of a father\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A12<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-19\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBck\">Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story\">\"Obama's peers didn't see his angst\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-20\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.\n<ul><li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-21\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-21\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-22\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-23\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-23\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBdY\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler\">\"Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? – Calvert Education Blog\"</a>. calverteducation.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-24\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-24\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBd0\">Meacham, Jon (August 22, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011\">\"What Barack Obama Learned from His Father\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6nNaxJYJG?url=http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us\">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-25\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBeY\">Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html\">\"Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Honolulu_Star-Bulletin\" title=\"Honolulu Star-Bulletin\">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBfE\">Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>\n<li> Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-26\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-26\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBf0\">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255\">\"When Barry Became Barack\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Newsweek\" title=\"Newsweek\">Newsweek</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-27\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-27\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 139–157.\n<ul><li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-28\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-28\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 157–194.\n<ul><li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-29\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-29\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-30\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-30\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBgo\">Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html\">\"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama\"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 10,</span> 2007</span>. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-31\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBhM\">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail\">\"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students\"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>8A. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail\">the original</a> on April 7, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-32\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-32\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBh0\">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/\">\"Obama and his pot-smoking \"choom gang<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. ABC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBic\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&amp;pg=PA93\"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>93–94<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBjE\">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;&amp;q=choom\"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. pages with \"choom gang\"<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager (\"When I was a kid, I inhaled\"), see:</li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBjs\">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63\">\"Obama offers more variations from the norm\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A21<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBkU\">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html\">\"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-33\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-33\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBk4\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/\">\"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012\"</a>. PBS. October 9, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Occidental-34\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Occidental-34\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBlU\">Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">\"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>B1. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">the original</a> on May 24, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBmE\">Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story\">\"Activism blossomed in college\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>20. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story\">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBmw\">Kovaleski, Serge F. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBoA\">Adam Goldman; Robert Tanner (May 15, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm\">\"Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBok\">Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full\">\"Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive)\"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>1A<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-40\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-40\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBt0\">Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all\">\"Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>B1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">July 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140.</li>\n<li> Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-41\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Who.27s_Who_2008-41\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBuk\">Chassie, Karen, ed. (2007). <i>Who's Who in America, 2008</i>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite> See also:<cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBwo\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html\">\"Interactive Family Tree\"</a>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. September 9, 2007. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html\">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 21,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.</q></cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCJU\">Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html\">\"The Obama's find a church home<span>&nbsp;</span>– away from home\"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q>instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.</q></cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCKA\">Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html\">\"Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A6<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 5,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Obama prays privately<span>&nbsp;</span>... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.</q></cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-social_change-81\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-social_change-81\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCKs\">Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html\">\"My Spiritual Journey\"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html\">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwCLY\">Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/\">\"<span style=\"padding-left:0.2em;\">'</span>Call to Renewal' Keynote Address\"</a>. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/\">the original</a> on January 4, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-82\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-82\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCL8\">Pulliam, Sarah; Olsen, Ted (January 23, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2\">\"Q&amp;A: Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-APbychoice-83\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-APbychoice-83\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCMc\">Charles Babington; Darlene Superville (September 28, 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print\">\"Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner\"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print\">the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-84\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ABCVideobychoice-84\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwCM4\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html\">\"President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice...The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. <a href=\"./ABC_News\" title=\"ABC News\">ABC News</a>. September 29, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Trinity-85\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Trinity-85\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCNc\">Garrett, Major; Obama, Barack (March 14, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html\">\"Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity &amp; Colmes<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">'</span>\"</a>. RealClearPolitics<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And<span>&nbsp;</span>– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs<span>&nbsp;</span>... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then.</q></cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCOQ\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/\">\"Obama strongly denounces former pastor\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. April 29, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years,\" Obama said. \"The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago.</q></cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCO0\">Miller, Lisa (July 11, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html\">\"Finding his faith\"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html\">the original</a> on July 20, 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago.</q></cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwCPg\">Remnick, David (2010). <i><a href=\"./The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama\">The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. 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Jerry Kellman: \"He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah.\"</li>\n<li> <a href=\"./Peter_Baker_(author)\" title=\"Peter Baker (author)\">Peter Baker</a>: <i>Obama: The Call of History</i>, New York Times/Callaway, New York, 2017, <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"./Special:BookSources/0-935112-90-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-935112-90-1\">0-935112-90-1</a>.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-86\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-86\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCQ4\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/\">\"Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized\"</a>. MSNBC. Associated Press. November 17, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-87\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-87\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Parker, Ashley. \"<a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html\">As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible</a>,\" <i>The New York Times</i>, December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-88\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-88\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Gilgoff, Dan. \"<a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt\">TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt</a>,\" <i>U.S. News &amp; World Report</i>, June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-89\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-89\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">\"<a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/\">First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church</a>,\" <i>CBS DC</i>, April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-90\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-90\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation magazine\" id=\"mwCRs\">Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education\">\"The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education\"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. Vol.<span>&nbsp;</span>236 no.<span>&nbsp;</span>12. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>22–26, 28–29. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583\">0028-6583</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">August 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCSs\">Bob Secter; John McCormick (March 30, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story\">\"Portrait of a pragmatist\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>1. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story\">the original</a> on December 14, 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295.</li>\n<li> Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-91\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990a-91\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCTc\">Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough\">\"A Law Review breakthrough\"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>29<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCUI\">Corr, John (February 27, 1990). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&amp;p_product=PHNP&amp;p_theme=phnp&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_trackval=PHNP&amp;s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&amp;p_field_advanced-0=Author&amp;p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&amp;p_bool_advanced-1=AND&amp;p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&amp;p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&amp;p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29Êl_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no\">\"From mean streets to hallowed halls\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>C01<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>35–40. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/0-9620873-3-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-9620873-3-5\">0-9620873-3-5</a>. <q>He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Obama_2012-93\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Obama_2012-93\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwCWI\">Obama, Auma (2012). <i>And then life happens: a memoir</i>. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-98\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Harvard_Law_1990b-98\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwCZc\">Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html\">\"First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A20<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-474\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-474\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">David Crary, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause\">LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause</a>, Associated Press (January 4, 2017).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-475\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-475\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Elisabeth Bumiller, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html\">Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (July 22, 2011).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-476\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-476\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGKU\">Merrit Kennedy (June 30, 2016). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly\">\"Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly\"</a>. NPR.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-477\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-477\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Michael Smith &amp; Frank Newport, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx\">Americans Assess Progress Under Obama</a>, The Gallup Organization (January 9, 2017).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-478\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-478\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGKs\">Reimann, Jakob (January 11, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://roarmag.org/essays/obama-legacy-war-conflict-peace/\">\"False hope, broken promises: Obama's belligerent legacy\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./ROAR_Magazine\" title=\"ROAR Magazine\">ROAR Magazine</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template \" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\" about=\"#mwt1584\" id=\"mwGLY\"><span>[</span><i><a href=\"./Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources\"><span>unreliable source?</span></a></i><span>]</span></sup></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-479\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-479\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGLw\">Parsons, Christi; Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/\">\"President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-480\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-480\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp\">DOD Personnel </a></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-481\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-481\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGMM\">Gramlich, John (5 January 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/\">\"Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend\"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-482\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-482\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGMk\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall\">\"Total Scores/Overall Rankings\"</a>. <i>Presidential Historians Survey</i>. C-SPAN. 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-483\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-483\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGNE\">Von Drehle, David (February 17, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://time.com/4674300/cspan-presidents-rank-2017/\">\"Barack Obama Ranked 12th Best U.S. President Ever in Major Survey of Historians\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Time_(magazine)\" title=\"Time (magazine)\">Time</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li></ol></div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":52,"text":"\n<div class=\"refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents  columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<ul><li> <cite id=\"CITEREFJacobs2011\" class=\"citation book\">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <i><a href=\"./The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama's_Father\" title=\"The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father\" class=\"mw-redirect\">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./PublicAffairs\" title=\"PublicAffairs\">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\">978-1-58648-793-5</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFMaraniss.2C_David2012\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"./David_Maraniss\" title=\"David Maraniss\">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <i><a href=\"./Barack_Obama:_The_Story\" title=\"Barack Obama: The Story\">Barack Obama: The Story</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./Simon_&amp;_Schuster\" title=\"Simon &amp; Schuster\">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\">978-1-4391-6040-4</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFMendell.2C_David2007\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"./David_Mendell\" title=\"David Mendell\">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <i><a href=\"./Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power\" title=\"Obama: From Promise to Power\">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i>. New York: Amistad/<a href=\"./HarperCollins\" title=\"HarperCollins\">HarperCollins</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFObama2004\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st. Pub. 1995]. <i><a href=\"./Dreams_from_My_Father\" title=\"Dreams from My Father\">Dreams from My Father</a>: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i>. New York: <a href=\"./Three_Rivers_Press\" title=\"Three Rivers Press\">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\">978-1-4000-8277-3</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFObama2006\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2006). <i><a href=\"./The_Audacity_of_Hope\" title=\"The Audacity of Hope\">The Audacity of Hope</a>: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i>. New York: <a href=\"./Crown_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Crown Publishing Group\">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\">978-0-307-23769-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\">Scott, Janny (2011). <i><a href=\"./A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama's_Mother\" title=\"A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother\" class=\"mw-redirect\">A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./Riverhead_Books\" title=\"Riverhead Books\">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\">978-1-59448-797-2</a>.</cite></li></ul>\n</div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"References","anchor":"References","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":53,"text":"\n<div class=\"refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents  columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">\"The Legend of Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFKoltun2005\" class=\"citation book\">Koltun, Dave (2005). \"The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political \"Star<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\".  In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert. <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president\">\"Above the Fray\"</a>. <i>GQ</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar\">\"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?\"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\">McClelland, Edward (2010). <i>Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\">978-1-60819-060-7</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\">Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221\">\"What Makes Obama Run?\"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></li></ul>\n</div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","isReferenceSection":true}]}

Please don't post bins this big, you can use lang=json, name=output.json, lines=3 with the code quotes or use a paste for this kind of output

output.json
{"sections":[{"id":50,"text":"\n\n","toclevel":1,"line":"Notes and references","anchor":"Notes_and_references","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":51,"text":"\n<div class=\"reflist columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;\">\n<ol class=\"mw-references\"><li id=\"cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-1\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Merriam-Webster_Dictionary-1\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBOc\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBO8\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBPc\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Merriam-Webster\" title=\"Merriam-Webster\">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Dictionary.com-2\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Dictionary.com-2\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><ul><li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBQA\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Barak\">\"Barak\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBQk\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Hussein\">\"Hussein\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite> </li>\n<li><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBRI\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/Obama\">\"Obama\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Dictionary.com\" title=\"Dictionary.com\">Dictionary.com</a> Unabridged</i>. <a href=\"./Random_House\" title=\"Random House\">Random House</a>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-3\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-3\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html\">https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/president_obama_job_approval-1044.html</a></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-biography-4\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-biography-4\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBRs\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">\"President Barack Obama\"</a>. The White House. 2008. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama\">the original</a> on 26 October 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-birth-certificate-5\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-birth-certificate-5\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBSM\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">\"Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24<span>&nbsp;</span>pm, Honolulu\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Health, State of Hawaii</i>. The White House. April 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf\">the original</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-maraniss-6\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-maraniss-6\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBS8\">Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html\">\"Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A22<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-7\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBTk\">Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html\">\"Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Honolulu_Advertiser\" title=\"The Honolulu Advertiser\">The Honolulu Advertiser</a></i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>B1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-8\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBUM\">Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html\">\"Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009\"</a>. <i>Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog)</i>. NPR<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 18,</span> 2010</span>. <q>We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-BarretoO.E2.80.99Bryant2013-9\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-BarretoO.E2.80.99Bryant2013-9\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBUw\">Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O’Bryant, Richard L. (2013-11-12). \"Introduction\". <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT18\"><i>American Identity in the Age of Obama</i></a>. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>18–19. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/9781317937159\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9781317937159\">9781317937159</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-10\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-11\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\" id=\"mwBVg\">Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak (November–December 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA46\">\"The quest for Obama's Irish roots\"</a>. <i>Ancestry</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 46–47, 49. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/1075-475X\">1075-475X</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBWY\">Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html\">\"Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./The_Huffington_Post\" title=\"The Huffington Post\" class=\"mw-redirect\">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBXA\">Rising, David; Noelting, Christoph (June 4, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm\">\"Researchers: Obama has German roots\"</a>. USAToday.com. Associated Press<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBXg\">Hutton, Brian; Nickerson, Matthew (May 3, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&amp;p_theme=cstb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&amp;p_field_advanced-0=&amp;p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)&amp;xcal_numdocs=20&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;xcal_useweights=no\">\"For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village\"</a> <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(paid archive)</span>. <i>Chicago Sun-Times</i>. Press Association of Ireland. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>3<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Nairobi. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html\">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBb4\">Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html\">\"The ghost of a father\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A12<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-19\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-19\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBck\">Serrano, Richard A. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-20\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.\n<ul><li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-21\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-21\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-22\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-22\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-23\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-23\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBdY\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler\">\"Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? – Calvert Education Blog\"</a>. calverteducation.com<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">November 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.</li>\n<li> Scott (2012), pp. 131–134.</li>\n<li> Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-26\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-26\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBf0\">Wolffe, Richard (March 22, 2008). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255\">\"When Barry Became Barack\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Newsweek\" title=\"Newsweek\">Newsweek</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 10,</span> 2007</span>. <q>As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-31\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-31\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBhM\">Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail\">\"Obama gets blunt with N.H. students\"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. Associated Press. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>8A. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail\">the original</a> on April 7, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-32\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-32\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBh0\">Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/\">\"Obama and his pot-smoking \"choom gang<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\"</a>. ABC News<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBic\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&amp;pg=PA93\"><i>Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i></a>. pp.<span>&nbsp;</span>93–94<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwBjE\">Maraniss, David (2012). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&amp;&amp;q=choom\"><i>Barack Obama: The Story</i></a>. pages with \"choom gang\"<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">June 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager (\"When I was a kid, I inhaled\"), see:</li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBjs\">Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63\">\"Obama offers more variations from the norm\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A21<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBkU\">Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html\">\"Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>A1<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></li></ul></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-33\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-33\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwBk4\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/\">\"FRONTLINE The Choice 2012\"</a>. PBS. October 9, 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Occidental-34\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Occidental-34\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBlU\">Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">\"Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>B1. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29\">the original</a> on May 24, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite>\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBmE\">Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story\">\"Activism blossomed in college\"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. p.<span>&nbsp;</span>20. <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story\">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwBmw\">Kovaleski, Serge F. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">December 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Steelers-55\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Steelers-55\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwB4s\">Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html\">\"Steelers Win Obama's Approval\"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <q>But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart.</q></cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-56\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-56\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwB5I\">Mayer, Larry (October 7, 2011). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4\">\"1985 Bears honored by President Obama\"</a>. <a href=\"./Chicago_Bears\" title=\"Chicago Bears\">Chicago Bears</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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The Hill.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-465\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-465\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGFo\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.barackobamafoundation.org/pages/presidential-library-faqs\">\"Obama Foundation FAQs\"</a>. Barack Obama Foundation.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-legacy-466\"><span></span> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-legacy-466\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGF8\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003\">\"Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act\"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. January 20, 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Oberlander2010-467\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Oberlander2010-467\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\" id=\"mwGGc\">Oberlander, Jonathan (1 June 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/6/1112.full\">\"Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed\"</a>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 1112–1116. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2715\">0278-2715</a>. <a href=\"./Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2010.0447\">10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447</a>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-Blumenthal2015-468\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Blumenthal2015-468\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation journal\" id=\"mwGHM\">Blumenthal, David; Abrams, Melinda; Nuzum, Rachel (18 June 2015). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614\">\"The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years\"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>372</b> (25): 2451–2458. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Serial_Number\" title=\"International Standard Serial Number\">ISSN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793\">0028-4793</a>. <a href=\"./Digital_object_identifier\" title=\"Digital object identifier\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMhpr1503614\">10.1056/NEJMhpr1503614</a>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-CohenEtAl-469\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CohenEtAl-469\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book\" id=\"mwGH8\">Cohen, Alan B.; Colby, David C.; Wailoo, Keith A.; Zelizer, Julian E. (1 June 2015). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H9DGBwAAQBAJ\"><i>Medicare and Medicaid at 50: America's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/9780190231569\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780190231569\">9780190231569</a>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-NYTsigning-470\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NYTsigning-470\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGIg\">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Pear, Robert (23 March 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html\">\"Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Into Law\"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-ReutersSCOTUS-471\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ReutersSCOTUS-471\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGI4\">Vicini, James; Stempel, Jonathan; Biskupic, Joan (28 June 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-healthcare-court-idUSBRE85R06420120628\">\"Top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph\"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-472\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-472\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGJQ\">Long, Heather (6 January 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/\">\"Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs\"</a>. <i>CNN Money</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-473\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-473\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGJo\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/\">\"Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform\"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-474\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-474\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">David Crary, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://apnews.com/b94c8697ab2148199ca3d1b6137a9c20/lgbt-activists-view-obama-staunch-champion-their-cause\">LGBT activists view Obama as staunch champion of their cause</a>, Associated Press (January 4, 2017).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-475\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-475\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Elisabeth Bumiller, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html\">Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Policy</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (July 22, 2011).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-476\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-476\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGKU\">Merrit Kennedy (June 30, 2016). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/30/484192442/pentagon-says-transgender-troops-can-now-serve-openly\">\"Pentagon Says Transgender Troops Can Now Serve Openly\"</a>. NPR.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-477\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-477\" class=\"mw-reference-text\">Michael Smith &amp; Frank Newport, <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/201683/americans-assess-progress-obama.aspx\">Americans Assess Progress Under Obama</a>, The Gallup Organization (January 9, 2017).</span></li><li id=\"cite_note-478\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-478\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGKs\">Reimann, Jakob (January 11, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://roarmag.org/essays/obama-legacy-war-conflict-peace/\">\"False hope, broken promises: Obama's belligerent legacy\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./ROAR_Magazine\" title=\"ROAR Magazine\">ROAR Magazine</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template \" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\" about=\"#mwt1584\" id=\"mwGLY\"><span>[</span><i><a href=\"./Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources\"><span>unreliable source?</span></a></i><span>]</span></sup></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-479\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-479\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGLw\">Parsons, Christi; Hennigan, W. J. (January 13, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/\">\"President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war\"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-480\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-480\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp\">DOD Personnel </a></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-481\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-481\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGMM\">Gramlich, John (5 January 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/\">\"Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend\"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-482\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-482\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web\" id=\"mwGMk\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall\">\"Total Scores/Overall Rankings\"</a>. <i>Presidential Historians Survey</i>. C-SPAN. 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">March 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li><li id=\"cite_note-483\"> <span id=\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-483\" class=\"mw-reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news\" id=\"mwGNE\">Von Drehle, David (February 17, 2017). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://time.com/4674300/cspan-presidents-rank-2017/\">\"Barack Obama Ranked 12th Best U.S. President Ever in Major Survey of Historians\"</a>. <i><a href=\"./Time_(magazine)\" title=\"Time (magazine)\">Time</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">February 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></li></ol></div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"Notes","anchor":"Notes","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":52,"text":"\n<div class=\"refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents  columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<ul><li> <cite id=\"CITEREFJacobs2011\" class=\"citation book\">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <i><a href=\"./The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama's_Father\" title=\"The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father\" class=\"mw-redirect\">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./PublicAffairs\" title=\"PublicAffairs\">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5\">978-1-58648-793-5</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFMaraniss.2C_David2012\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"./David_Maraniss\" title=\"David Maraniss\">Maraniss, David</a> (2012). <i><a href=\"./Barack_Obama:_The_Story\" title=\"Barack Obama: The Story\">Barack Obama: The Story</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./Simon_&amp;_Schuster\" title=\"Simon &amp; Schuster\">Simon &amp; Schuster</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-6040-4\">978-1-4391-6040-4</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFMendell.2C_David2007\" class=\"citation book\"><a href=\"./David_Mendell\" title=\"David Mendell\">Mendell, David</a> (2007). <i><a href=\"./Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power\" title=\"Obama: From Promise to Power\">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i>. New York: Amistad/<a href=\"./HarperCollins\" title=\"HarperCollins\">HarperCollins</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085820-9\">978-0-06-085820-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFObama2004\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2004) [1st. Pub. 1995]. <i><a href=\"./Dreams_from_My_Father\" title=\"Dreams from My Father\">Dreams from My Father</a>: A Story of Race and Inheritance</i>. New York: <a href=\"./Three_Rivers_Press\" title=\"Three Rivers Press\">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-8277-3\">978-1-4000-8277-3</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFObama2006\" class=\"citation book\">Obama, Barack (2006). <i><a href=\"./The_Audacity_of_Hope\" title=\"The Audacity of Hope\">The Audacity of Hope</a>: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream</i>. New York: <a href=\"./Crown_Publishing_Group\" title=\"Crown Publishing Group\">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23769-9\">978-0-307-23769-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\">Scott, Janny (2011). <i><a href=\"./A_Singular_Woman:_The_Untold_Story_of_Barack_Obama's_Mother\" title=\"A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother\" class=\"mw-redirect\">A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother</a></i>. New York: <a href=\"./Riverhead_Books\" title=\"Riverhead Books\">Riverhead Books</a>. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-797-2\">978-1-59448-797-2</a>.</cite></li></ul>\n</div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"References","anchor":"References","isReferenceSection":true},{"id":53,"text":"\n<div class=\"refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents  columns references-column-width\" style=\"-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;\">\n<ul><li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">Graff, Garrett M. (November 1, 2006). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">\"The Legend of Barack Obama\"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html\">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite id=\"CITEREFKoltun2005\" class=\"citation book\">Koltun, Dave (2005). \"The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political \"Star<span style=\"padding-right:0.2em;\">\"</span>\".  In Ahuja, Sunil; Dewhirst, Robert. <i>The Road to Congress 2004</i>. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-360-9\">978-1-59454-360-9</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">Lizza, Ryan (September 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president\">\"Above the Fray\"</a>. <i>GQ</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">October 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation magazine\">MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 7, 2007). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar\">\"The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?\"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation book\">McClelland, Edward (2010). <i>Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href=\"./International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</a><span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"./Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-060-7\">978-1-60819-060-7</a>.</cite></li>\n<li> <cite class=\"citation news\">Zutter, Hank De (December 8, 1995). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221\">\"What Makes Obama Run?\"</a>. <i>Chicago Reader</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></li></ul>\n</div>\n\n","toclevel":2,"line":"Further reading","anchor":"Further_reading","isReferenceSection":true}]}

See https://secure.phabricator.com/book/phabricator/article/remarkup/

If the reference list is in the last section (or last n sections) of a page, it should be removed. The entire section including the header should be removed as well.

As I alluded to in T170294#3502120, my read of this is you'll make some articles render strangely. In the Barack Obama article you would end up with a "Notes and references" section with only "References" in it. An editor may be tempted to rename the section to "References and further reading" which is not correct.

<h2>Notes and references</h2>
<h3>References</h3>
<div>content</div>
<h3>Further reading</h3>
<div>content</div>

The primary goal of lazy loading references is to remove the rather large lists that occur at the end of a page.

Is it? I might be unique but I do use the list of references on articles I'm really interested in to find things to read about. These lists do have uses they are just not useful for the majority of page views (e.g. quick lookup use case). Removing them seems a lot more extreme then deferring the loading of them.

If the reference list is in the last section (or last n sections) of a page, it should be removed. The entire section including the header should be removed as well.

As I alluded to in T170294#3502120, my read of this is you'll make some articles render strangely. In the Barack Obama article you would end up with a "Notes and references" section with only "References" in it. An editor may be tempted to rename the section to "References and further reading" which is not correct.

@Jdlrobson the notes and references section won’t be rendered at all. Both the notes and references will be available as structured data to clients. Clients can choose to render this data as a list if they choose.

<h2>Notes and references</h2>
<h3>References</h3>
<div>content</div>
<h3>Further reading</h3>
<div>content</div>

The primary goal of lazy loading references is to remove the rather large lists that occur at the end of a page.

Is it? I might be unique but I do use the list of references on articles I'm really interested in to find things to read about. These lists do have uses they are just not useful for the majority of page views (e.g. quick lookup use case). Removing them seems a lot more extreme then deferring the loading of them.

You are right that is a minority usecase. @Nirzar has numbers in this if you want to ping him. Having said that - these lists are useful. They just aren’t content. Which is why as noted above clients will still be able to render the reference lists separately from the content using the structured data - this is exactly what is being designed by @Nirzar and for this specific use case.

Let me know if this still doesn’t make sense

The references section is just wikitext. It does not use the Cite
extension, is not structured and is not accessible from anywhere in the
article. That's my point. You'd be throwing away this content.

Also removing sections breaks fragment links elsewhere in the document.

The references section is just wikitext. It does not use the Cite extension, is not structured…

Everything is Wikitext - so this is a really confusing statement. Article content being unstructured hasn't stopped us from finding and structuring content within an article in other cases. For instance, article sectioning. (which is very similar to this references work)

…and is not accessible from anywhere in the article. That's my point.

Also confusing, what is not accessible? What does accessible mean in this context?

You'd be throwing away this content.

So far, we can reliably find references lists. We can identify RefLists and remove them. So I'm not sure why you think we will be throwing content away.

Also removing sections breaks fragment links elsewhere in the document.

Clients can intercept these clicks and open the references list instead. We already do something very similar with the reference pop over. A link is clicked and instead of sending them to inline references, we show a popup. This would be no different.

@Jdlrobson and sorry for being pedantic… it's just really hard to get a handle on the issues you are bringing up without something concrete to look at.

That's also why we are building this out. So we can review it. If you remember from the Services meeting, we said that after we have something to show, we would review it so we could find any issues. That still holds true. So it may also be helpful for @bearND to finish the first version of the JSON, actually extract the content and for us to look over… and then you to provide feedback on what may be missing.

Does that sound reasonable?

Quick drive-by comment as I saw these emails pop up in my phabricator folder. I think @Jdlrobson is saying that you should not be thinking in terms of the section in wikitext that has content + <references /> tag, but just the <references /> tag where it occurs (one or more times). This is similar to what I had indicated in one of the planning documents earlier ... that you can reliably detect references in HTML output by looking for <ol> with typeof mw:Extension/references and just extract and suppress that. If you try to remove the containing section, you might be removing headers, preamble text, and anything else that might be there. But, ignore me if I am missing the context here. I'll dive into these tickets next week and provide feedback.

Quick drive-by comment as I saw these emails pop up in my phabricator folder. I think @Jdlrobson is saying that you should not be thinking in terms of the section in wikitext that has content + <references /> tag, but just the <references /> tag where it occurs (one or more times). This is similar to what I had indicated in one of the planning documents earlier ... that you can reliably detect references in HTML output by looking for <ol> with typeof mw:Extension/references and just extract and suppress that. If you try to remove the containing section, you might be removing headers, preamble text, and anything else that might be there. But, ignore me if I am missing the context here. I'll dive into these tickets next week and provide feedback.

Thanks @ssastry - if this is what @Jdlrobson means, then yes this is what we are doing. We do indeed need to remove the sections entirely, including and section headers and preamble content. Such content will not be thrown away, it will be returned within the structure of the References JSON endpoint as not to be lost. See:
T170690: Extract a References JSON API

To be clear: removing these sections is exactly what is intended. Removing it without losing data is a requirement. Hopefully that clears it up. To see what is being returned in the JSON, you can check the ticket above.

. Such content will not be thrown away, it will be returned within the structure of the References JSON endpoint as not to be lost.

Is there any mocks/example JSON responses for how this might be presented?

The other point I was trying to make is that the way references is generated is complex. They can be generated via the Cite extension or by templates e.g. Template:Cite_book. This makes it hard and brittle to reliably screen scrape them out of the page.

e.g. consider the output of Cite_book template:

<div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2011" class="citation book">Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Barack:_The_Bold_and_Reckless_Life_of_President_Obama%27s_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father">The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-793-5">978-1-58648-793-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama&amp;rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobs&amp;rft.btitle=The+Other+Barack%3A+The+Bold+and+Reckless+Life+of+President+Obama%27s+Father&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58648-793-5&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=PublicAffairs&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></li>
</ul></div>

It's not clear to me if we're going to attempt to capture these references (which do not have URLs) as structured data or as HTML blobs. For instance on https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism the "Notes" section is currently marked as a references section by MCS but references and further reading is not. Is "Bibliography" or "Further reading" a list of references on https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO ?

What is the definition of a reference in this context? Is that written down somewhere?

Also what happens if a <references/> list is added in the wrong section (possibly a heading is removed accidentally) e.g.

<h2>History</h2>
Some important information about history blah blah blah

This is a list of references:
<references />

How would this be handled? Would the history content be added to structured references?

@Jdlrobson, references are marked up like this in Parsoid output: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Specs/HTML/1.3.0/Extensions/Cite

The reference content itself is often templated. Template names and parameters are marked up in line with https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Specs/HTML/1.5.0#Template_markup.

In summary, there should not be a need to use content heuristics to identify reference content.

@Jdlrobson references JSON is in the other ticket:
T170690: Extract a References JSON API

@Nirzar is working on mocks for the references list - I think the first one is Android, but maybe he can do something for web as well

@Jdlrobson your other questions about "what do we do when a reference is…?" are largely answered in the description of this ticket. I just clarified it a bit more:

To ensure that the intent of the author is not changed, we should only remove references that are not "part of the content". Here is a first pass at a heuristic:

  1. If the reference list is in the last section (or last n sections) of a page, it should be removed. The entire section including the header should be removed as well.
  2. Do not remove reference lists within info boxes
  3. Although implicit, don't remove reference lists embedded elsewhere in page (i.e. not in the last n sections of the page).

This should ensure that references that are "part of the content" remain so. It also allows us to remove large lists from the end of a page in order to deliver it performantly and to be able to construct a custom UI on the client.

@Jdlrobson and to answer your other question:

It should be noted that even if a reference list is NOT removed, it will still be returned in the JSON references API. So there is some minor duplication. However, this should not adversely affect the size of the data as references lists within the content (not in a reference section at the end of a page) are typically very small in size.

To be clear, I was asking what elements in the HTML are we looking for as "reference list" is very ambiguous and open to interpretation (I just had a related conversation with Nirzar). I see many lists which could be considered references.

Ideally we could define this like so:
ul tags that match the selector .references
but it sounds like we might be considering more than that (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#Bibliography doesn't match this definition, but maybe it should as it's a ul element containing <cite>s?)

@Jdlrobson for that if you have things you think should or shouldn't be considered a reference list, you can add them here for @bearND to look over. Those would be helpful if you have examples/rationale/heuristic for things that should be:

  1. Eligible/ineligible for removal from the page HTML payload (note those on this ticket)
  2. Eligible/ineligible for inclusion in the references JSON endpoint (note those on the T170690: Extract a References JSON API)

For that specific example, looks like the entire list is wrapped in a div with a class:

class="refbegin columns references-column-width"

So we use may be able to just look for refbegin and grab all any list elements inside

To be clear, I was asking what elements in the HTML are we looking for as "reference list" is very ambiguous and open to interpretation (I just had a related conversation with Nirzar). I see many lists which could be considered references.

Ideally we could define this like so:
ul tags that match the selector .references
but it sounds like we might be considering more than that (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO#Bibliography doesn't match this definition, but maybe it should as it's a ul element containing <cite>s?)

From what I can see, it is a regular use of the Reflist template, which is marked up as such in the Parsoid output:

<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;" about="#mwt639" typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Reflist&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Reflist&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;30em&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" id="mwBCU">
<ol class="mw-references" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt766" data-mw="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;references&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{}}"><li about="#cite_note-1" id="cite_note-1"><a href="./NATO#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy"><span class="mw-linkback-text"></span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-1" class="mw-reference-text"><cite class="citation web" id="mwBCY"><a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136217.htm" id="mwBCc">"The Official motto of NATO"</a>. <i id="mwBCg">NATO</i>. 20 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwBCk">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwBCo">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANATO&amp;rft.atitle=The+Official+motto+of+NATO&amp;rft.date=2011-01-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NATO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_136217.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988" id="mwBCs"><span style="display:none;" id="mwBCw"><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwBC0">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></li>
...</ol></div>

The code is looking for 'ol[typeof=\'mw:Extension/references\']'. In other words, we're leaning on Parsoid to find and mark the references lists. We could remove the <div> around it, too, if that's wanted. (BTW, the mw-data and typeof attribute of that <div> get automatically removed in the DOM transformation stage.)

Fjalapeno renamed this task from Remove references from HTML payload to Remove reference sections at end of article from page content HTML.Sep 6 2017, 1:35 PM
LGoto triaged this task as Medium priority.Apr 18 2018, 8:20 PM
Jhernandez raised the priority of this task from Medium to High.Jun 29 2018, 6:26 PM

I think the main thing that's missing is this:

an identifier of the references list so that clients can find the right place in the DOM to replace the placeholder with the original <ol> tag

Change 463550 had a related patch set uploaded (by BearND; owner: BearND):
[mediawiki/services/mobileapps@master] mobile-html: Add about attribute to placeholder element

https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/463550

Change 463550 merged by jenkins-bot:
[mediawiki/services/mobileapps@master] mobile-html: Add about attribute to placeholder element

https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/463550

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